Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:04:17.028Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hemispheric laterality in animals and the effects of early experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Victor H. Denenberg
Victor H. Denenberg
Affiliation:
Departments of Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. 06268
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A review of research with chicks, songbirds, rodents, and nonhuman primates indicates that the brain is lateralized for a number of behavioral functions. These findings can be understood in terms of three hypothetical brain processes derived from a brain model based on general systems theory: hemispheric activation, interhemispheric inhibition, and interhemispheric coupling.

Left-hemisphere activation occurs in songbirds and nonhuman primates in response to salient auditory or visual input, or when a communicative output is required. The right hemisphere is activated in rats when spatial performance is required, and in chicks when they are placed in an emotion-provoking situation. In rats and chicks interhemispheric activation and inhibition occur when there is an affective component in the environment (novelty, aversive conditioning) or when an emotional response is emitted (copulation, attack, killing). An interhemispheric coupling (correlation) found in rats and rabbits implies that the hemispheres are two major components in a control system with a negative feedback loop. Early-experience variables in rats can induce laterality in a symmetric brain or facilitate its development in an already biased brain.

It is predicted that functional lateralization, when present, will be similar across species: the left hemisphere will tend to be involved in communicative functions while the right hemisphere will respond to spatial and affective information; both hemispheres will often interact via activation-inhibition mechanisms when affective or emotional processes are involved. Homologous brain areas and their connecting callosal fibers must be intact at birth and must remain intact throughout development for lateralization to reach its maximum level. Injury to any portion of this unit will result in hemispheric redundancy rather than specialization. One major function of early experience is to provide stimulation during development, which acts to enhance the growth and development of the corpus callosum, thereby giving rise to a more specialized brain.

Keywords

asymmetrycerebral dominancecorpus callosumearly experiencehemispheric specializationinfantile stimulationinterhemispheric inhibitionlateralization
Type
Target Articles
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , March 1981 , pp. 1 - 21
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrew, R. J.; Mench, J.; & Rainey, C. (1980; in press) Right-left asymmetry of response to visual stimuli in the domestic chick. In: Advances in the analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D. J., Mansfield, R. J. W., & Goodale, M. A.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Barnett, S. A. (1963) The rat: A study in behaviour. Chicago: Aldine. [MSM]Google Scholar
Creel, D. (1980) Inappropriate use of albino animals as models in research. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 12:969–77. [MSM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, J. B. & Ramirez, V. D. (1979) Sex differences in the amphetamine-stimulated release of endogenous catecholamines in vitro. Neuroscience Abstracts 5:438. [TER]Google Scholar
Becker, J. B. & Ramirez, V. D. (1980; in press) Sex differences in the amphetamine-stimulated release of catecholamines from rat striatal tissue in vitro. Brain Research. [TER]Google Scholar
Beecher, M. D.; Petersen, M. R.; Zoloth, S. R.; Moody, D. B.; & Stebbins, W. C. (1979) Perception of conspecific vocalizations by Japanese macaques. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 16:443–60. [VHD]Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L. (1976) Cerebral effects of differential experience and training. In: Neural mechanisms of learning and memory, ed. Rosenzweig, M. R. and Bennett, E. L., pp. 279–87. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Berlin, C. I. (1977) Hemispheric asymmetry in auditory tasks. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, G., pp. 303–24. New York: Academic Press. [ADM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blizard, D. & Denef, C. (1973) Neonatal androgen effects on open-field activity and sexual behavior in the female rat: The modifying influence of ovarian secretions during development. Physiology and Behavior 11:65–69. [JL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradshaw, J. L. (1980) Right hemisphere language: Familial and nonfamilial sinistrals, cognitive deficits and writing hand position in sinistrals, and concrete-abstract, imageable-nonimageable dimensions in word recognition. A review of interrelated issues. Brain and Language, 10:172–88. [JLB]Google Scholar
Bremer, F. (1966) Le Corps calleux dans la dynamique cérébrale. Experientia 22:201–8. [CEG]Google Scholar
Bruce, H.M. (1960) A block to pregnancy in the mouse caused by proximity to strange males. Journal of Beproduction and Fertility 1:96–103. [JMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bureš, J. & Burešová, O. (1977) Physiological mechanisms of conditioned food aversion. In: Food aversion learning, ed. Krames, L. & Alloway, T. M., pp. 219–55. New York: Plenum Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Bureš, J.; Burešová, O.; & Křivánek, J. (1974) The mechanism and applications of Leāo's spreading depression of electroencephalographic activity. New York and London: Academic Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Campbell, P. S.; Zarrow, M. X.; & Denenberg, V. H. (1973) The effect of infantile stimulation upon hypothalamic CRF levels following adrenalectomy in the adult rat. Proceedings for the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 142:781–83. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiarello, C. (1980) A house divided? Cognitive functioning with callosal agenesis. Unpublished MS. [ADM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, R. L. (1975) When left-handed mice live in right-handed worlds. Science 187:181–84. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Collins, R. L. (1969) On the inheritance of handedness. II. Selection for sinistrality in mice. Journal of Heredity 60:117–19. [JMW]Google Scholar
Collins, R. L. (1977) Toward an admissible genetic model for the inheritance of the degree and direction of asymmetry. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, G., pp. 137–50. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corballis, M. C. (1980) Laterality and myth. American Psychologist 35:284–95. [MCC, VHD]Google Scholar
Corballis, M. C. & Beale, I. L. (1970) Bilateral symmetry and behavior. Psychological Review 77:451–64. [MCC]Google Scholar
Corballis, M. C. & Beale, I. L. (1976) The psychology of left and right. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [MCC]Google Scholar
Corballis, M. C & Morgan, M. J. (1978) On the biological basis of human laterality. I. Evidence for a maturational left-right gradient. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:261–69. [MCC, VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowey, A. & Bozek, T. (1974) Contralateral “neglect” after unilateral dorso-medial prefrontal lesions in rats. Brain Research 72:53–63. [VHD, TER]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, J. D. (1980) Asymmetries in processing auditory nonverbal information. Psychological Bulletin 86:1339–49. [MCC]Google Scholar
Crome, L. C. & Stern, J. (1967) The pathology of mental retardation. London: Churchill. [ADM]Google Scholar
Daly, M. (1973) Early stimulation of rodents: A critical review of present interpretations. British Journal of Psychology 64:435–60. [JMW]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (1978) Lateral specialization in the human brain: Speculations concerning its origins and development. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:291. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, J. L. M. B. (1977) An anthropological perspective on the evolution and lateralization of the brain. In: Evolution and Lateralization of the Brain, ed. Dimond, S. J. & Blizard, D. A., pp. 424–47. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. [CEG]Google ScholarPubMed
Denenberg, V. H. (1964) Critical periods, stimulus input, and emotional reactivity: A theory of infantile stimulation. Psychological Review 71:335–51. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1969) The effects of early experience. In: The behaviour of domestic animals, ed. Hafex, E. S. E., pp. 96–130. London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cassell. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1975) Effects of exposure to stressors in early life upon later behavioural and biological processes. In: Society, stress and disease: childhood and adolescence, ed. Levin, L., vol. 2, pp. 269–81. New York: Oxford University Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1977) Assessing the effects of early experience. In: Methods in psychobiology, vol. 3, ed. Myers, R. D., pp. 127–47. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1980) General systems theory, brain organization, and early experiences. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 238:R3–R13; or American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 7:R3–R13. [VHD]Google ScholarPubMed
Denenberg, V. H. & Morton, J. R. C. (1962) Effects of environmental complexity and social groups upon modification of emotional behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55:242–46. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. & Zarrow, M. X. (1971) Effects of handling in infancy upon adult behavior and adrenocortical activity: Suggestions for a neuroendocrine mechanism. In: Early childhood: the development of self-regulatory mechanisms, ed. Walcher, D. N. and Peters, D. L., pp. 39–64. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denenberg, V. H.; Garbanati, J.; Sherman, G.; Yutzey, D. A.; & Kaplan, R. (1978) Infantile stimulation induces brain lateralization in rats. Science 201:1150–52. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H.; Hofmann, M.; Garbanati, J. A.; Sherman, G. F.; Rosen, G. D.; & Yutzey, D. A. (1980) Handling in infancy, taste aversion, and brain laterality in rats. Brain Research 200:123–33. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denenberg, V. H.; Zeidner, L.; Rosen, G. D.; Hofmann, M.; Garbanati, J. A.; Sherman, G. F.; & Yutzey, D. A. (1981; in press) Stimulation in infancy facilitates interhemispheric communication in the rabbit. Developmental Brain Research. [VHD]Google Scholar
Dewson, J. H. III (1977) Preliminary evidence of hemispheric asymmetry of auditory function in monkeys. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Hamad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, G., pp. 63–71. New York: Academic Press. [VHD, GE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewson, J. H. III (1978) Some behavioral effects of removal of superior temporal cortex in the monkey. In: Recent advances in primatology, vol. 1: behaviour, ed. Chivers, D. & Herbert, J., pp. 763–68. London: Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Dewson, J. H. III (1979) Toward an animal model of auditory cognitive function. In: The neurological bases of language disorders in children: Methods and directions for research, NINCDS Monograph no. 22, ed. Ludlow, C. L. & Doran, M. E.-Quine, pp. 19–24. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. [VHD]Google Scholar
Diamond, M. C. (1980) New data supporting cortical asymmetry differences in males and females. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:233–34. [JL, TER]Google Scholar
Diamond, M. C.; Dowling, G. A.; & Johnson, R. E. (1980) Morphological cerebral asymmetry in male and female rats. Unpublished manuscript. [VHD, TER]Google Scholar
Dickerson, G. P. & Riesen, A. H. (1977) Interocular transfer of a luminous flux discrimination in the rabbit. Vision Research 17:25–27. [VHD]Google Scholar
Dimond, S. J.; Farrington, L.; & Johnson, P. (1976) Differing emotional response from right and left hemispheres. Nature London 261:690–92. [VHD]Google Scholar
Doty, R. W. & Negrão, N. (1973) Forebrain commissures and vision. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, vol. VIII/IIIB., ed. Jung, R., pp. 543–83. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer Verlag. [LZ]Google Scholar
Doty, R. W.; Negrão, N.; & Yamaga, K. (1973) The unilateral engram. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimental (Warsaw) 33:711–28. [VHD, CEG]Google Scholar
Doty, R. W. & Overman, W. H. (1977) Mnemonic role of forebrain commissures in macaques. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, G., pp. 75–88. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Ettlinger, G.; Blakemore, C. B.; Milner, A. D.; & Wilson, J. (1972) Agenesis of the corpus callosum: A behavioural investigation. Brain 95:327–46. [ADM]Google Scholar
Ettlinger, G. & Dawson, R. F. (1969) Hand preferences in the monkey: The effect of unilateral cortical removals. Neuropsychologia 7:161–66. [GE]Google Scholar
Ettlinger, G. & Gautrin, D. (1971) Visual discrimination performance in the monkey: The effect of unilateral removals of temporal cortex. Cortex 7:317–31. [GE]Google Scholar
Field, M.; Ashton, F.; & White, K. (1978) Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Report of two pre-school children and review of the literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 20:47–61. [ADM]Google Scholar
Friedman, H. & Davis, M. (1938) “Left-handedness” in parrots. Auk: 478–80. [JR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fromkin, V. A.; Krashen, S.; Curtiss, S.; Rigler, D.; & Rigler, M. (1974) The development of language in Genie: A case of language acquisition beyond the critical period. Brain and Language 1:81–107. [MCC]Google Scholar
Fuller, J. L. & Thompson, W. R. (1978) Foundations of behavior genetics. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby. [VHD]Google Scholar
Fulton, J. F. (1949) Functional localization in relation to frontal lobotomy. New York: Oxford University Press. [RP]Google Scholar
Gaínotti, G. (1972) Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion. Cortex 8:41–55. [VHD]Google Scholar
Gaínotti, G. (1979) Affectivity and brain dominance: A survey. In: Biological psychiatry today, ed. Obiols, J., Ballus, C., Monclus, E. Gonzalez, & Pujol, J., pp. 1271–76. Amsterdam: Elsevier, North-Holland Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Galaburda, A. M.; LeMay, M.; Kemper, T. L.; & Geschwind, N. (1978) Right-left asymmetries in the brain. Science 199:852–56. [VHD]Google Scholar
Galin, D.; Johnstone, J.; Nakell, L.; & Herron, J. (1979) Development of the capacity for tactile information transfer between hemispheres in normal children. Science 204:1330–32. [MCC, VHD]Google Scholar
Garbanati, J. A.; Sherman, G. F.; Rosen, G. D.; Hofmann, M.; Yutzey, D. A.; & Denenberg, V. H. (1980) Handling in infancy, brain laterality, and muricide in rats. Unpublished manuscript. [VHD]Google Scholar
Garcha, H. S.; Ettlinger, G. & Maccabe, J. J. (1980) Cerebral predominance in the monkey. Neuroscience Letters, suppl. 5:477. [GE]Google Scholar
Garcia, J.; Hankin, W. G.; & Rusiniak, K. (1974) Behavioral regulation of the milieu interne in man and rat. Science 185:824–31. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. E. (1978) Brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion learning: A review of the literature. Physiological Psychology 6:340–53. [VHD]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1963) Effects of commissurotomy on a preoperatively learned visual discrimination. Experimental Neurology 8:14–19. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1970) The bisected brain. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [VHD, ADM, LZ]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S.; Volpe, B. T.; Smylie, C. S.; Wilson, D. H.; & LeDoux, J. L. (1979) Plasticity in speech organization following commissurotomy. Brain 102:805–15. [LZ]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1965) Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Brain 88:237–94, 585–644. [NG]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1975) The Apraxias: Neural mechanisms of disorders of learned movement. American Scientist 63:188–95. [NG]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1978) Pathological right-handedness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:296. [VHD]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1979) Specializations of the human brain. Scientific American 241:180–99. [VHD]Google Scholar
Giolla, R. A. & Guthrie, M. D. (1969) The primary optic projection in the rabbit: An experimental degeneration study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 136:99–126. [VHD]Google Scholar
Giurgea, C. & Moyersoons, F. (1979) The pharmacology of callosal transmission: A general survey. In: Structure and Function of Cerebral Commissures, ed. Steele-Russell, I., Van Hof, M., & Berlucchi, G., pp. 283–98. London: Macmillan. [CEG]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D. (1973) Enhancement of spatial preferences by (+)-amphetamine. Neuropharmacology 12:43–47. [VHD]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D. & Cox, R. D. (1976) Differential effects of unilateral and bilateral caudate lesions on side preferences and timing behavior in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90:528–35. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glick, S. D.; Cox, R. D.; & Greenstein, S. (1975) Relationship of rats' spatial preferences to effects of d-amphetamine on timing behavior. European Journal of Pharmacology 33:173–82. [VHD]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D.; Crane, A. M.; Jerussi, T. P.; Fleisher, L. N.; & Green, J. P. (1975) Functional and neurochemical correlates of potentiation of striatal asymmetry. Nature 254:616–17. [VHD]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D. & Jerussi, T. P. (1974) Spatial and paw preferences in rats: Their relationship to rate-dependent effects of d-amphetamine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 188:714–25. [VHD]Google ScholarPubMed
Glick, S. D.; Jerussi, T. P.; & Fleisher, L. N. (1976) Turning in circles: The neuropharmacology of rotation. Life Sciences 18:889–96. [VHD]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D.; Jerussi, T. P.; Waters, D. H.; & Green, J. P. (1974) Amphetamine-induced changes in striatal dopamine and acetylcholine levels and relationship to rotation (circling behavior) in rats. Biochemical Pharmacology 23:3223–25. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glick, S. D.; Jerussi, T. P.; & Zimmerberg, B. (1977) Behavioral and neuro-pharmacological correlates of nigrostriatal asymmetry in rats. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Jaynes, J., Goldstein, L., & Krauthamer, G., pp. 214–49. New York: Academic Press. [VHD, TER]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D.; Meibach, R. C.; Cox, R. D.; & Maayani, S. (1979) Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain. Life Sciences 25:395–400. [VHD]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D.; Schonfeld, A. R.; & Strumpf, A. J. (1980) Sex differences in brain asymmetry of the rodent. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:236. [TER]Google Scholar
Click, S. D. & Ross, D. A. (1980; in press) Right-sided population bias and lateralization of activity in normal rats. Brain Research 205. [VHD]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D.; Weaver, L. M.; & Meibach, R. C. (1980) Lateralization of reward in rats: Differences in reinforcing thresholds. Science 204:1093–95. [VHD]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D.; Zimmerberg, B.; & Jerussi, T. P. (1977) Adaptive significance of laterality in the rodent. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 299:180–85. [VHD, TER, JMW]Google Scholar
Goldberg, M. B. (1966) Peculiarities of development and functioning of conditioned behavior in adult rats X-irradiated on the 16th day of embryogeny. In: Studies in the neuroradioembriologic effect, ed. Piontkovsky, I. P.. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian). [MSM]Google Scholar
Goldstein, G. (1974) The use of clinical neuropsychological methods in the lateralization of brain lesions. In: Hemisphere function in the human brain, ed. Dimond, S. J. and Beaumont, J. G., pp. 229–310. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas. [VHD]Google Scholar
Goldstein, L.; Stoltzfus, N. W.; & Gardocki, J. F. (1972) Changes in interhemi-spheric amplitude relationships in the EEG during sleep. Physiology and Behavior 8:811–15. [JMN]Google Scholar
Goy, R. & McEwen, B. (1980) Sexual differentiation of the brain. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [JL]Google Scholar
Greenough, W. (1976) Enduring brain effects of differential experience and training. In: Neural mechanisms of learning and memory, ed. Rosenzweig, M. R. & Bennett, E. L., pp. 255–78. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Groppetti, A. & Costa, E. (1969) Factors affecting the rate of disappearance of amphetamine in rats. International Journal of Neuropharmacology 8:209–15. [TER]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, R. C.; Packer, I. K.; Hungerbuhler, J. P.; Reivich, M.; Obrist, W. D.; Amarnek, W. S.; & Sackeim, H. A. (1980) Differences in the distribution of gray and white matter in human cerebral hemispheres. Science 207:1226–28. [RP]Google Scholar
Hambley, J. W. & Rogers, J. J. (1979) Retarded learning induced by intracerebral administration of amino acids in the neonatal chick. Neuroscience 4:677–84. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, C. R. (1977) Investigations of perceptual and mnemonic lateralization in monkeys. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, G., pp. 45–62. New York: Academic Press. [VHD, GE]Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. R. (1977) An assessment of hemispheric specialization in monkeys. In: Evolution and lateralization of the brain, ed. Dimond, S. A. & Blizard, D. A., pp. 222–32. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. [CEG]Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. R. & Lund, J. S. (1970) Visual discrimination of movement: Midbrain or forebrain? Science 170:1428–30. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, C. R.; Tieman, S. B.; & Farrell, W. S. (1974) Cerebral dominance in monkeys. Neuropsychologia 12:193–97. [VHD]Google Scholar
Harnad, S.; Doty, R. W.; Goldstein, L.; Jaynes, J.; & Krauthamer, G. (1977) Lateralization in the nervous system. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. & Doty, R. W. (1977) Introductory overview. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, G., pp. xvii–xlviii. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. R.; Steklis, H. D.; & Lancaster, J., eds. (1976) Origins and evolution of language and speech. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: 280. [VHD]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The Organization of behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons. [VHD]Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M. (1979) Neglect and related disorders. In: Clinical neuropsychology, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E.. New York: Oxford University Press. [MCC]Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M.; Scholes, R.; & Watson, R. T. (1975) Auditory affective agnosia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 38:9–72. [MCC, VHD]Google Scholar
Henry, J. P. (1977) Comment. Journal of Analytical Psychology 22:51–53. [MSM]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1970) Animal behaviour, 2d ed.New York: McGraw-Hill. [VHD]Google Scholar
Holzgraefe, M.; Teuchert, G.; & Wolff, J. R. (1980; in press) Chronic isolation of visual cortex induces reorganization of cortico-cortical connections. In Proceedings of symposium on neuronal plasticity in sensorimotor systems. Bremen, Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer Verlag. [LZ]Google Scholar
Hommes, O. R. & Panhuysen, L. H. H. M. (1970) Bilateral intracarotid amytal injection: A study of dysphasia, disturbance of consciousness and paresis. Psychiatria, Neurologia, Neurochirurgia 73:447–59. [JMN]Google Scholar
Horn, G.; Rose, S. P. R.; & Bateson, P. P. G. (1973) Monocular imprinting and regional incorporation of tritiated uracil into the brains of intact and “split-brain” chicks. Brain Research 56:227–37. [JB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, K. J.; Rogers, L. J.; & Boura, A. L. A. (1980) Functional lateralisation of the chicken forebrain revealed by use of intracranial glutamate. Brain Research 188:369–82. [VHD, LJR]Google Scholar
Hughes, C. W. (1975) Early experience in domestication. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88:407–17. [VHD]Google Scholar
Hunt, J. McV. (1979) Psychological development: Early experience. Annual Review of Psychology 30:103–43. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaynes, J. (1976) The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [MCC]Google Scholar
Jeeves, M. A. (1979) Some limits to interhemispheric integration in cases of cal-losal agenesis and partial commissurotomy. In: Structure and function of cerebral commissures, ed. Russell, I. S., van Hof, M. W., & Berlucchi, G., pp. 449–74. London: Macmillan. [VHD, ADM]Google Scholar
Jeeves, M. A. (1980) Unpublished experimental data. [ADM]Google Scholar
Jerussi, T. P. & Glick, S. D. (1974) Amphetamine-induced rotation in rats without lesions. Neuropharmacology 13:283–86. [VHD]Google Scholar
Jones, R. K. (1966) Observations on stammering after localized cerebral injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 29:192–95. [JLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, D. (1979) Neuromotor mechanisms in the evolution of human communication. In: Neurobiology of social communication in primates, ed. Steklis, H. D. & Raleigh, M. J., pp. 197–219. New York: Academic Press. [MCC]Google Scholar
Kinsbourne, M. & Hiscock, M. (1977) Does cerebral dominance develop? In: Language development and neurological theory, ed. Segalowitz, S. J. & Gruber, F. A., pp. 171–91. New York: Academic Press. [MCC, LZ]Google Scholar
Krech, D.; Rosenzweig, M. R.; & Bennett, E. L. (1962) Relations between brain chemistry and problem-solving among rats raised in enriched or impoverished environments. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55:801–7. [VHD]Google Scholar
Křivánek, J. (1979) Monocular pattern discrimination learning and amino acid incorporation into proteins of occipital cortex in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 27:385–97. [JB]Google Scholar
Křivánek, J. & Buresová, O. (1972) Cortical acetylcholinesterase and “handedness” in rats. Experientia 28:291–92. [JB]Google Scholar
Kuhl, P. K. (1979) Models and mechanisms in speech perception. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 16:374–408. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, G. (1973) The phi-coefficient as an index of ear differences in dichotic listening. Cortex 9:447–54. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunc, L. (1964) The effect of unilateral cortical spreading depression on feeding behavior in rats [in Czech]. Československá Fysiologie 13:217. [JB]Google Scholar
Kunc, L. (1971) Asymmetry of hemispheres studied by means of unilateral cortical spreading depression in rats. Activitas Nervosa Superior 13:13–17. [JB]Google Scholar
Kunc, L. & Kukleta, M. (1965) Functional asymmetry in the effect of unilateral spreading depression in rats. Activitas Nervosa Superior 7:163–64. [JB]Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1963-1964) Proofs and refutations. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 14:221–43. [MSM]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E.; Wilson, D. H.; & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1977) A divided mind: Observations on the conscious properties of the separated hemispheres. Annals of Neurology 2:417–21. [VHD]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E.; Wilson, D. H.; & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1977) Manipulo-spatial aspects of cerebral lateralization: Clues to the origin of lateralization. Neuropsychologia 15:743–50. [MCC]Google Scholar
Lehman, R. A. W. (1968) Motor coordination and hand preference after lesions of the visual pathway and corpus callosum. Brain 91:525–38. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Lehman, R. A. W. (1978a) The handedness of Rhesus monkeys. 1. Distribution. Neuropsychologia 16:33–42. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Lehman, R. A. W. (1978b) Lateralized preferences and right-left discrimination in the monkey. Cortex 14:530–39. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Lehman, R. A. W. (1980a) Distribution and changes in strength of hand preference of Cynomolgus monkeys. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 17:209–17. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Lehman, R. A. W. (1980b; in press) The handedness of Rhesus monkeys. III. Consistency within and across activities. Cortex 16. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Lehmann, H. J. & Lampe, H. (1970) Observations on the interhemispheric transmission of information in nine patients with corpus callosum defect. European Neurology 4:129–47. [ADM]Google Scholar
LeMay, M. & Geschwind, N. (1975) Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 11:48–52. [NG, JL]Google Scholar
Lemon, R. E. (1973) Nervous control of the syrinx in white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). Journal of Zoology 171:131–40. [VHD]Google Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967) Biological foundations of language. New York: John Wiley and Sons. [LZ]Google Scholar
Levine, S. (1969) An endocrine theory of infantile stimulation. In: Stimulation in early infancy, ed. Ambrose, A., pp. 45–55. London: Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Levine, S.; Haltmeyer, G. C.; Karas, G. G.; & Denenberg, V. H. (1967) Physiological and behavioral effects of infantile stimulation. Physiology and Beliavior 2:55–59. [VHD]Google Scholar
Levine, S. & Mullins, R. F. Jr (1966) Hormonal in fluence on brain organization in infant rats. Science 152:1585–92. [VHD]Google Scholar
Levy, J. (1974) Psychobiological implications of bilateral symmetry. In: Hemisphere dominance and the human brain, ed. Dimond, S. J. & Beaumont, J. G., pp. 121–83. London: Elek Science. [JLB]Google Scholar
Levy, J. (1979) Human cognition and lateralization of cerebral function. Trends in the Neurosciences 9:222–25. [JLB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, J. (1980) Cerebral asymmetry and the psychology of man. In: The brain and psychology, ed. Wittrock, M. C., pp. 259–321. New York: Academic Press. [TER]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1976) Interactive models for evolution: Neural mechanisms, anatomy and behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:660–72. [JLB]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. Z. (1958) The evolution of behavior. Scientific American 199(6):67–78. [JMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luine, V.; Nottebohm, F.; Harding, C.; & McEwen, B. S. (1980; in press) Androgen affects cholinergic enzymes in syringeal motor neurones and muscle. Brain Research. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlone, J. (1980) Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: A critical survey. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:215–63. [VHD, TER]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Scott, T. H. (1957) The effects of early experience on the response to pain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 50:155–61. [VHD]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M.-M. & Geschwind, N. (1978) On the possible role of neocortex and its limbic connections in the process of attention and schizophrenia: clinical cases of inattention in man and experimental anatomy in monkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research 14:249–59. [VHD]Google Scholar
Metzger, E. P.; Cuenod, M.; Grynbaum, A.; & Waelsch, H. (1966) Visual stimulation: Lack of effect on protein synthesis in monkey brain. Life Sciences 5:1115–20. [JB]Google Scholar
Milhorn, H. J. Jr (1966) The application of control theory to physiological systems. Philadelphia: Saunders. [VHD]Google Scholar
Milner, A. D. (1980) Simple reaction times to lateralized visual stimuli in a case of callosal agenesis. In preparation. [ADM]Google Scholar
Milner, A. D. & Jeeves, M. A. (1979) A review of behavioural studies of agenesis of the corpus callosum. In: Structure and function of cerebral commissures, ed. Russell, I. S., van Hof, M. W., & Berlucchi, G., pp. 428–48. London: Macmillan. [VHD, ADM]Google Scholar
Milner, B. (1967) Discussion of experimental analysis of cerebral dominance in man. In: Brain mechanisms underlying speech and language, ed. Millikan, G. H. & Darley, F. L., pp. 177–79. New York: Grune and Stratton. [VHD]Google Scholar
Molfese, D. L.; Freeman, R. B. Jr; & Palermo, D. S. (1975) The ontogeny of brain lateralization for speech and nonspeech stimuli. Brain and Language 2:356–68. [LZ]Google Scholar
Myslobodsky, M. & Braun, H. (1980) Postural asymmetry and directionality of rotation in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 13:743–246. [MSM]Google Scholar
Myslobodsky, M.; Mintz, M.; & Tomer, R. (1979) Asymmetric reactivity of the brain and components of hemispheric imbalance. In: Hemisphere asymmetries of function in psychopathology, ed. Gruzelier, J. and Flor-Henry, P., pp. 125–48. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [MSM]Google Scholar
Nelsen, J. M.; Phillips, R.; & Goldstein, L. (1977) EEC interhemispheric laterality relationships following psychoactive agents and during operant performance in rabbits. In: Lateralization in the Nervous System, ed. Harnad, S. R., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, C., pp. 451–70. New York: Academic Press. [JMN]Google Scholar
Netley, C. (1979) Diehotie listening of callosal agenesis and Turner's syndrome patients. In: Language development and neurological theory, ed. Segalowitz, S. J. & Gruber, F. A., pp. 134–43. New York: Academic Press. [ADM]Google Scholar
Newton, G. & Levine, S., eds. (1968) Early experience and behavior. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nissen, H. W.; Chow, K. L.; & Semmes, J. (1951) Effects of restricted opportunity for tactual, kinesthetic, and manipulative experience on the behavior of a chimpanzee. American Journal of Psychology 64:485–507. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1970) Ontogeny of bird song. Science 167:950–56. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1971) Neural lateralization of vocal control in a passerine bird. I. Song. Journal of Experimental Zoology 177:229–62. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1972) Neural lateralization of vocal control in a passerine bird. II. Subsong, calls, and a theory of vocal learning. Journal of Experimental Zoology 179:35–50. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1976) Phonation in the orange-winged Amazon parrot, Amazona amazonica. Journal of Comparative Physiology 108:157–70. [VHD, CE]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1977) Asymmetries in neural control of vocalization in the canary. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J., & Krauthamer, G., pp. 23–44. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1979) Origins and mechanisms in the establishment of cerebral dominance. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol. 2, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 295–344. New York: Plenum Publiishing Corp. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F.; Manning, E.; & Nottebohm, M. E. (1979) Reversal of hypoglossal dominance in canaries following unilateral syringeal denervation. Journal of Comparative Physiology, series A, 134:227–40. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. & Nottebohm, M. E. (1976) Left hypoglossal dominance in the control of canary and white-crowned sparrow song. Journal of Comparative Physiology 108:171–92. [VHD]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F.; Stokes, T. M.; & Leonard, C. M. (1976) Central control of song in the canary, Serinus canarius. Journal of Comparative Neurology 165:457–86. [VHD]Google Scholar
Paterson, D. (1980) Is your brain really necessary? World Medicine, May 3, pp. 21–27. [DNR]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Rasmussen, T. (1950) The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization. New York: Macmillan. [RP]Google Scholar
Perria, L.; Rosadini, G.; & Rossi, G. F. (1961) Determination of side of cerebral dominance with amobarbital. Archives of Neurology 4:173–81. [VHD]Google Scholar
Peterson, G. M. (1934) Mechanisms of handedness in the rat. Comparative Psychology Monographs 9(6):1–67. [JMW]Google Scholar
Petersen, M. R.; Beecher, M. D.; Zoloth, S. R.; Moody, D. B.; & Stebbins, W. C. (1978) Neural lateralization of species-specific vocalizations by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Science 202:324–27. [VHD, GE, RAWL]Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. C. & Russell, I. S. (1969) Unilateral cortical spreading depression and escape learning. Physiologia Bohemoslovaca 18:395–99. [JB]Google Scholar
Pycock, C. J. & Marsden, C. D. (1978) The rotating rodent: A two-component system? European Journal of Pharmacology 47:167–75. [MSM]Google Scholar
Rakic, P. (1976) Prenatal genesis of connections subserving ocular dominance in the rhesus monkey. Nature 261:467–71. [VHD]Google Scholar
Rakic, P. (1977) Effect of prenatal unilateral eye enucleation on the formation of layers and retinal connections in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) of the rhesus monkey. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 3:573. [VHD]Google Scholar
Rakic, P. (1979) Genetic and epigenetic determinants of local neuronal circuits in the mammalian central nervous system. In: Neurosciences: Fourth Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Worden, F. G., pp. 109–27. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [VHD, LZ]Google Scholar
Rasmussen, T. & Milner, B. (1977) The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 299:355–69. [VHD]Google Scholar
Riesen, A. H. (1961) Stimulation as a requirement for growth and function in behavioral development. In: Functions of varied experience, ed. Fiske, D. W. & Maddi, S. R., pp. 57–80. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Robinson, B. W. (1967) Vocalization evoked from forebrain in Macaca mulatto. Physiology and Behavior 2:345–54. [NG]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. (1973) Statistical features of brain responses under conditions of attention and habituation. Psychological Reports 32:387–92. [DNR]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. (1976) What sort of persons are hemispheres? Another look at the “splitbrain” man. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 27:73–78. [DNR]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. & Sabat, S. (1975) Elimination of auditory evoked responses during auditory shadowing. Physiological Psychology 3:26–28. [DNR]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. & Sabat, S. (1977) Neuroelectric aspects of information processing by the brain. Neuropsychologia 15:625–41. [DNR]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. & Strandburg, R. (1973) Differences in inter-hemispheric variance in brain responses of attentive and non-attentive human subjects. Perceptual & Motor Skills 36:1099–1102. [DNR]Google Scholar
Robinson, R. G. (1979) Differential behavioral and biochemical effects of right and left hemispheric cerebral infarction in the rat. Science 205:707–10. [VHD, JL]Google Scholar
Robinson, R. G. & Coyle, J. T. (1979) Lateralization of catecholaminergic and behavioral response to cerebral infarction in the rat. Life Sciences 24:943–50. [VHD]Google Scholar
Robinson, T. E.; Becker, J. B.; & Ramirez, V. D. (1980) Sex differences in amphetamine-elicited rotational behavior and the laterlization of striatal dopamine in rats. Brain Research Bulletin, 5:539–45. [TER]Google Scholar
Robinson, T. E.; Camp, D. M.; & Becker, J. B. (1980; submitted) Gonadectomy attenuates turning behavior produced by electrical stimulation of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in female but not male rats. [TER]Google Scholar
Rogers, L. J. (1980; in press) Functional lateralisation in the chicken fore-brain revealed by cycloheximide treatment. Proceedings of the 17th International Ornithology Congress. [VHD]Google Scholar
Rogers, L. J. (1980) Laterlisation in the avian brain. Bird Behaviour 2:1–12. [LJR]Google Scholar
Rogers, L. J. & Anson, J. M. (1978) Cycloheximide produces attentional persistence and slowed learning in chickens. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 9:735–40. [VHD]Google Scholar
Rogers, L. J. & Anson, J. M. (1979) Lateralisation of function in the chicken fore-brain. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 10:679–86. [VHD, LJR]Google Scholar
Rogers, L. J. & Chen, C.-S. (1980) Brief summary of rat data on lateralisation. Unpublished manuscript. [VHD]Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R. (1971) Effects of environment on development of brain and behavior. In: The biopsychology of development, ed. Tobach, E., Aronson, L. R., & Shaw, E., pp. 303–42. New York: Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R.; Bennett, E. L.; & Diamond, M. C. (1972) Brain changes in response to experience. Scientific American 226:22–29. [VHD]Google Scholar
Ross, E. D. & Mesulam, M. M. (1979) Dominant language functions of the right hemisphere. Archives of Neurology 36:144–48. [MCC, VHD]Google Scholar
Rossi, G. F. & Rosadini, G. (1967) Experimental analysis of cerebral dominance in man. In: Brain mechanisms underlying speech and language, ed. Millikan, C. H. & Darley, F. L., pp. 167–75. New York: Grune and Stratton. [VHD]Google Scholar
Rusinov, V. S., ed. (1970) Electrophysiology of the Central Nervous System. New York: Plenum Press. [CEG]Google Scholar
Russell, D. S. (1949) Observations on the pathology of hydrocephalus. London: HMSO. [ADM]Google Scholar
Sackheim, H. A.; Greenberg, M. S.; Weiman, A. L.; Cur, R. C.; Hungerbuhler, J. P.; & Geschwind, N. (1980) Functional brain asymmetry in the expression of positive and negative emotions: Lateralization of insult in cases of uncontrollable emotional outbursts. Paper presented at the International Neuropsychological Society, Chianciano, Italy, June 2–5. [VHD]Google Scholar
Segalowitz, S. J. & Chapman, J. S. (1980) Cerebral asymmetry for speech in neonates: A behavioral measure. Brain and Language 9:281–88. [LZ]Google Scholar
Seggie, J. & Berry, M. (1972) Ontogeny of interhemisphere evoked potentials in the rat: Significance of myelination of the corpus callosum. Experimental Neurology 35:215–32. [VHD]Google Scholar
Serafetinides, E. A.; Driver, M. V.; & Hoare, R. D. (1965a) EEC patterns induced by intracarotid injection of sodium amytal. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 18:170–75. [JMN]Google Scholar
Serafetinides, E. A.; Hoare, R. D.; & Driver, M. V. (1965b) Intracarotid sodium amylobarbitone and cerebral dominance for speech and consciousness. Brain 88:107–30. [JMN]Google Scholar
Sherman, G. F.; Garbanati, J. A.; Rosen, G. D.; Yutzey, D. A.; & Denenberg, V. H. (1980) Brain and behavioral asymmetries for spatial preference in rats. Brain Research 192:61–67. [VHD]Google Scholar
Skultety, F. M. (1963) Stimulation of periaqueductal gray and hypothalamus. Archives of Neurology 8:608–20. [NG]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1967) Split-brain approach to learning problems. In: The neurosciences, ed. Quarton, G. C., Melnechuk, T., & Schmitt, F. O., pp. 714–22. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1968) Hemisphere deconnection and the unity of conscious experience. American Psychologist 23:723–33. [RP]Google Scholar
Stamm, J. S.; Gadotti, A.; & Rosen, S. C. (1975) Interhemispheric functional differences in prefrontal cortex of monkeys. Journal of Neurobiology 6:39–49. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Steele-Russell, I. & Morgan, S. (1979) Some studies of interhemispheric integration in the rat. In: Structure and Function of Cerebral Commissures, ed. Steele-Russell, I., Van Hof, M., & Berlucchi, G., pp. 181–94. London: Macmillan. [CEG]Google Scholar
Steklis, H. D. & Harnad, S. R. (1976] From hand to mouth: Some critical stages in the evolution of language. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:445–55. [JLB]Google Scholar
Stewart, J. & Cygan, D. (1980) Ovarian hormones act early in development to feminize adult open-field behavior in the rat. Hormones and Behavior 14:20–32. [JL]Google Scholar
Streeter, L. A. (1976) Language perception of 2-month-old infants shows effects of both innate mechanisms and experience. Nature 259:39–41. [LZ]Google Scholar
Studdert-Kennedy, M. & Shankweiler, D. (1970) Hemispheric specialization for speech perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 48:579–94. [VHD]Google Scholar
Swadlow, H. A. & Waxman, S. G. (1979) Ultrastructure and conduction properties of visual callosal axons of the rabbit. In: Structure and Function of Cerebral Commissures, ed. Steele-Russell, I., Van Hof, M., & Berlucchi, G., pp. 195–210. London: Macmillan. [CEG]Google Scholar
Szentágothai, J. (1978) The neuron network of the cerebral cortex: a functional interpretation. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B. 201:219–48. [LZ]Google Scholar
Terzian, H. & Cecotto, G. (1959) Su un nuovo metodo per la determinazione e lo studio della dominanza emisferica. Giornale di Psichiatria i Neuropatoligie 87:889–923. [VHD]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1956) Learning and instinct in animals. London: Methuen. [VHD]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E. S. (1970) Stability and plasticity of motivation systems. In: The Neurosciences: Second Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O.. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [MSM]Google Scholar
Vermeire, B. A. & Hamilton, C. R. (1980) Hemispheric specialization in splitbrain monkeys. Neuroscience Abstracts 6:811. [RAWL]Google Scholar
von Senden, M. (1960) Space and sight. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Wada, J. A.; Clarke, R.; & Hamm, A. (1975) Cerebral hemispheric asymmetry in humans. Archives of Neurology 32:239–46. [LZ]Google Scholar
Walker, S. F. (1980) Laterlization of functions in the vertebrate brain: A review. British Journal of Psychology 71:329–67. [VHD]Google Scholar
Warren, J. M. (1977) Functional lateralization of the brain. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 299:273–80. [RAWL]Google Scholar
Warren, J. M. (1980) Handedness and laterality in humans and other animals. Physiological Psychology 8:351–59. [VHD, JMW]Google Scholar
Waxman, S. G.; and Swadlow, H. A. (1976) Ultrastructure of visual callosal axons in the rabbit. Experimental Neurology 53:115–27. [LZ]Google Scholar
Webster, W. G. (1977) Territoriality and the evolution of brain asymmetry. In: Evolution and lateralization of the brain, ed. Dimond, S. J. & Blizard, D. A., pp. 213–21. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. [MCC, VHD]Google Scholar
Wechsler, L. R.; Savaki, H. E.; & Sokoloff, L. (1979) Effect of d- and l-amphetamine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the conscious rat. Journal of Neurochemistry 32:15–22. [JB]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1979) On the role of cerebral commissures in animals. In: Structure and function of cerebral commissures, ed. Russell, I. S., van Hof, M. W., & Berlucchi, G., pp. 475–78. London: Macmillan. [VHD]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1980) The problem of hemispheric specialization in animals. In: Study week on nerve cells, transmitters and behaviour, ed. Levi-Montalcini, R., pp. 573–92. Citta del Vaticano: Pontificia Academia Scientiarum. [VHD)]Google Scholar
Weiss, P. (1969) The living system: determinism stratified. In: Beyond reductionism, ed. Koestler, A. & Smythies, J. R., pp. 3–42. Boston: Beacon Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Wexler, B. E. (1980) Cerebral laterality and psychiatry: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry 137:279–91. [VHD]Google Scholar
Whimbey, A. E. & Denenberg, V. H. (1967a) Experimental programming of life histories: The factor structure underlying experimentally created individual differences. Behaviour 29:296–314. [VHD]Google Scholar
Whimbey, A. E. & Denenberg, V. H. (1967b) Two independent behavioral dimensions in open-field performance. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 63:500–504. [VHD]Google Scholar
Whitaker, H. A. & Ojemann, G. A. (1977) Lateralization of higher cortical functions: A critique. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 299:459–73. [JLB]Google Scholar
Whitten, W. K. (1956) Modification of the estrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. Journal of Endocrinology 13:399–404. [JMW]Google Scholar
Wiesel, T. N. & Hubel, D. H. (1965) Extent of recovery from the effects of visual deprivation in kittens. Journal of Neurophysiology 28:1060–72. [VHD]Google Scholar
Wise, S. P. & Jones, E. G. (1976) The organization and postnatal development of the commissural projection of the somatic sensory cortex of the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 168:313–43. [LZ]Google Scholar
Wise, S. P. & Jones, E. G. (1978) Developmental studies of thalamocortical and commissural connections in the rat somatic sensory cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 178:187–208. [LZ]Google Scholar
Witelson, S. F. (1977) Anatomic asymmetry in the temporal lobes: Its documentation, phylogenesis, and relationship to functional asymmetry. In: Evolution and lateralization of the brain, ed. Dimond, S. J. & Blizard, D. A., pp. 328–54. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. [CEG]Google Scholar
Witelson, S. F. (1977) Early hemispheric specialization and interhemispheric plasticity: An empirical and theoretical review. In: Language development and neurological theory, ed. Segalowitz, S. J. & Gruber, F. A., pp. 213–87. New York: Academic Press. [MCC, LZ]Google Scholar
Witelson, S. F. & Pallie, W. (1973) Left-hemisphere specialization for language in the newborn: Neuroanatomical evidence of asymmetry. Brain 96:641–46. [LZ]Google Scholar
Wolff, J. R. (1980; in press) Some morphogenetic aspects of the development of the central nervous system. In: Behavioral development: The bielefeld interdisciplinary project, ed. Immelmann, K., Barlow, G. W., Main, M., & Petrinovich, L.. New York: Cambridge University Press. (LZ]Google Scholar
Wolff, J. R.; and Záborszky, L. (1979) On the normal arrangement of fibres and terminals and limits of plasticity in the callosal system of the rat. In: Structure and function of cerebral commissures, ed. Russel, I. S., van Hof, W. M., & Berlucchi, G., pp. 147–54. London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd. [LZ]Google Scholar
Yakovlov, P. I. & Lecours, A. (1967) The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Regional development of the brain in early life, ed. Minkowski, A.. London: Blackwell. [VHD]Google Scholar
Yeni-Komshian, G. H. & Benson, D. A. (1976) Anatomical study of cerebral asymmetry in the temporal lobe of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys. Science 192:387–89. [CEG, JL]Google Scholar
Zangwill, O. L. (1976) Thought and the brain. British Journal of Psychology 67:301–14. [MCC]Google Scholar
Zarrow, M. X.; Campbell, P. S.; & Denenberg, V. H. (1972) Handling in infancy: Increased levels of the hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) following exposure to a novel situation. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 141:356–58. [VHD]Google Scholar
Zarrow, M. X.; Philpott, J. E.; Denenberg, V. H.; & O'Connor, W. B. (1968) Localization of 14C-4-corticosterone in a 2 day old rat and a consideration of the mechanism involved in early handling. Nature (London) 218:1264–65. [VHD]Google Scholar
Zimmerberg, B. & Glick, S. D. (1975) Changes in side perference during unilateral electrical stimulation of the caudate in rats. Brain Research 86:335–38. [VHD]Google Scholar
Zimmerberg, B.; Glick, S. D.; & Jerussi, T. P. (1974) Neurochemical correlates of a spatial preference in rats. Science 185:623–25. [VHD, TER]Google Scholar
Zimmerberg, S.; Strumpf, A. J.; & Glick, S. D. (1978) Cerebral asymmetry and left-right discrimination. Brain Research 140:194–96. [VHD]Google Scholar