Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T03:51:47.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Frequently asked questions about conscious will

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 March 2005

Daniel M. Wegner*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/

Abstract:

The commentators' responses to The Illusion of Conscious Will reveal a healthy range of opinions – pro, con, and occasionally stray. Common concerns and issues are summarized here in terms of 11 “frequently asked questions,” which often center on the theme of how the experience of conscious will supports the creation of the self as author of action.

Type
Author's Response
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainslie, G. (1995) A utility-maximizing mechanism for vicarious reward. Rationality and Society 7:393403. [GA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2001) Breakdown of will. Cambridge University Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Alloy, L. B., Albright, J. S., Abramson, L. Y. & Dykman, B. M. (1989) Depressive realism and nondepressive optimistic illusions: The role of the self. In: Contemporary psychological approaches to depression: Treatment, research, and theory, ed. Ingram, R. E.. Plenum. [JFK]Google Scholar
Alloy, L. B. & Tabachnik, N. (1984) Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: The joint influence of prior expectations and current situation information. Psychological Review 91:112–49. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Angel, L. (1989) How to build a conscious machine. Westview Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Ansfield, M. E. & Wegner, D. M. (1996) The feeling of doing. In: The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior, ed. Gollwitzer, P. M. & Bargh, J. A., pp. 482506. Guilford. [IK, aDMW]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (2002) The conscious access hypothesis: Origins and recent evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:4752. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Banks, G., Short, P., Martinez, A. J., Latchaw, R., Ratcliff, G. & Boller, F. (1989) The alien hand syndrome clinical and postmortem findings. Archives of Neurology 46:456–59. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Barber, T. X. & Glass, L. B. (1962) Significant factors in hypnotic behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 64:222–28. [IK]Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A. (1997) The automaticity of everyday life. In: Advances in social cognition, vol. 10, ed. Wyer, R. S., pp. 162. Erlbaum. [JFK, arDMW]Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A. & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist 54(7):462–79. [JFK, rDMW]Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A. & Ferguson, M. J. (2000) Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychological Bulletin 126(6):925–45. [JFK, arDMW]Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K. & Trotschel, R. (2001) The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:1014–27. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Baynes, K., Tramo, M. J., Reeves, A. G. & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1997) Isolation of a right hemisphere cognitive system in a patient with anarchic (alien) hand sign. Neuropsychologia 35:1159–73. [JEB]Google Scholar
Bem, D. J. (1972) Self-perception theory. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 6, ed. Berkowitz, L., pp. 162. New York Academic Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Blakemore, S. J., Wolpert, D. & Frith, C. (2000) Why can't you tickle yourself? Neuroreport 11(11):R1116. [MI]Google Scholar
Bogen, J. E. (1977) Further discussion on split-brains and hemispheric capabilities. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 28:281–86. [JEB]Google Scholar
Bogen, J. E. (1979) The callosal syndrome. In: Clinical neuropsychology, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E.. Oxford University Press. [JEB]Google Scholar
Bogen, J. E. (1997) Some neurophysiologic aspects of consciousness. Seminars in Neurology 17:95103. [JEB]Google Scholar
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S. & Cohen, J. D. (2001) Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychology Review 108(3):624–52. [AR]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S. (1966) Hypnotic behavior: The differentiation of trance and demand characteristic variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 71:4251. [JFK]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S. (1975) The psychology of subtle control: An attributional analysis of behavioural persistence. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 7:7895. [JFK]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S. (1998) Waterloo–Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form C: Manual and response booklet. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 46:250–68.Google Scholar
Braffman, W. & Kirsch, I. (1999) Imaginative suggestibility and hypnotizability: An empirical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77:578–87. [IK]Google Scholar
Brasil-Neto, J. P., Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Sole, J., Cohen, L. G. & Hallett, M. (1992) Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation and response bias in a forced choice task. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 55:964–66. [GA]Google Scholar
Bratman, M. E. (1984) Two faces of intention. Philosophical Review 93:375405. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Bronson, M. B. (2000) Self-regulation in early childhood: Nature and nurture. Guilford Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1989) The nature of voluntary action. Brain and Cognition 10:105–20. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Buchanan, J. (1812) The philosophy of human nature. Grimes. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Bush, G., Luu, P. & Posner, M. I. (2000) Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(6):215–22. [AR]Google Scholar
Buss, S. (2000) Lecture, Department of Philosophy, University of California at San Diego, 2000. [CG]Google Scholar
Carey, S. (1996) Cognitive domains as modes of thought. In: Modes of thought: Explorations in culture and cognition, ed. Olson, D. R. & Torrance, N., pp. 187215. Cambridge University Press. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Carpenter, W. B. (1888) Principles of mental physiology, with their applications to the training and discipline of the mind and the study of its morbid conditions. Appleton. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1998) On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge University Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. J. (2000) What is a neural correlate of consciousness? In: Neural correlates of consciousness, ed. Metzinger, T.. MIT Press. [TM]Google Scholar
Charlton, W. (1988) Weakness of will: A philosophical introduction. Blackwell. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Cheng, P. W. & Novick, L. R. (1991) Causes versus enabling conditions. Cognition 40:83120. [MEY]Google Scholar
Clark, A. (1973) Profiles of the future: An inquiry into the limits of the possible. Harper & Row. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Clark, A. (1989) Microcognition – Philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing. MIT Press. [TM]Google Scholar
Clark, A. (1993) Associative engines. MIT Press. [TM]Google Scholar
Claxton, G. (1999) Whodunnit? Unpicking the “seems” of free will. Journal of Consciousness Studies 6:99113. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Clore, G. (1992) Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. In: The construction of social judgments, ed. Martin, L. L., pp. 133–63. Erlbaum. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D., Botvinick, M. & Carter, C. S. (2000) Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: Who's in control? Nature Neuroscience 3(5):421–23. [AR]Google Scholar
Comey, G. & Kirsch, I. (1999) Intentional and spontaneous imagery in hypnosis: The phenomenology of hypnotic responding. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 47:6585. [IK]Google Scholar
Crawford, A. (1992) The role of hypnotherapy in the control of Tourette's disorder. The Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis 13(1):2125. [AR]Google Scholar
Culbertson, F. M. (1989) A four-step hypnotherapy model for Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 31(4):252–56. [AR]Google Scholar
Cunnington, R., Windischberger, C., Deecke, L. & Moser, E. (2002) The preparation and execution of self-initiated and externally-triggered movement. Neuroimage 15:373–85. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1994) Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Avon. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. & van Hoesen, G. (1983) Emotional disturbances associated with focal lesions of the limbic frontal lobe. In: Neuropsychology of human emotion, ed. Heilman, K. & Sata, P.. Guilford Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Danto, A. (1963) What we can do. Journal of Philosophy 40:435–45. [GEZ]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. & Hugspeth, K., eds. (1995) Brain asymmetry. MIT Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1984) Elbow room: The varieties of free will worth wanting. MIT Press. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1987) The intentional stance. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1989) The origins of selves: Do I choose who I am? Cogitio 2:163–73. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1992) The self as a center of narrative gravity. In: Self and consciousness: Multiple perspectives, ed. Kessel, F., Cole, P. & Johnson, D.. Erlbaum. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1996) Kinds of minds. Basic Books. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (2003a) Freedom evolves. Viking. [GA, DCD, rDMW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (2003b) The self as a responding – and responsible – artifact. In: The self, from soul to brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1001, ed. LeDoux, J., Debiec, J. & Moss, H., pp. 3950. New York Academy of Sciences. [DCD, rDMW]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (2003c) Making ourselves at home in our machines: The illusion of conscious will (Review of Wegner 2002). Journal of Mathematical Psychology 47:101104. [DCD]Google Scholar
Denno, D. W. (2002) Crime and consciousness: Science and involuntary acts. Minnesota Law Review 87:269400. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1641/1680) Six metaphysical meditations; Wherein it is proved that there is a God, and that man's mind is really distinct from his body. Benjamin Tooke. (Original work published in 1641.) [JFK]Google Scholar
Dijksterhuis, A., Preston, J., Wegner, D. M. & Aarts, H. (2005) Effects of the subliminal priming of self and God on self-attribution of authorship for events. (Unpublished manuscript.) [rDMW]Google Scholar
DuBreuil, S. C. & Spanos, N. P. (1993) Psychological treatment of warts. In: Handbook of clinical hypnosis, ed. Rhue, J. W., Lynn, S. J. & Kirsch, I., pp. 623–48. American Psychological Association. [IK]Google Scholar
Duval, S. & Wicklund, R. A. (1973) Effects of objective self-awareness on attribution of causality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 9:1731. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Edwards, J. (1754/1957) Freedom of the will, ed. Ramsey, P.. Yale University Press. [RDT, rDMW]Google Scholar
Einhorn, H. J. & Hogarth, R. M. (1986) Judging probable cause. Psychological Bulletin 99:319. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Fan, J., Fossella, J., Sommer, T., Wu, Y. & Posner, M. I. (2003) Mapping the genetic variation of executive attention onto brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 100(12):7406–11. [AR]Google Scholar
Faraday, M. (1853) Experimental investigation of table turning. Athenaeum (July 1853):801803. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Farrer, C. & Frith, C. D. (2001) Experiencing oneself versus another person as being the cause of an action: The neural correlates of the experience of agency. Neuroimage 15:596603. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1957) A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1990) A theory of content and other essays. MIT Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Freeman, A. (2000) Responsibility without choice: A first-person approach. Journal of Consciousness Studies 7:6167. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Frith, C., Blakemore, S. J. & Wolpert, D. M. (2000) Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 355:1771–88. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. & Done, D. J. (1989) Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of an action. Psychological Medicine 19:359–63. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Gasquoine, P. G. (1993) Alien hand sign. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 15:653–67. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1983) Right hemisphere language following brain bisection: A 20-year perspective. American Psychologist 38:525–37. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1988) Brain modularity: Towards a philosophy of conscious experience. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E., pp. 218–38. Clarendon Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967) The split brain in man. Scientific American 217:2429. [JEB]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1995) Consciousness and the cerebral hemispheres. In: The cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 13911400. MIT Press. [JEB]Google Scholar
Gelman, R., Durgin, F. & Kaufman, L. (1995) Distinguishing between animates and inanimates: Not by motion alone. In: Causal cognition, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A. J., pp. 150–84. Clarendon Press. [aDMW]Google Scholar
George, M. S. (2003) Stimulating the brain. Scientific American 289:6673. [AR]Google Scholar
Gibbons, F. X. (1990) Self-attention and behavior: A review and theoretical update. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 23, ed. Zanna, M., pp. 249303. Academic Press. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. T. (1995) Attribution and interpersonal perception. In: Advanced social psychology, ed. Tesser, A., pp. 98147. McGraw-Hill. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. T. (1997) Ordinary personology. In: Handbook of social psychology, ed. Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. & Lindzey, G.. McGraw Hill. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G. (1985) Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:567616. [AR]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G. (2000) When aliens invade; Multiple mechanisms for dissociation between will and action. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 68:7. [JEB]Google Scholar
Gopnik, A. (1993) How we know our minds: The illusion of first-person knowledge of intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:114. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Gopnik, A., Glymour, C., Sobel, T., Kushnir, T., Schulz, L. & Danks, D. (2004) A theory of causal learning in young children: Causal maps and Bayes nets. Psychological Review 111(1):131. [CG]Google Scholar
Granda, A. M. & Hammack, J. T. (1961) Operant behavior during sleep. Science 133:1485–86.Google Scholar
Greene, J. & Cohen, J. D. (2004) For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 359:1775–85. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1966) Eye and brain: The psychology of seeing. World University Library. [AIJ]Google Scholar
Haidt, J. & Rodin, J. (1999) Control and efficacy as interdisciplinary bridges. Review of General Psychology 3:317–37. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1982) Consciousness: An afterthought. Cognition and Brain Theory 5:2947. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Hart, H. L. A. (1948/1949) The ascription of responsibility and rights. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 49:171–94. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Hart, H. L. A. (1968) Punishment and responsibility: Essays in the philosophy of law. Clarendon Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Heider, F. (1958) The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Heider, F. & Simmel, M. (1944) An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology 57:243–59. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Heyman, G. M. (1996) Resolving the contradictions of addiction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:561–74. [GMH]Google Scholar
Heyman, G. M. (2003) Consumption dependent changes in reward value: A framework for understanding addiction. In: Choice, behavioral economics, and addiction, ed. Heather, N. & Vuchinich, R., pp. 95126. Elsevier Press. [GMH]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1977) Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. Wiley-Interscience. [JFK]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1992) Dissociation and theories of hypnosis. In: Contemporary hypnosis research, ed. Fromm, E. & Nash, M. R., pp. 69101. Guilford. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. & Tart, C. T. (1966) Responsiveness to suggestions following waking and imagination instructions and following induction of hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 71:196208. [IK]Google Scholar
Hodgson, S. H. (1870) The theory of practice: An ethical inquiry in two books. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. [JFK]Google Scholar
Hoffman, R. E. (1986) Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:503–48. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Hohwy, J. & Frith, C. D. (2004) Can neuroscience explain consciousness? Journal of Consciousness Studies 11(7–8):180–98. [JS]Google Scholar
Hoyt, I. P. (1990) Posthypnotic suggestion versus ordinary instruction: Compliance and attention. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin. [JFK]Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1933) Hypnosis and suggestibility: An experimental approach. Appleton-Century Crofts. [IK]Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1739/1888) A treatise of human nature. Oxford University Press. [GA, arDMW]Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1777/1900) An enquiry concerning human understanding. Open Court Publishing. [JIK]Google Scholar
Hunter, M. D., Farrow, T. F. D., Papadakis, N. G., Wilkinson, I. D., Woodruff, P. W. R. & Spence, S. A. (2003) Approaching an ecologically valid functional anatomy of spontaneous “willed” action. Neuroimage 20:1264–69. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Huxley, T. H. (1910) Methods and results. Appleton. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Hyland, M. E. (1985) Do person variables exist in different ways? American Psychologist 40:1003–10. [IK]Google Scholar
Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C. & Rizzolatti, G. (1999) Cortical mechanisms of imitation. Science 286:2526–28. [GA]Google Scholar
Ikemoto, S. & Panksepp, J. (1999) The role of nucleus accumbens DA in motivated behavior: A unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking. Brain Research Reviews 31:641. [JP]Google Scholar
Ito, M. (1984) The cerebellum and neural control. Raven Press. [MI]Google Scholar
Ito, M. (1993) Movement and thought: Identical control mechanisms by the cerebellum. Trends in Neurosciences 16:448–50. [MI]Google Scholar
Jack, A. I. & Shallice, T. (2001) Introspective physicalism as an approach to the science of consciousness. Cognition 79(1–2):161–96. Also in: The cognitive neuroscience of consciousness, ed. Dehaene, S., pp. 161–96. MIT Press. [AIJ, rDMW]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1998) Epiphenomenal qualia: Consciousness and emotion in cognitive science. In: Consciousness and emotion in cognitive science, ed. Clark, A. & Toribio, J., pp. 197206. Garland. [aDMW]Google Scholar
James, H., ed. (1920) The letters of William James. Atlantic Monthly Press. [RDT]Google Scholar
James, W. (1879) Are we automata? Mind 4:122. [rDMW]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, vol. 1. Dover Publications/Harvard University Press/Henry Holt. [JFK, RDT, arDMW]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1998) The g factor. Praeger/Greenwood. [RJS]Google Scholar
Jones, E. E., Kanouse, D. E., Kelley, H. H., Nisbett, R. E., Valins, S. & Weiner, B. (1972) Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior. General Learning. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Jones, R., prod. (1999) Open to suggestion. In: BBC Science World, prod. R. Eagle. British Broadcasting Company and The Discovery Channel. (Aired May 20, 1999). [IK]Google Scholar
Kampe, K. K., Frith, C. D. & Frith, U. (2003) “Hey John”: Signals conveying communicative intention toward the self activate brain regions associated with “mentalizing,” regardless of modality. Journal of Neuroscience 23:5258–63. [JP]Google Scholar
Kawato, M., Furukawa, K. & Suzuki, R. (1987) A hierarchical neural-network model for control and learning of voluntary movement. Biological Cybernetics 57:169–85. [MI]Google Scholar
Kelley, H. H. (1972) Causal schemata and the attribution process. In: Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior, ed. Jones, E. E., Kanouse, D. E., Kelley, H. H., Nisbett, R. E., Valins, S. & Weiner, B., pp. 151–74. General Learning Press. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Kelley, H. H. (1980) Magic tricks: The management of causal attributions. In: Perspectives on attribution research and theory: The Bielefeld Symposium, ed. Gurlitz, D., pp. 1935. Ballinger. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S. & Heatherton, T. F. (2002) Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:785–94. [JP]Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. S. (1992) The new anthropomorphism. Cambridge University Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1985) Hypnosis. Annual Review of Psychology 36:385418. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1992a) Conscious awareness and the awareness of control. Paper presented at the Centennial Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., August 1992. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1992b) Dissociation and dissociations: A comment on consciousness and cognition. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal 1(1):4753. [JFK]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1992c) Hypnosis: A sesquicentennial essay. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 40(4):301–14. [AR]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (2004) Is there a “People are Stupid” school in social psychology? (Commentary on Krueger & Funder). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(3):348. [JFK]Google Scholar
Kircher, T. T., Senior, C., Phillips, M. L., Benson, P. J., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M., Simmons, A., Williams, S. C., Bartels, M. & David, A. S. (2000) Towards a functional neuroanatomy of self processing: Effects of faces and words. Cognitive Brain Research 10:133–44. [JP]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. (1998) Social psychological theories are not based on compliance: Setting the record straight. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 41:155–58. [IK]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. (2001) The altered states of hypnosis. Social Research 68:795807. [IK]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I., Burgess, C. A. & Braffman, W. (1999) Attentional resources in hypnotic responding. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 47:175–91. [IK]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S. J. (1995) Suggested involuntariness and the automaticity of everyday life. (Unpublished manuscript.) [IK]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S. J. (1997) Hypnotic involuntariness and the automaticity of everyday life. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 40(1):329–48. [JFK]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S. J. (1998a) Dissociation theories of hypnosis. Psychological Bulletin 123(1):100–15. [JFK, AR]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S. J. (1998b) Social-cognitive alternatives to dissociation theories of hypnotic involuntariness. Review of General Psychology 2(1):6680. [JFK, aDMW]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S. J. (1999a) Automaticity in clinical psychology. American Psychologist 54:504–15. [IK]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S. J. (1999b) Hypnotic involuntariness and the automaticity of everyday life. In: Clinical hypnosis and self-regulation: Cognitive-behavioral perspectives. Dissociation, trauma, memory, and hypnosis book series, ed. Kirsch, I. & Capafons, A., pp. 4972. American Psychological Association. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I., Silva, C. E., Carone, J. E., Johnston, J. D. & Simon, B. (1989) The surreptitious observation design: An experimental paradigm for distinguishing artifact from essence in hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98:132–36. [IK]Google Scholar
Kirsch, I., Silva, C. E., Comey, G. & Reed, S. (1995) A spectral analysis of cognitive and personality variables in hypnosis: Empirical disconfirmation of the twofactor model of hypnotic responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69:167–75. [IK]Google Scholar
Koch, C. (2004) The quest for consciousness: A neurobiological approach. Roberts. [AR]Google Scholar
Kohen, D. P. (1995) Ericksonian communication and hypnotic strategies in the management of tics and Tourette Syndrome in children and adolescents. Brunner/Mazel. [AR]Google Scholar
Kohen, D. P. & Botts, P. (1987) Relaxation-imagery (self-hypnosis) in Tourette syndrome: Experience with four children. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 29(4):227–37. [AR]Google Scholar
Krueger, J. (2001) Null hypothesis significance testing: On the survival of a flawed method. American Psychologist 56:1626. [JIK]Google Scholar
Kreuger, J. & Funder, D. C. (2004) Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences, and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(3):313376. [JIK, rDMW]Google Scholar
Lackner, U., Sebanz, N. & Knoblich, G. (in preparation) Do feelings of control reflect actual, experienced or inferred performance? [JS]Google Scholar
Lambie, J. A. & Marcel, A. J. (2002) Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework. Psychological Review 109(2):219–59. [AIJ]Google Scholar
Lana, R. E. (1976) The foundations of psychological theory. Wiley. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Langer, E. J. (1975) The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32:311–28. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1985) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:529–66. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1999) Do we have free will? Journal of Consciousness Studies 6:4757. [GA, JP]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (2003) Timing of conscious experience: Reply to the 2002 commentaries on Libet's findings. Consciouness and Cognition 12:321–31. [JEB]Google Scholar
Libet, B, Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W. & Pearl, D. K. (1983) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities (readiness potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain 106:623–42. [JEB, AIJ]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. & Gleason, C. A. (1982) Readiness-potentials proceeding unrestricted “spontaneous” vs. pre-planned voluntary acts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 54:322–35. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Lindner, H. & Stevens, H. (1967) Hypnotherapy and psychodynamics in the syndrome of Gilles de la Tourette. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 15:151–55. [AR]Google Scholar
Lindsay, W. L. (1879) Mind in the lower animals in health and disease, vol. 2, Mind in disease. Kegan Paul. [JP]Google Scholar
Liotti, M. & Panksepp, J. (2004) Imaging human emotions and affective feelings: Implications for biological psychiatry. In: Textbook of biological psychiatry, ed. Panksepp, J., pp. 3374. Wiley-Liss. [JP]Google Scholar
Logan, G. D. (1997) The automaticity of academic life: Unconscious applications of an implicit theory. In: Advances in social cognition, vol. 10, ed. Wyer, R. S., pp. 157179. Erlbaum. [JFK]Google Scholar
London, P. (1965) Developmental experiments in hypnosis. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment 29:189–99. [AR]Google Scholar
Lynn, S. J., Neufeld, V. & Maré, C. (1993) Direct versus indirect suggestions: A conceptual and methodological review. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 51:124–52. [IK]Google Scholar
Lynn, S. J., Rhue, J. W. & Weekes, J. R. (1990) Hypnotic involuntariness: A socialcognitive analysis. Psychological Review 97:169–84. [IK, aDMW]Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. M. & Sheehan, P. W. (2003) Hypnotic control of attention in the Stroop task: A historical footnote. Consciousness and Cognition 12(3):347–53. [AR]Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1998) The evolution of consciousness. Oxford University Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (2002) Psychologists and the national socialist access to power. History of Psychology 5:190200. [GM]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. & Kessen, W. (1974) The appearance of free will. In: Philosophy of psychology, ed. Brown, S. C., pp. 305324. Macmillan. [GM]Google Scholar
Maslow, A. (1966) The psychology of science. Gateway. [RDMW]Google Scholar
Matthews, W. J., Kirsch, I. & Mosher, D. (1985) The “double” hypnotic induction: An initial empirical test. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 94:9295. [IK]Google Scholar
Matute, H. (1996) Illusion of control: Detecting response-outcome independence in analytic but not naturalistic conditions. Psychological Science 7:289–93. [aDMW]Google Scholar
McClure, J. (1998) Discounting causes of behavior: Are two reasons better than one? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(1):720. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Mettrie, J. O. de la (1748/1749). Man a machine. W. Owens. [JFK]Google Scholar
Metzinger, T. (2003) Being no one. The self-model theory of subjectivity. MIT Press. [TM]Google Scholar
Miall, R. C., Weir, D. J., Wolpert, D. M. & Stein, J. F. (1993) Is the cerebellum a Smith predictor? Journal of Motor Behavior 25:203–16. [MI]Google Scholar
Michelon, P. & Zacks, J. M. (2003) What is primed in priming from imagery? Psychological Research 67:7179. [GM]Google Scholar
Michotte, A. (1954) The perception of causality, trans. Miles, T. R. & Miles, E.. Basic Books. [AIJ]Google Scholar
Michotte, A. (1963) The perception of causality, trans. Miles, T. R. & Miles, E. Basic Books. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. Holt. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. (1985) The society of mind. Simon & Schuster. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Mischel, W. (1968) Personality and assessment. Wiley. [RJS]Google Scholar
Mischel, W. & Peake, P. K. (1983) Some facets of consistency: Replies to Epstein, Funder, and Bem. Psychological Review 90:394402. [RJS]Google Scholar
Morgan, A. H. (1973) The heritability of hypnotic susceptibility in twins. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 82(1):5561. [AR]Google Scholar
Morgan, A. H., Hilgard, E. R. & Davert, E. C. (1970) The heritability of hypnotic susceptibility of twins: A preliminary report. Behavior Genetics 1(3):213–24. [AR]Google Scholar
Morton, J., Hammersley, R. H. & Bekerian, D. A. (1985) Headed records: A model for memory and its failures. Cognition 20:123. [JM]Google Scholar
Morton, J., Smith, C. & Oakley, D. (2000) Hypnosis and unconscious volition. Paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, September 2000. [JM]Google Scholar
Nace, E. P. & Orne, M. T. (1970) Fate of an uncompleted posthypnotic suggestion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 75:278–85. [JFK]Google Scholar
Nahmias, E. (2002) When consciousness matters: A critical review of Daniel Wegner's The illusion of conscious will. Philosophical Psychology 15:527–41. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Nass, R. D. & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1987) Cerebral lateralization and specialization in human central nervous system. In: Handbook of physiology, sect. 1, vol. 5, pt. 2, ed. Plum, F.. Waverly. [JEB]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Prentice-Hall. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Oakley, D. A. (1999) Hypnosis and conversion hysteria: A unifying model. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 4:243–65. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Olness, K. & Kohen, D. P. (1996) Hypnosis and hypnotherapy with children, 3rd edition. Guilford Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1998a) Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1998b) The periconscious substrates of consciousness: Affective states and the evolutionary origins of the SELF. Journal of Consciousness Studies 5:566–82. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (2003a) At the interface of affective, behavioral and cognitive neurosciences: Decoding the emotional feelings of the brain. Brain and Cognition 52:414. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (2003b) The neural nature of the core SELF: Implications for understanding schizophrenia. In: The self in neuroscience and psychiatry, ed. Kircher, T. & David, A., pp. 197213. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. & Gordon, N. (2003) The instinctual basis of human affect: Affective imaging of laughter and crying. Consciousness and Emotion 4:195203. [JP]Google Scholar
Pap, A. (1961) Determinism, freedom, moral responsibility, and causal talk. In: Determinism and freedom in the age of modern science, ed. Hook, S.. Collier. [GA]Google Scholar
Passingham, R. E. (1993) The frontal lobes and voluntary action. Oxford University Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Pearl, J. (2000) Causality. Oxford University Press. [CG]Google Scholar
Perugini, E. M., Kirsch, I., Allen, S. T., Coldwell, E., Meredith, J., Montgomery, G. H. & Sheehan, J. (1998) Surreptitious observation of responses to hypnotically suggested hallucinations: A test of the compliance hypothesis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 46:191203. [IK]Google Scholar
Pessoa, L., Thompson, E. & Noë, A. (1998) Finding out about filling in: A guide to perceptual completion for visual science and the philosophy of perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21(6):723802. [ZP]Google Scholar
Pilotti, M., Gallo, D. A. & Roediger, H. L. I. (2000) Effects of hearing words, imagining hearing words, and reading on auditory implicit and explicit memory tests. Memory and Cognition 28:1406–18. [GM]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975) Attention and cognitive control. In: Information processing and cognition, ed. Solso, R. L., pp. 5585. Erlbaum. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Povinelli, D. (2000) Folk physics for apes. Oxford University Press. [CG]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1990) Control theory: A model of organisms. System Dynamics Review 6:120. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:515–26. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Preston, J. & Wegner, D. M. (2005) Ideal agency: The perception of self as an origin of action. In: On building, defending and regulating the self: A psychological perspective, ed. Tesser, A., Wood, J. V. & Stapel, D. A.. pp. 103–25. Psychology Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Pronin, E., Wegner, D. M. & McCarthy, K. (2004) Everyday magic: The role of apparent mental causation in the overestimation of personal influence. Unpublished manuscript. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981) The imagery debate: Analogue media versus tacit knowledge. Psychological Review 88:1645. [ZP]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2002) Mental imagery: In search of a theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(2):157237. [ZP]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2003a) Return of the mental image: Are there really pictures in the brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(3):113–18. [ZP]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2003b) Seeing and visualizing: It's not what you think. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [ZP]Google Scholar
Radden, J. (1996) Divided minds and successive selves: Ethical issues in disorders of identity and personality. MIT Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Rainville, P., Duncan, G. H., Price, D. D., Carrier, B. & Bushnell, M. C. (1997) Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science 277(5328):968–71. [AR]Google Scholar
Ramsey, W., Stich, S. & Garon, J. (1991) Connectionism, eliminativism, and the future of folk psychology. In: Philosophy and connectionist theory, ed. Ramsey, W., Stich, S. & Rumelhart, D. E.. Erlbaum. [TM]Google Scholar
Ray, W. J. & Tucker, D. M. (2003) Evolutionary approaches to understanding the hypnotic experience. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 51(3):256–81. [AR]Google Scholar
Raz, A. (2004) Atypical attention: Hypnosis and conflict reduction. In: Cognitive neuroscience of attention, ed. Posner, M. I.. pp. 420–29. Guilford Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Raz, A., Fossella, J. A., McGuiness, P., Sommer, T., Fan, J. & Posner, M. I. (2003a) Genetic assays and the role of dopaminergic neuromodulation in attentional and hypnotic phenomena. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York, NY, March 2003. [AR]Google Scholar
Raz, A., Fossella, J. A., McGuiness, P., Zephrani, Z. R. & Posner, M. I. (2004) Neural correlates and exploratory genetic associations of attentional and hypnotic phenomena [in German]. Hypnose und Kognition 21(1&2):7992. [AR]Google Scholar
Raz, A., Fossella, J. A., McGuiness, P., Zephrani, Z. R. & Posner, M. I. (2004) (in press) Neuroimaging and genetic associations of attentional and hypnotic processes. In: Brain imaging in the neurosciences – an interdisciplinary approach, ed. Halsband, U.. Peter Lang GmbH – Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften. [AR]Google Scholar
Raz, A., Landzberg, K. S., Schweizer, H. R., Zephrani, Z. R., Shapiro, T., Fan, J. & Posner, M. I. (2003b) Posthypnotic suggestion and the modulation of Stroop interference under cycloplegia. Conscious Cognition 12(3):332–46. [AR]Google Scholar
Raz, A. & Shapiro, T. (2002) Hypnosis and neuroscience: A cross talk between clinical and cognitive research. Archives of General Psychiatry 59(1):8590. [AR]Google Scholar
Raz, A., Shapiro, T., Fan, J. & Posner, M. I. (2002) Hypnotic suggestion and the modulation of Stroop interference. Archives of General Psychiatry 59(12):1155–61. [AR]Google Scholar
Reichenbach, H. (1956) The direction of time. University of California Press. [JIK]Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1948) Human knowledge. Simon & Schuster. [JIK]Google Scholar
Ryle, G. (1949) The concept of mind. Barnes & Noble/Hutchinson. [GEZ, rDMW]Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1984) Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world. Princeton University Press. [JIK]Google Scholar
Sarbin, T. R. (1950) Contributions to role-taking theory: I. Hypnotic behavior. Psychological Review 57:225–70. [IK]Google Scholar
Sarbin, T. R. & Coe, W. C. (1972) Hypnosis: A social psychological analysis of influence communication. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [JFK]Google Scholar
Scassellati, B. (2002) Theory of mind for a humanoid robot. Autonomous Robots 12:1324. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Schatzman, M. (1980) The story of Ruth. Putnam’s. [AR]Google Scholar
Schooler, J. W. (2002) Re-representing consciousness: Dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(8):339–44. [AIJ]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1983) Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge University Press. [JIK, JS, arDMW]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R., Charles, D., Darby, R. J. & Azmi, A. (1998) Configural processes in human associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24:1353–78. [MEY]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1984) Automatic and controlled processing revisited. Psychological Review 91(2):269–76. [JFK]Google Scholar
Shor, R. E. (1959) Hypnosis and the concept of the generalized reality orientation. American Journal of Psychotherapy 13:582602. [JFK]Google Scholar
Shor, R. E. (1962) Three dimensions of hypnotic depth. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 10:2338. [JFK]Google Scholar
Shor, R. E. (1979) A phenomenological method for the measurement of variables important to an understanding of the nature of hypnosis. In: Hypnosis: Developments in research and new perspectives, ed. Fromm, E. & Shor, R. E., pp. 105–35. Aldine. [JFK]Google Scholar
Silva, C. E. & Kirsch, I. (1992) Interpretive sets, expectancy, fantasy proneness, and dissociation as predictors of hypnotic response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63(5):847–56. [AR]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P. (1986a) Hypnosis, nonvolitional responding, and multiple personality: A social psychological perspective. In: Progress in experimental personality research, ed. Maher, B. A. & Maher, W. B., pp. 162. Academic Press. [JFK]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P. (1986b) Hypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:449502. [IK, JFK, arDMW]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P., Cobb, P. C. & Gorasszini, D. R. (1985) Failing to resist hypnotic test suggestions: A strategy for self-presenting as deeply hypnotized. Psychiatry 48:282–92. [JFK]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P., deGroot, H. P., Tiller, D. K., Weekes, J. R. & Bertrand, L. (1985) “Trance logic” duality and hidden observer responding in hypnotic, imagination control, and simulating subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 94:611–23. [IK]Google Scholar
Spanos, N. P., Menary, E., Brett, P. J., Cross, W. & Ahmed, Q. (1986) The failure of posthypnotic responding to occur outside of the experimental setting. Unpublished manuscript, Carleton University. [JFK]Google Scholar
Sparks, D. L. (1988) Neuronal cartography: Sensory and motor maps in the superior colliculus. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 31:4956. [JP]Google Scholar
Spellman, B. A. (1997) Crediting causality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126:323–48. [JIK]Google Scholar
Spence, S. A. (1996) Free will in the light of neuropsychiatry. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 3(2):7590. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Spence, S. A., Crimlisk, H. L., Cope, H., Ron, M. A. & Grasby, P. M. (2000) Discrete neurophysiological correlates in prefrontal cortex during hysterical and feigned disorder of movement. Lancet 355:1243–44. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1961) Cerebral organization and behavior. Science 133:1749–57. [JEB]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1974) Lateral specialization in the surgically separated hemispheres. In: The neurosciences: The third study program, ed. Schmidt, F. O. & Worden, F. G.. Rockefeller University Press. [JEB]Google Scholar
Spinoza, B. (1677/1883) The ethics. Dover. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Spirtes, P., Glymour, C. & Scheines, R. (2001) Causation, prediction and search. MIT Press. [CG]Google Scholar
Spitz, H. H. (1997) Nonconscious movements: From mystical messages to facilitated communication. Erlbaum. [JFK]Google Scholar
Stam, H. J. & Spanos, N. P. (1980) Experimental designs, expectancy effect, and hypnotic analgesia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89:751–62. [IK]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1999) A dialectical basis for understanding the study of cognition. In: The nature of cognition, ed. Sternberg, R. J., pp. 5178. MIT Press. [RJS]Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E. & Brown, J. D. (1988) Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin 103:193210. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Thompson, S. C., Armstrong, W. & Thomas, C. (1998) Illusions of control, underestimations, and accuracy: A control heuristic explanation. Psychological Bulletin 123:143–61. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. & Call, J. (1997) Primate cognition. Oxford University Press. [CG]Google Scholar
Turnbull, O. H. & Solms, M. (2004) Depth psychological consequences of brain damage. In: Textbook of biological psychiatry, ed. Panksepp, J., pp. 571–95. Wiley-Liss. [JP]Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (1997) Jonathan Edwards and determinism. Journal for the History of the Behavioral Sciences 33:365. [RDT]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1998) Toward a new behaviorism: The case against perceptual reductionism. Erlbaum. [MEY]Google Scholar
Vallacher, R. R. & Wegner, D. M. (1985) A theory of action identification. Erlbaum. [rDMW]Google Scholar
van der Does, A. J. W., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P. & Kloosman, A. (1989) The effectiveness of standardized versus individualized hypnotic suggestions: A brief communication. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 37:15. [IK]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1991a) Is human information processing conscious? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):651–69. Available at: http//cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/05/93/index.html [MV, rDMW]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1991b) Consciousness from a first-person perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):702–26. Available at: http//cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/05/94/index.html [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1993) Consciousness, causality and complementarity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(2):409–16. Available at: http//cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/05/95/index.html [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1996) Consciousness and the “causal paradox.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19(3):537–42. Available at: http//cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/05/96/index.html [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (2000) Understanding consciousness. Routledge/Psychology Press. [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (2002a) How could conscious experiences affect brains? Journal of Consciousness Studies 9(11):329. Available at: http//cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00002750/ [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (2002b) Making sense of causal interactions between consciousness and brain. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9(11):6995. Available at: http//cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00002751/ [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (2003a) How could conscious experiences affect brains? Imprint Academic. [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (2003b) Preconscious free will. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10(12):4261. [MV]Google Scholar
Voltaire (1752/1924) Voltaire's philosophical dictionary, trans. Woolf, H. I.. Knopf. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (1989) White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control. Viking/Penguin. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (2002) The illusion of conscious will. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [GA, JEB, DCD, CG, VGH, GMH, MI, JFK, IK, JIK, GM, TM, JM, JP, ZP, AR, JS, RJS, RDT, MV, rDMW, MEY, GEZ]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (2003a) The mind's best trick: How we experience conscious will. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(2):6569. [AIJ, AR, aDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (2003b) The mind's self-portrait. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1001:114. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. (2005) Who is the controller of controlled processes? In: The new unconscious, ed. Hassin, R., Uleman, J. S. & Bargh, J. A.. pp. 1936. Oxford University Press. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. & Bargh, J. A. (1998) Control and automaticity in social life. In: Handbook of social psychology, 4th edition, vol. 4, ed. Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. & Lindzey, G., pp. 446–96. McGraw-Hill. [JFK, arDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. & Erksine, J. (2003) Voluntary involuntariness: Thought suppression and the regulation of the experience of will. Consciousness and Cognition 12:684–94. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M., Fuller, V. & Sparrow, B. (2003) Clever hands: Uncontrolled intelligence in facilitated communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85:115. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. & Gilbert, D. T. (2000) Social psychology: The science of human experience. In: The message within: Subjective experience in social cognition and behavior, ed. Bless, H. & Forgas, J., pp. 19. Psychology Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. & Pennebaker, J. W., eds. (1993) Handbook of mental control. Prentice-Hall. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. & Sparrow, B. (2004) Authorship processing. In: The new cognitive neurosciences, 3rd edition, ed. Gazzaniga, M.. pp. 1201–209. MIT Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M., Sparrow, B. & Winerman, L. (2004) Vicarious agency: Experiencing control over the movements of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86:838–48. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. & Vallacher, R. R. (1977) Implicit psychology: An introduction to social cognition. Oxford University Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wegner, D. M. & Wheatley, T. P. (1999) Apparent mental causation: Sources of the experience of will. American Psychologist 54(7):480–92. [GM, arDMW]Google Scholar
Weitzenhoffer, A. M. (1974) When is an “instruction” an “instruction?” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 22:258–69. [JFK]Google Scholar
Weitzenhoffer, A. M. & Sjoberg, B. M. Jr. (1961) Suggestibility with and without “induction of hypnosis.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 132:204–20. [IK]Google Scholar
Wellman, H. M. (1992) The child's theory of mind. MIT Press. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Westcott, M. R. (1977) Free will: An exercise in metaphysical truth or psychological consequences. Canadian Psychological Review 18(8):249–63. [GM, rDMW]Google Scholar
Wicker, B., Ruby, P., Royet, J. P. & Fonlupt, P. (2003) A relation between rest and the self in the brain? Brain Research Reviews 43:224–30. [JP]Google Scholar
Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics. Wiley. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1988) Real people: Personal identity with thought experiments. Clarendon Press. [rDMW]Google Scholar
Wolfe, T. (1996) Sorry, but your soul just died. Forbes (December 1996). [rDMW]Google Scholar
Woodward, J. (2003) Making things happen: A theory of causal explanation. Oxford University Press. [CG]Google Scholar
Woody, E. Z. & Bowers, K. S. (1994) A frontal assault on dissociated control. In: Dissociation: Clinical, theoretical and research perspectives, ed. Lynn, S. J. & Rhue, J. W., pp. 5279. Guilford Press. [JFK, AR]Google Scholar
Woody, E. Z. & Sadler, P. (1998) On reintegrating dissociated theories: Commentary on Kirsch and Lynn (1998). Psychological Bulletin 123:192–97. [JFK]Google Scholar
Young, M. E. (1995) On the origin of personal causal theories. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 2(1):83104. [arDMW]Google Scholar
Young, M. E., Johnson, J. L. & Wasserman, E. A. (2000a) Serial causation: Occasion setting in a causal induction task. Memory and Cognition 28:1213–30. [MEY]Google Scholar
Young, M. E., Wasserman, E. A., Johnson, J. L. & Jones, F. L. (2000b) Positive and negative patterning in human causal learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 53B:121–38. [MEY]Google Scholar
Young, M. H. & Montano, R. J. (1988) A new hypnobehavioral method for the treatment of children with Tourette's disorder. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 31(2):97106. [AR]Google Scholar
Zahm, D. N. (1987) Hypnosis in the treatment of Tourette syndrome. In: Clinical hypnosis: A case management approach, ed. Wester, W. C.. Behavioral Science Center. [AR]Google Scholar
Zaidel, E. & Iacoboni, M., eds. (2003) The parallel brain. MIT Press. [JEB]Google Scholar
Ziehen, T. (1899) Introduction to physiological psychology, trans. van Liew, C. C. & Beyer, O. W.. Macmillan. [aDMW]Google Scholar
Zuriff, G. E. (1975) Where is the agent in behavior? Behaviorism 3:121. [GEZ]Google Scholar
Zuriff, G. E. (1985) Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction. Columbia University Press. [GEZ]Google Scholar