Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:33:12.735Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Measuring sociosexuality across people and nations: Revisiting the strengths and weaknesses of cross-cultural sex research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 August 2005

David P. Schmitt
David P. Schmitt*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL62625http://schmitt.socialpsychology.org/index.htmhttp://www.bradley.edu/academics/las/psy/schmitt.html
*
dps@bradley.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

My response to the commentaries highlights three main points. First, the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) has demonstrated adequate reliability and validity across dozens of studies, and it deserves its reputation as a useful measure of basic human mating strategies. Second, the sampling limitations of the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) do not negate the conclusion that sex differences in sociosexuality are likely universal across cultures. Third, the ISDP results support several theories of human sexuality, although some are based on faulty assumptions that render them less viable than others.

Type
Author’s Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , April 2005 , pp. 297 - 311
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmadi, N. (2003) Rocking sexualities: Iranian migrants’ views on sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior 32(4):317–26. [SK]Google Scholar
Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1977) Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin 84:888–918. [RM]Google Scholar
Alcock, J (1993) Animal behavior, 5th edition. Sinauer Associates. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Alexander, G. M. (2003) An evolutionary perspective of sex-typed toy preferences: Pink, blue, and the brain. Archives of Sexual Behavior 32:7–14. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Alexander, M. G. & Fisher, T. D. (2003) Truth and consequences: Using the bogus pipeline to examine sex differences in self-reported sexuality. Journal of Sex Research 40:27–35. [JBA, arDPS]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. University of Washington Press. [SS-W]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. & Noonan, N. M. (1979) Concealment of ovulation, parental care, and human social interaction. In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W., pp. 402–35. Duxbury. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Allen, J. S. (2000) An exploration of the association of level of eating disordered symptomatology and reproductive and mate attraction behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 60(12-B):6352. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Andersen, B. L. & Broffitt, B. (1988) Is there a reliable and valid self-report measure of sexual behavior? Archives of Sexual Behavior 17:509–25. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Andersson, M. (1994) Sexual selection. Princeton University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Andrich, D. (1978) A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika 43:561–73. [MV]Google Scholar
Ankomah, A (1996) Premarital relationships and livelihoods in Ghana. Gender Development 4(3):39–47. [SK]Google Scholar
Archer, J. & Lloyd, B. (2002) Sex and gender, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Archer, J. & Mehdikhani, M. (2003) Variability among males in sexually selected attributes. Review of General Psychology 7:219–36. [AHE]Google Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2000) Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist 55:469–80. [JBA]Google Scholar
Bailey, J. M., Gaulin, S., Agyei, Y. & Gladue, B. A. (1994) Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionary relevant aspects of human mating psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66:1081–93. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Bailey, J. M., Kirk, K. M., Zhu, G., Dunne, M. P. & Martin, N. G. (2000) Do individual differences in sociosexuality represent genetic or environmentally contingent strategies? Evidence from the Australian twin registry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78:537–45. [aDPS, MV]Google Scholar
Baker, F. (1888) Anthropological notes on the human hand. American Anthropologist 1:51–76. [BF]Google Scholar
Baker, R. R. & Bellis, M. A. (1993) Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation. Animal Behaviour 46:861–85. [ATG]Google Scholar
Baker, R. R. & Bellis, M. A. (1994) Human sperm competition. Chapman & Hall. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Barash, D. P. & Lipton, J. (2001a) Gender gap. Transaction. [DPB]Google Scholar
Barash, D. P. & Lipton, J. (2001b) The myth of monogamy. Henry Holt. [DPB, arDPS]Google Scholar
Barber, N. (2000). On the relationship between country sex ratios and teen pregnancy rates: A replication. Cross-Cultural Research 34:26–37. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Barber, N. (2002a) On the relationship between fertility and geographic latitude: A crossnational study. Cross-Cultural Research 36:3–15. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Barber, N. (2002b) The science of romance. Prometheus Books. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Barber, N. (2003) Paternal investment prospects and cross-national differences in single parenthood. Cross-Cultural Research 37:163–77. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1989) Darwin, sex, and status. University of Toronto Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (2003) The essential difference. Basic Books. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Barry, H. & Schlegel, A. (1984) Measurements of adolescent sexual behavior in the standard sample of societies. Ethnology 23:315–29. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Barry, H. & Yoder, B. L. (2002) Multiple predictors of contribution by women to agriculture. Cross-Cultural Research 36:286–97. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Barry, H. III.,, Josephson, L., Lauer, E. & Marshall, C. (1980) Agents and techniques for child training: Cross-cultural codes 6. In: Cross-cultural samples and codes, ed. Barry, H. III & Schlegel, A.. pp. 237–76. University of Pittsburgh Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Bateman, A. J. (1948) Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 2:349–68. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Bateson, P., ed. (1983) Mate choice. Cambridge University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. (2000) Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin 126:347–74. [AHE, aDPS]Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. & Twenge, J. M. (2002) Cultural suppression of female sexuality. Review of General Psychology 6:166–203. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Catanese, K. R. & Vohs, K. D. (2001) Are there gender differences in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Review 5:242–73. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Beckerman, S. & Valentine, P., eds. (2002) Cultures with multiple fathers: The theory and practice of partible paternity in lowland South America. University Press of Florida. [CR, aDPS]Google Scholar
Belsky, J. (1999) Modern evolutionary theory and patterns of attachment. In: Handbook of attachment, ed. Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R., pp. 141–61. Guilford. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. & Draper, P. (1991) Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development 62:647–70. [LCM, DAS, arDPS]Google Scholar
Bernard, J. (1972) The future of marriage. World. [JMT]Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1989) Imposed etics-emics-derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea. International Journal of Psychology 24:721–35. [SK]Google Scholar
Betzig, L. (1986) Despotism and differential reproduction: A Darwinian view of history. Aldine. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Billari, F. C. & Prskawetz, A. eds. (2003) Agent-based computational demography. Springer-Verlag. [RM]Google Scholar
Bjorklund, D. F. & Shackelford, T. K. (1999) Differences in parental investment contribute to important individual differences between men and women. Current Directions in Psychological Science 8:86–89. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Bleske-Rechek, A. L. & Buss, D. M. (2001) Opposite-sex friendship: Sex differences and similarities in initiation, selection, and dissolution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27:1310–23. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Blumstein, P. & Schwartz, P. (1983) American couples. William Morrow. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Bongaarts, J. & Watkins, S. C. (1996) Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions. Population and Development Review 22:639–82. [LN]Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1988a) Kipsigis bridewealth payments. In: Human reproductive behaviour, ed. Betzig, L., Borgerhoff Mulder, M. & Turke, P. W.. pp. 405–27. Cambridge University Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1988b) Reproductive success in three Kipsigis cohorts. In: Reproductive success: Studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems, ed. Barry, H. III & Schlegel, A.. pp. 419–35. University of Chicago Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2004) Are men and women really so different? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19(1):3–6 [AF]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982) Attachment and loss: Vol. I, Attachment. Basic Books. [LCM, aDPS]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago University Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Brennan, K. A. & Shaver, P. R. (1995) Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21:267–83. [MV]Google Scholar
Brislin, R. W. (1980) Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In: Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 1, ed. Triandis, H. C. & Berry, J. W., pp. 389–444. Allyn & Bacon. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Brislin, R. W. (1993) Understanding culture's influence on behavior. Harcourt Brace. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Broude, G. J. (1983) Male–female relationships in cross-cultural perspective: A study of sex and intimacy. Behavior Science Research 18:154–81. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Broude, G. J. & Greene, S. J. (1976) Cross-cultural codes on twenty sexual attitudes and practices. Ethnology 15:409–29. [AHE, arDPS]Google Scholar
Broude, G. J. & Greene, S. J. (1983) Cross-cultural codes on husband-wife relationships. Ethnology 22:263–80. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Browne, K. R. (1999) The relevance of sex differences in risk-taking to the military and the workplace. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:218–19. [VJG]Google Scholar
Brown, P. (1978) Highland peoples of New Guinea. Cambridge University Press. [ATG]Google Scholar
Budig, M. J. (2003) Are women's employment and fertility histories interdependent? An examination of causal order using event history analysis. Social Science Research 32:376–401. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Burton, L. M. (1990) Teenage childbearing as an alternative life-course strategy in multigenerational black families. Human Nature 1:123–44. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1989) Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:1–49. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1994) The evolution of desire. Basic Books. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1995a) Evolutionary psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry 6:1–30. [JBA]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1995b) Psychological sex differences: Origins through sexual selection. American Psychologist 50:164–68. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1996a) Sexual conflict: Can evolutionary and feminist perspectives converge? In: Sex, power, conflict: Evolutionary and feminist perspectives, ed. Buss, D. M. & Malamuth, N.. pp. 296–318. Oxford University Press. [DMB]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1996b) The evolution of human social strategies. In: Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, ed. Higgins, E. T. & Kruglanski, A.. pp. 3–38. Guilford Press. [DMB]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (2000) The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as necessary as love and sex. The Free Press. [CR]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (2003) The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating (rev. ed.). Basic Books. [DMB]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. & Barnes, M. F. (1986) Preferences in human mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50:559–70. [DMB, AHE, aDPS]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. & Barnes, M. F. (1992) Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review 100:204–32. [JMT]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. & Schmitt, D. P. (1993) Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review 100:204–32. [JBA, DMB, arDPS]Google Scholar
Buunk, B. P., Dijkstra, P., Fetchenhauer, D. & Kenrick, D. T. (2002) Age and gender differences in mate selection criteria for various involvement levels. Personal Relationships 9:271–78. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (1999) Staying alive: Evolution, culture and women's intrasexual aggression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:203–14. [VJG]Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2002) A mind of her own. Oxford University Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. & Fiske, D. W. (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychology Bulletin 56(2):81–105. [SK]Google Scholar
Carroll, J. L., Volk, K. D. & Hyde, J. S. (1985) Differences between males and females in motives for engaging in sexual intercourse. Archives of Sexual Behavior 14:131–39. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Carter, C. S. (1998) Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendorinology 23:779–818. [LCM]Google Scholar
Carter, C. S. (2003) Developmental consequences of oxytocin. Physiology and Behavior 79:383–97. [LCM]Google Scholar
Casimir, M. J. & Aparna, R. (1995) Prestige, possessions, and progeny: Cultural goals and reproductive success among the Bakkarwal. Human Nature 6:241–72. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Castro, I., Minot, E. O., Fordham, R. A. & Birkhead, T. R. (1996) Polygynandry, face-to-face copulation, and sperm competition in the hihi Notiomystis cincta (Aves: Meliphagidae) Ibis 138:765–71. [SS-W]Google Scholar
Catania, J. A., McDermott, L. J. & Pollack, L. M. (1986) Questionnaire response bias and face-to-face interview sample bias in sexuality research. The Journal of Sex Research 22:52–72. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1966) The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1:245–27. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. (1988) Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. Science 239:985–92. [LN]Google Scholar
Chisholm, J. S. (1996) The evolutionary ecology of attachment organization. Human Nature 7:1–38. [DAS, aDPS]Google Scholar
Chisholm, J. S. (1999a) Attachment and time preference: Relations between early stress and sexual behavior in a sample of American university women. Human Nature 10:51–83. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Chisholm, J. S. (1999b) Steps to an evolutionary ecology of mind. In: Biocultural approaches to the emotions, ed. Hinton, A. L., pp. 117–49. Cambridge University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Church, A. T. (2001) Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Personality 69:979–1006. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Church, A. T. & Lonner, W. J. (1998) The cross-cultural perspective in the study of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29:32–62. [SK]Google Scholar
Clark, A. P. (2004) Self-perceived attractiveness and masculinization predict women's sociosexuality. Evolution and Human Behavior 25:113–24. [aDPS, MV]Google Scholar
Clark, J. P. & Tiffit, L. L. (1966) Polygraph and interview validation of selfreported deviant behavior. American Sociological Review 31:516–23. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Clark, R. D. (1990) The impact of AIDS on gender differences in willingness to engage in casual sex. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20:771–82. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Clark, R. D. & Hatfield, E.(1989) Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 2:39–55. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991) The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Parker, G. A. (1992) Potential reproductive rates and the operation of sexual selection. The Quarterly Review of Biology 67:437–56. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edition. Erlbaum. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Cole, M. (1996) Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. Harvard. [SK]Google Scholar
Comings, D. E., Muhleman, D., Johnson, J. P. & MacMurray, J. P. (2002) Parent– daughter transmission of the androgen receptor gene as an explanation of the effect of father absence on age of menarche. Child Development 73:1046–51. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1987) From evolution to behavior: Evolutionary psychology as the missing link. In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimization, ed. Dupré, J.. pp. 277–306. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [RM]Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. & Meehl, P. E. (1955) Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin 52:281–302. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Cronk, L. (1989) Low socio-economic status and female biased parental investment: The Mukogodo example. American Anthropologist 91:414–29. [LN]Google Scholar
Cronk, L. (1991) Human behavioral ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 20:25–53. [LN]Google Scholar
Dabbs, J. M. (2000) Heroes, rogues, and lovers: Testosterone and behavior. McGraw-Hill. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1988) Homicide. Aldine de Gruyter. [BF, aDPS]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. R. (1871) The desscent of man and selection in relation to sex. Murray. [aDPS]Google Scholar
David, H. P. & Russo, N. F. (2003) Psychology, population, and reproductive behavior. American Psychologist 58:193–96. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Davies, N. B. (1985) Cooperation and conflict among dunnocks, Prunella modularis, in a variable mating system. Animal Behaviour 33:628–48. [SS-W]Google Scholar
Davies, N. B. (1989) Sexual conflict and the polygamy threshold. Animal Behaviour 38:226–34. [SS-W]Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) Evolutionary psychology: The wheat and the chaff. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11:187–91. [AHE]Google Scholar
DeLamater, J. & MacCorquodale, P. (1979) Premarital sexuality: Attitudes, relationships, and behaviors. University of Wisconsin Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Dickinson, J. L. & Leonard, M. L. (1996) Mate attendance and copulatory behaviour in western bluebirds: Evidence of mate guarding. Animal Behaviour 52:981–92. [ATG]Google Scholar
Diener, E. & Suh, E. M., eds. (2001) Culture and subjective well-being. MIT Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Divale, W. T. & Harris, M. (1976) Population, warfare, and the male supremacist complex. American Anthropologist 78:521–38. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Dixson, A. F. (1998) Primate sexuality: Comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings. Oxford University Press. [LCM]Google Scholar
Dobson, F. S., Smith, A. T. & Gao, W. X. (2000) The mating system and gene dynamics of plateau pikas. Behavioural Processes 51:101–10. [SS-W]Google Scholar
Draper, P. & Harpending, H. (1982) Father absence and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research 38:255–73. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Draper, P. & Harpending, H. (1988) A sociobiological perspective on the development of human reproductive strategies. In: Sociobiological perspectives on human development, ed. MacDonald, K., pp. 340–72. Springer-Verlag. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Dunifon, R. & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2002) Who's in the house? Race differences in cohabitation, signle-parenthood, and child development. Child Development 73:1249–64. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Dunne, M. P. (2002) Sampling considerations. In: Handbook for conducting research on human sexuality, Wiederman, M. W. & Whitely, B. E. Jr., pp. 85–112. Erlbaum. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Dunne, M. P., Martin, N. G., Statham, D. J., Slutske, W. S., Dinwiddie, S. H., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F. & Heath, A. C. (1997) Genetic and environmental contributions to variance in age at first intercourse. Psychological Science 8:211–16. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Durex Sexuality Study (2003) Retrieved on 23 July 2004 from www.durex.com [SK]Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. (1987) Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Erlbaum. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. & Steffen, V. J. (1986) Gender and aggressive behavior: A metaanalytic review of social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin 100:309–30. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. & Wood, W. (1999) The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist 54:408–23. [DMB, SB, AHE, aDPS]Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W. & Diekman, A. (2000) Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In: The developmental social psychology of gender, ed. Eckes, T. & Trautner, H. M.. Erlbaum. [AHE]Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W. & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2004) Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implications for the partner preference of women and men. In: Psychology of gender, 2nd edition, ed. Eagly, A. H., Beall, A. & Sternberg, R. J.. pp. 269–95. Guilford. [AHE]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989) Human ethology. Aldine de Gruyter. [LCM]Google Scholar
Einon, D. (1994) Are men more promiscuous than women? Ethology and Sociobiology 15:131–43. [NWB]Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J. (1992) The evolution of sexual attraction: Evaluative mechanisms in women. In: The adapted mind, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 267–88. Oxford University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J. & Garber, J. (2000) Psychosocial antecedents of variation in girl's pubertal timing: Maternal depression, stepfather presence, and marital and family stress. Child Development 71:485–501. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J. & Symons, D. (1990) Sex differences in sexual fantasy: An evolutionary psychological approach. Journal of Sex Research 27:527–56. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., McFadyen-Ketchum, S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S. & Bates, J. E. (1999) Quality of early family relationships and individual differences in the timing of pubertal maturation in girls: A longitudinal test of an evolutionary model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77:387–401. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Ember, M. (1974) Warfare, sex ratio, and polygyny. Ethnology 13:197–206. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Emlen, S. T. & Oring, L. W. (1977) Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215–23. [AC]Google Scholar
Endicott, K. L. (1999) Gender relations in hunter-gatherer societies. In: The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers, ed. Lee, R. B. & Daly, R.. pp. 411–18. Cambridge University Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Eogan, M. A., Geary, M. P., O’Connell, M. P. & Keane, D. P. (2003) Affect of fetal sex on labour and delivery: Retrospective review. British Medical Journal 326:137. [LCM]Google Scholar
Erlich, P. & Feldman, M. (2003) Genes and cultures: What creates our behavioral phenome? Current Anthropology 44:87–95. [AHE]Google Scholar
Evans, J. P., Pierotti, M. & Pilastro, A. (2003) Male mating behavior and ejaculate expenditure under sperm competition risk in the eastern mosquitofish. Behavioral Ecology 14:268–73. [ATG]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1976) Sex and personality. Open Books. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Fedorka, K. M. & Mousseau, T. A. (2002) Material and genetic benefits of female multiple mating and polyandry. Animal Behavior 64:361–67. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Fischer, G. H. & Ponocny-Seliger, E. (1998) Structural Rasch modeling: Handbook of the usage of LpcM-Win 1.0. ProGAMMA. [MV]Google Scholar
Fisher, H. E. (1989) Evolution of human serial pairbonding. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:331–54. [CR]Google Scholar
Fisher, H. (2000) Lust, attraction, attachment: Biology and evolution of the three primary emotion-systems for mating, reproduction, and parenting. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy 25:96–104. [LCM]Google Scholar
Fisher, W. A., Byrne, D., White, L. A. & Kelley, K. (1988) Erotophobia–erotophilia as a dimension of personality. Journal of Sex Research 25:123–51. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Fletcher, G. J. O. (2002) The new science of intimate relationships. Blackwell. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Fletcher, G. J. O. & Stenswick, M. (2003) The intimate relationship mind. In: From mating to mentality: Evaluating evolutionary psychology, ed. Sterelny, K. & Fitness, J., pp. 71–93. Psychology Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Ford, C. S. & Beach, F. A. (1951) Patterns of sexual behavior. Harper & Row. [ATG]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H. (1985) Choosing the right pond. Human behavior and the quest for status. Oxford University Press. [JL]Google Scholar
Frayser, S. (1985) Varieties of sexual experience: An anthropological perspective. HRAF Press. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Gage, A. J. & Meekers, D. (1994) Sexual activity before marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. Social Biology 41(1–2):44–60. [SK]Google Scholar
Gagnon, J. H. & Simon, W. (1973) Sexual conduct. Aldine. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G., Burch, R. L., Zappieri, M. L., Parvez, R. A., Stockwell, M. L. & Davis, J. A. (2003) The human penis as a semen displacement device. Evolution and Human Behavior 24:277–89. [ATG]Google Scholar
Gandolfi, A. A. & Barash, D. P. (2002) Economics as an evolutionary science: From utility to fitness. Transaction. [DPB]Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. (2001) Adaptive design, selective history, and women's sexual motivations. In: Evolutionary psychology and motivation, ed. French, J. A., Kamil, A. C. & Legerpp, D. W., pp. 37–74. University of Nebraska Press. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. & Cousins, A. J. (2001) Adaptive design, female mate preferences, and shifts across the menstrual cycle. Annual Review of Sex Research 12:145–85. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. & Simpson, J. A. (1990) Toward an evolutionary history of female sociosexual variation. Special Issue: Biological foundations of personality: Evolution, behavioral genetics, and psychophysiology. Journal of Personality 58:69–96. [aDPS, MV]Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. & Simpson, J. A. (2000) The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:573–644. [JBA, SB, AHE, ATG, LCM, DAS, arDPS, JMT]Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. & Thornhill, R. (1997a) Human sexual selection and developmental stability. In: Evolutionary social psychology, ed. Simpson, J. A. & Kenrick, D. T., pp. 169–95. Erlbaum. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. & Thornhill, R. (1997b) The evolutionary psychology of extrapair sex: The role of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution and Human Behavior 18:69–88. [DMB, rDPS]Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. & Thornhill, R. (2003) Facial masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution and Human Behavior 24:231–41. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Garn, S. M., Burdi, A. R., Babler, W. J. & Stinson, S. (1975) Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal-phalangeal rankings and proportions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 43:327–32. [BF]Google Scholar
Gaulin, S. J. C. (1997) Cross-cultural patterns and the search for evolved psychological mechanisms. In: Characterizing human psychological adaptations, ed. Bock, G. R. & Cardew, G., pp. 195–207. Wiley. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Gaulin, S. J. C. & Boster, J. (1985) Cross-cultural differences in sexual dimorphism: Is there any variance to be explained? Ethology and Sociobiology 6:219–25. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Gaulin, S. J. C. & Schlegel, A. (1980) Paternal confidence and paternal investment: A cross-cultural test of a sociobiological hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology 1:301–309. [AHE]Google Scholar
Geary, D. C. (1998) Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. American Psychological Association. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Geary, D. C. (2000) Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment. Psychological Bulletin 126:55–77. [LCM]Google Scholar
Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D. & Masser, B. (2000) Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:763–75. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Goetz, A. T., Shackelford, T. K., Weekes-Shackelford, V. A., Euler, H. A., Hoier, S., Schmitt, D. P. & LaMunyon, C. W. (2005) Mate retention, semen displacement, and human sperm competition: A preliminary investigation of tactics to prevent and correct female infidelity. Personality and Individual Differences 38:749–73. [ATG]Google Scholar
Goldstein, H. & Peckham, C. (1976) Birthweight, gestation, neonatal mortality and child development. In: The biology of human fetal growth, ed. Roberts, D. F. & Thomson, A. M., pp. 81–102. Taylor and Francis. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. A. (2001) War and gender. Cambridge University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Goodwin, R. (1999) Personal relationships across cultures. Routledge. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Grant, V. J. (1998) Maternal personality, evolution and the sex ratio. Routledge. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Green, R. & Weiner, J. (1980) Methodology in sex research. National Institute of Mental Health. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Greiling, H. & Buss, D. M. (2000) Women's sexual strategies: The hidden dimension of extra-pair mating. Personality and Individual Differences 28:929–63. [DMB, aDPS]Google Scholar
Grimm, S. D. & Church, A. T. (1999) A cross-cultural study of response biases in personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality 33:415–41. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Gross, M. R. (1996) Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: Diversity within the sexes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:92–98. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Guttentag, M. & Secord, P. F. (1983) Too many women? The sex ratio question. Sage. [AHE, arDPS]Google Scholar
Gwynne, D. T. (1984) Sexual selection and sexual differences in Mormon crickets. Evolution 38:1011–22. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hambleton, R. K. (2001) The next generation of the ITC test translation and application guidelines. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17(3):164–72. [SK]Google Scholar
Hardy, I. C., ed. (2002) Sex ratios: Concepts and research methods. Cambridge University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Harris, M. (1993) The evolution of gender hierarchies: A trail formulation. In: Sex and gender hierarchies, ed. Miller, B., pp. 57–80. Harvard University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hartung, J. (1985) Matrinlineal inheritance: New theory and analysis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:661–68. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G. & Buss, D. M. (2000) Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78:81–91. [DMB]Google Scholar
Hatchwell, B. J. & Davies, N. B. (1990) Provisioning of nestlings by dunnocks, Prunella modularis, in pairs and trios: Compensation reactions by males and females. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27:199–209. [SS-W]Google Scholar
Hatfield, E. & Rapson, R. L. (1996) Love and sex: Cross-cultural perspectives. Allyn & Bacon. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hayden, B., Deal, M., Cannon, A. & Casey, J. (1986) Ecological determinants of women's status among hunter/gatherers. Human Evolution 1:449–73. [AHE]Google Scholar
Hazan, C. & Diamond, L. M. (2000) The place of attachment in human mating. Review of General Psychology 4:186–204. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hazan, C. & Zeifman, D. (1999) Pair bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence. In: Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, ed. Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R., pp. 336–54. Guilford Press. [LCM]Google Scholar
Hebl, M. R. & Kashy, D. A. (1995) Sociosexuality and everyday social interaction. Personal Relationships 2:371–83. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hendrick, S., Hendrick, C., Slapion-Foote, M. J. & Foote, F. H. (1985) Gender differences in sexual attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48:1630–42. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hendrix, L. & Pearson, W. (1995) Spousal interdependence, female power, and divorce: A cross-cultural examination. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 26:217–32. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Herskovits, E. H., Megalooikonomou, V., Davatzikos, C., Chen, A., Bryan, R. N. & Gerring, J. P. (1999) Is the spatial distribution of brain lesions associated with closed-head injury predictive of subsequent development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Analysis with a brain-image database. Radiology 213:389–94. [LCM]Google Scholar
Hill, K. & Hurtado, A. M. (1996) Ache life history: The ecology and demography of a foraging people. Aldine de Gruyter. [LN]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1984) Why do the sexes behave differently in close relationships? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1:471–501. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's consequences. Sage. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Holcomb, H. R. (1998) Testing evolutionary hypotheses. In: Handbook of evolutionary psychology, ed. Crawford, C. & Krebs, D.. pp. 303–34. Erlbaum. [JBA]Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1981) The woman that never evolved. Harvard University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1999) Mother nature: Maternal instincts and how they shaped the human species. Ballantine. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hudson, V. M. & den Boer, A. M. (2004) Bare branches: The security implications of Asia's surplus male population. MIT Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Hyde, J. S. (1986) Gender differences in aggression. In: The psychology of gender: Advances through meta-analysis, ed. Hyde, J. S. & Linn, M. C., pp. 51–66. Johns Hopkins University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Inglehart, R., Basanez, M. & Moreno, A. (1998) Human values and beliefs: A crosscultural sourcebook. University of Michigan Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Insel, T. R. (1997) A neurological basis of socifal attachment. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:726–35. [LCM]Google Scholar
Irons, W. (1979) Emic and reproductive success. In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W., pp. 257–72. Duxbury Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Isaacson, S. S. (2001) The influence of sex, age, and personality on mate-age preferences: An evolutionary perspective. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 61(7-B):3901. [aDPS]Google Scholar
James, W. H. (1996) Evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels at the time of conception. Journal of Theoretical Biology 180:271–86. [BF]Google Scholar
James, W. H. (1997) A potential mechanism for sex ratio variation in mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 189:253–55. [BF]Google Scholar
James, W. H. (2000a) Secular movements in sex ratios of adults and of births in populations during the past half-century. Human Reproduction 15:1178–83. [JL]Google Scholar
James, W. H. (2000b) The variation of the probability of a son within and across couples. Human Reproduction 15:1184–88. [BF]Google Scholar
Jankowiak, W., Nell, D. & Buckmaster, A. (2002) Extra-marital affairs: A reconsideration of the meaning and universality of the “double standard.” World Cultures 13: 2–21. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Jethá, C. & Falcato, J. (1991a) Sexual behaviour of STD patients in a rural setting. VII Conferência Regionale sobre las DTS [7th Regional Conference on Sexually-transmitted disease]. Lusaka, Zambia. [CR]Google Scholar
Jethá, C. & Falcato, J. (1991b) A mulher e as DTS no distrito de Marracuene [The woman and STDs in the Marracuene district]. Acção SIDA 9. Maputo, Mozambique. [CR]Google Scholar
Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. & Eagly, A. H. (2002) Another look at sex differences in preferred mate characteristics: The effects of endorsing the traditional female gender role. Psychology of Women Quarterly 26:322–28. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Johnston, V., Hagel, R., Franklin, M., Fink, B. & Grammer, K. (2001) Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design. Evolution and Human Behavior 22:251–267. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Jones, M. (1998) Sociosexuality and motivations for romantic involvement. Journal of Research in Personality 32:173–82. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Joseph, R. (2000) The evolution of sex differences in language, sexuality, and visual-spatial skills. Archives of Sexual Behavior 29:35–66. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Jurmain, R., Nelson, H., Kilgore, L. & Trevathan, W. (2000) Introduction to physical anthropology, 8th edition. Wadsworth. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Kasser, T. & Sharma, Y. S. (1999) Reproductive freedom, educational equality, and females’ preference for resource-acquisition characteristics in mates. Psychological Science 10:374–77. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Keeley, L. H. (1996) War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage. Oxford University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Keesing, F. M. (1952) Research opportunities in New Guinea. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 8:109–33. [ATG]Google Scholar
Kelly, R. L. (1995) The foraging spectrum: Diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Keefe, R. C., Bryan, A., Barr, A. & Brown, S. (1995) Age preferences and mate choice among homosexuals and heterosexuals: A case for modular psychological mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69:1166–1172. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Sadalla, E. K., Groth, G. & Trost, M. R. (1990) Evolution, traits, and the stages of human courtship: Qualifying the parental investment model. Special issue: Biological foundations of personality: Evolution, behavioral genetics, and psychophysiology. Journal of Personality 58:97–116. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Kimura, D. (1999) Sex and cognition. The MIT Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Knauft, B. M. (1991) Violence and sociality in human evolution. Current Anthropology 32:391–409. [AHE]Google Scholar
Knodel, J. (1986) Demographic transitions in German villages. In: Decline of fertility in Europe, ed. Coale, A. & Watkins, S. C., pp. 337–89. Princeton University Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Kohler, H. P. (2001) Fertility and social interaction. Oxford University Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Kokko, H. & Jennions, M. (2003) It takes two to tango. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18(3):103–104. [AF]Google Scholar
Konner, M. (1982) The tangled wing. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [CR]Google Scholar
Korotayev, A. V. & Kazankov, A. A. (2003) Factors of sexual freedom among foragers in cross-cultural perspective. Cross-Cultural Research 37:29–61. [aDPS]Google Scholar
LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A. & Paluck, E. L. (2003) The contingent smile: A metaanalysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin 129:305–34. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Lancaster, J. B. (1989) Evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives on singleparenthood. In: Interfaces in psychology, ed. Bell, R. W. & Bell, N. J., pp. 63–72. Texas Tech University Press. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Landolt, M. A., Lalumiere, M. L. & Quinsey, V. L. (1995) Sex differences in intrasex variations in human mating tactics: An evolutionary approach. Ethology and Sociobiology 16:3–23. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T. & Michaels, S. (1994) The social organization of sexuality. University of Chicago Press. [LCM, aDPS]Google Scholar
Lazarus, J. (2002) Human sex ratios: Adaptations and mechanisms, problems and prospects. In: Sex ratios: Concepts and research methods, ed. Hardy, I. C., pp. 287–311. Cambridge University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Lee, R. B. & Daly, R. (1999) Foragers and others. In: The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers, ed. Lee, R. B. & Daly, R.. pp. 1–19. Cambridge University Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Lerner, G. (1986) The creation of patriarchy. Oxford University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Lippa, R. A. (2002) Gender, nature, and nurture. Erlbaum [rDPS]Google Scholar
Low, B. S. (1988) Measures of polygyny in humans. Current Anthropology 29:189–95. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Low, B. S. (1989) Cross-cultural patterns in the training of children: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Comparative Psychology 103:313–19. [ArDPS]Google Scholar
Low, B. S. (1990) Human responses to environmental extremeness and uncertainty: A cross-cultural perspective. In: Risk and uncertainty in tribal and peasant economies, ed. Cashdan, E., pp. 229–255. Westview Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Low, B. S. (1998) The evolution of human life histories. In: Handbook of evolutionary psychology, ed. Crawford, C. & Krebs, D. L., pp. 131–61. Erlbaum. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Low, B. S. (2000) Why sex matters: A Darwinian look at human behavior. Princeton University Press. [LN, arDPS]Google Scholar
Lummaa, V., Merilä, J. & Kause, A. (1998) Adaptive sex ratio variation in preindustrial human (Homo sapiens) populations? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265: 563–68. [JL]Google Scholar
Lund, M. (1985) The development of investment and commitment scales for predicting continuity of personal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2:3–23. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Lyons, M. J., Koenen, K. C., Buchting, F., Meyer, J. M., Eaves, L., Toomey, R., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., Faraone, S. V., Ban, R. J., Jerskey, B A. & Tsuang, M. T. (2004) A twin study of sexual behavior in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 33:129–36. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Maccoby, E. E. (1998) The two sexes. Harvard University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. (1997) Life history and human reproductive behavior: Environmental/contextual influences and heritable variation. Human Nature 8:327–59. [aDPS]Google Scholar
MacKinnon, C. (1988) The sexual contract. Harvard University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Malamuth, N. M. (1996) Sexually explicit media, gender differences, and evolutionary theory. Journal of Communication 46:8–31. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Manning, J. T. (2002) Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behavior and health. Rutgers University Press. [BF]Google Scholar
Manning, J. T., Barley, L., Walton, J., Lewis-Jones, D. I., Trivers, R. L., Singh, D., Thornhill, R., Rodhe, P., Bereczkei, T., Henzi, P., Soler, M. & Szwed, A. (2000) The 2nd: 4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success: Evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? Evolution and Human Behavior 21:163–83. [BF]Google Scholar
Manning, J. T., Martin, S., Trivers, R. L. & Soler, M. (2002) 2nd to 4th digit ratio and offspring sex ratio. Journal of Theoretical Biology 217:93–95. [BF]Google Scholar
Manning, J. T., Scutt, D., Wilson, J. & Lewis-Jones, D. I. (1998) The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Human Reproduction 13:3000–3004. [BF]Google Scholar
Manning, J. T., Trivers, R. L., Singh, D. & Thornhill, R. (1999) The mystery of female beauty. Nature 399:214–15. [BF]Google Scholar
Marlowe, F. M. (2003) The mating system of foragers in the standard cross-cultural sample. Cross-Cultural Research 37:282–306. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1977) Parental investment: A prospective analysis. Animal Behavior 25:1–9. [aDPS]Google Scholar
McDonald, K. A. (1999) Shared paternity in South American tribes confounds biologists and anthropologists. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com (date of retrieval 23 July 2004) (section: Research and publishing). [SK]Google Scholar
Mead, G. H. (1934/1967) Mind, self and society. University of Chicago Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Mealey, L. (1990) Differential use of reproductive strategies by human groups? Psychological Science 1:385–87. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Mealey, L. (2000) Sex differences: Developmental and evolutionary strategies. Academic Press. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Meston, C. M., Heiman, J. R., Trapnell, P. D. & Paulhus, D. L. (1998) Socially desirable responding and sexuality self-reports. Journal of Sex Research 35:148–57. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Milhausen, R. R. & Herold, E. S. (2001) Reconceptualizing the sexual double standard. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 13:63–83. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Miller, G. F. (1997) Mate choice: From sexual cues to cognitive adaptations. In: Characterizing human psychological adaptations, Ciba Foundation Symposium 208. pp. 71–87. Wiley. [RM]Google Scholar
Miller, L. C. & Fishkin, S. A. (1997) On the dynamics of human bonding and reproductive success: Seeking windows on the adapted-for human-environment interface. In: Evolutionary social psychology, ed. Simpson, J. A. & Kenrick, D. T., pp. 197–235. Erlbaum. [LCM, arDPS]Google Scholar
Miller, L. C., Pedersen, W. C., Putcha-Bhagavatula, A. & Read, S. J. (in preparation) Attachment fertility theory: When fathers matter, homologous (sex-similar) mechanisms prevail. [LCM]Google Scholar
Miller, L. C., Putcha-Bhagavatula, A. & Pedersen, W. C. (2002) Men's and women's mating preferences: Distinct evolutionary mechanisms? Current Directions in Psychological Science 11:88–93. [AF, rDPS]Google Scholar
Miller, L. C. & Wilcox, R. (in preparation) Modern statistical methods suggest cross-cultural sex-similarity in mating mechanisms: A reanalysis of Schmitt's (2003) data. [LCM]Google Scholar
Moe, V. & Slinning, K. (2001) Children prenatally exposed to substances: Genderrelated differences in outcome from infancy to 3 years of age. Infant Mental Health Journal 22:334–50. [LCM]Google Scholar
Moffit, T. E., Caspi, A., Belsky, J. & Silva, P. A. (1992) Childhood experience and the onset of menarche: A test of a sociobiological model. Child Development 63:47–58. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Møller, A. P. & Birkhead, T. R. (1989) Copulation behaviour in mammals: Evidence that sperm competition is widespread. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 38:119–31. [ATG]Google Scholar
Mueller, U. & Mazur, A. (1998) Facial dominance in Homo sapiens as honest signaling of male quality. Behavioral Ecology 8:569–579. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Munroe, R. L. & Munroe, R. H. (1997) A comparative anthropological perspective. In: Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 1, 2nd edition, ed. Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H. & Pandey, J., pp. 171–213. Allyn & Bacon. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P. (1967) Ethnographic atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P. & Provost, C. (1973) Factors in the division of labor by sex: A cross-cultural analysis. Ethnology 12:203–25. [AHE]Google Scholar
Murphy, E. M. (2003) Being born female is dangerous to your health. American Psychologist 58:205–10. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. & Williams, G. C. (1994) Why we get sick: The new science of Darwinian medicine. Times Books. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Neumayer, E. (2003) Are socioeconomic factors valid determinants of suicide? Controlling for national cultures of suicide with fixed-effects estimation. Cross-Cultural Research 37:307–329. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Newson, L. (2003) Kin, culture and reproductive decisions. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, UK. [LN]Google Scholar
Newson, L., Postmes, T., Lea, S. E. G. & Webley, P. (2005) Why are modern families small? Toward an evolutionary explanation for the demographic transition. Personality and Social Psychology Review 9:360–75. [LN]Google Scholar
Notestein, F. W. (1953) Economic problems of population change. In: The economics of population and food supplies. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference Of Agricultural Economics. Oxford University Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Okami, P. (2004) True, new, and important: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Sex Research 41:2–4. [JBA]Google Scholar
Okten, A., Kalyoncu, M. & Yaris, N. (2002) The ratio of second-and-fourth digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Early Human Development 70:47–54. [BF]Google Scholar
Oliver, M. B. & Hyde, J. S. (1993) Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 114:29–51. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Ostovich, J. M. & Sabini, J. (2004) How are sociosexuality, sex drive, and lifetime number of sex partners related? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30:1255–66. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1970) Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Biological Reviews 45:525–67. [ATG]Google Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1984) Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating strategies. In: Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating systems, ed. Smith, R. L.. pp. 1–60. Academic Press. [ATG]Google Scholar
Parker, G. A. & Simmons, L. W. (1996) Parental investment and the control of sexual selection: Predicting the direction of sexual competition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series B 263:315–21. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Pasternak, B., Ember, C. & Ember, M. (1997) Sex, gender, and kinship: A crosscultural perspective. Prentice Hall. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L. & Reid, D. (1991) Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:307–317. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Pearson, W. & Hendrix, L. (1979) Divorce and the status of women. Journal of Marriage and the Family 41:375–85. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Pedersen, F. A. (1991) Secular trends in human sex ratios: Their influence on individual and family behavior. Human Nature 2:271–91. [AHE, BF, ATG, arDPS]Google Scholar
Pedersen, W. C., Miller, L. C., Putcha-Bhagavatula, A. D. & Yang, Y. (2002) Evolved sex differences in the number of partners desired? The long and the short of it. Psychological Science 13:157–61. [AF, LCM, rDPS, MV]Google Scholar
Penke, L. & Denissen, J. J. A. (2005) Sex differences in sociosexual orientation across different stages of relationship development. Unpublished manuscript, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. [JBA]Google Scholar
Penton-Voak, I. S. & Chen, J. Y. (2004) High salivary testosterone is linked to masculine male facial appearance in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior 25:229–41. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Penton-Voak, I. S., Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., Burt, D. M., Tiddeman, B. P. & Perrett, D. I. (2003) Female condition influences preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens) Journal of Comparative Psychology 117:264–71. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Pérusse, D. (1993) Cultural and reproductive success in industrial societies: Testing the relationship at the proximate and ultimate levels. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:267–83. [AHE]Google Scholar
Peters, M., Tan, U., Kang, Y., Teixeira, L. & Mandal, M. (2002) Sex-specific fingerlength patterns linked to behavioral variables: Consistency across various human populations. Perception and Motor Skills 94(1):171–81. [BF]Google Scholar
Phelps, V. R. (1952) Relative index finger length as a sex-influenced trait in man. American Journal of Human Genetics 4:72–89. [BF]Google Scholar
Power, C. & Li, L. (2000) Cohort study of birthweight, mortality, and disability. British Medical Journal 320:840–41. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Pratto, F. (1996) Sexual politics: The gender gap in the bedroom, the cupboard, and the cabinet. In: Sex, power, and conflict: Evolutionary and feminist perspectives, ed. Buss, D. M. & Malamuth, N. M., pp. 179–230. Oxford University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Putz, D. A., Gaulin, S. J. C., Sporter, R. J. & McBurney, D. H. (2004) Sex hormones and finger length: What does 2D:4D indicate? Evolution and Human Behavior 25:182–99. [MV]Google Scholar
Quinn, N. (1977) Anthropological studies on women's status. Annual Review of Anthropology 6:181–225. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Regan, P. C. (1998a) Minimum mate selection standards as a function of perceived mate value, relationship context, and gender. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 10:53–73. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Regan, P. C. (1998b) What if you can't get what you want? Willingness to compromise ideal mate selection standards as a function of sex, mate value, and relationship context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24:1294–1303. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Regan, P. C. & Berscheid, E. (1997) Gender differences in characteristics desired in a potential sexual and marriage partner. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 9:25–37. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Reichard, U. (1995) Extra-pair copulations in a monogamous gibbon (Hylobates lar). Ethology 101:99–112. [SS-W]Google Scholar
Reise, S. P. & Wright, T. M. (1996) Personality traits, Cluster B personality disorders, and sociosexuality. Journal of Research in Personality 30:128–36. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Reiss, I. L. (1986) Journey into sexuality: An exploratory voyage. Prentice Hall. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Reynolds, V. & Tanner, R. E. S. (1983) The biology of religion. Longman. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Rhoads, S. E. (2004) Taking sex differences seriously. Encounter Books. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Ridley, M. (1996) The origins of virtue: Human instincts and the evolution of cooperation. Viking. [CR]Google Scholar
Roes, F. (1998) An interview of Sarah Blaffer Hrdy. Human Ethology Bulletin 13:9–14. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R. & Rosnow, R. L. (1991) Essentials of behavioral research, 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Rothblum, E. D. & Factor, R. (2001) Lesbians and their sisters as a control group: Demographic and mental health factors. Psychological Science 12:63–69. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (2002) On genetic variation in menarche and age at first intercourse: A critique of the Belsky-Draper hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior 23:365–72. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Rubin, Z. (1970) Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16:265–73. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Rusbult, C. E. (1980) Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16:172–86. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1995) Race, evolution, and behavior. Transaction Publishers. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Sakalli-Urgulu, N., Beydogan, B. (2002) Turkish college students’ attitudes toward women managers: The effects of patriarchy, sexism, and gender differences. Journal of Psychology 136:647–56. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Salzman, P. C. (1999) Is inequality universal? Current Anthropology 40:31–44. [AHE]Google Scholar
Sanday, P. R. (1973) Toward of theory of the status of women. American Anthropologist 75:1682–1700. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Sanday, P. R. (1981) Female power and male dominance: On the origins of sexual inequality. Cambridge University Press. [AHE]Google Scholar
Schachner, D. A. & Shaver, P. R. (2002) Attachment style and human mate poaching. New Review of Social Psychology 1:122–29. [DAS]Google Scholar
Schaeffer, N. C. (2000) Asking questions about threatening topics: A selective overview. In: The science of self-report, ed. Stone, A. A., Turkkan, J. S. & Bachrach, C., pp. 105–121. Erlbaum. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Scheib, J. E. (2001) Context-specific mate choice criteria: Women's trade-offs in the contexts of long-term and extra-pair mateships. Personal Relationships 8:371–89. [DAS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. (2002a) Are sexual promiscuity and relationship infidelity linked to different personality traits across cultures? Findings from the international sexuality description project. In: Online readings in psychology and culture, ed. Lonner, W. J., Dinnel, D. L., Hayes, S. A. & Sattler, D. N.. Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University. [SK]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. (2002b) Patterns of sociosexuality across 52 nations: Do sex ratios, fertility rates, resource levels, pathogen loads, and other environmental stressors adaptively moderate human reproductive strategies? Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. (2005) Is short-term mating the maladaptive result of insecure attachment? A test of competing evolutionary perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31:747–68. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. (in press) Fundamentals of human mating strategies. In: The evolutionary psychology handbook, ed. Buss, D. M.. Wiley. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. & Buss, D. M. (2000) Sexual dimensions of person description: Beyond or subsumed by the Big Five? Journal of Research in Personality 34:141–77. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. & Buss, D. M. (2001) Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80:894–917. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. & Pilcher, J. J. (2004) Evaluating evidence of psychological adaptation: How do we know one when we see one? Psychological Science 15:643–49. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. & Shackelford, T. K. (2003) Nifty ways to leave your lover: The tactics people use to entice and disguise the process of human mate poaching. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29:1018–35. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Borg Cunen, M. A., Braeckman, J., Brainerd, E. G. Jr.,, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Desouza, E., De Backer, C., Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Fowler, R., Fry, D. P., Fry, S. F., Ghayur, M. A., Giri, V. N., Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Hefer, E., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hitchell, A., Hoffman, H., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Huffcutt, A., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A., Lakerveld, D., Lampart, A., Lauri, M., Lavallée, M., Lee, S., Leung, L. C., Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, J., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyea, M., Noller, P., Olimat, H., Opre, A., Panayiotou, A., Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P’yatokh, V., Raymond, M., Reips, U., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schleeter, R., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schütz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Sharan, M. B., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Sookdew, R., Speelman, T., Sümer, H. C., Sümer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Turner, A., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Van Overwalle, F., Van Wesenbeek, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertment, L., Youn, G. & Zupanèiè, A. (2003a) Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions. Personal Relationships 10:307–331. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Borg Cunen, M. A., Braeckman, J., Brainerd, E. G. Jr.,, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Desouza, E., De Backer, C., Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Fry, D. P., Fry, S. F., Ghayur, M. A., Giri, V. N., Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Hefer, E., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffman, H., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A., Lakerveld, D., Lampart, A., Lauri, M., Lavallée, M., Lee, S., Leung, L. C., Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, J., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyea, M., Noller, P., Olimat, H., Opre, A., Panayiotou, A., Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P’yatokh, V., Raymond, M., Reips, U., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schütz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Sharan, M. B., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Sookdew, R., Speelman, T., Sümer, H. C., Sümer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Van Overwalle, F., Van Wesenbeek, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertment, L., Youn, G. & Zupanèiè, A. (2003b) Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: Tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85:85–104. [JBA, VJG, LCM, arDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P., Shackelford, T. K. & Buss, D. M. (2001a) Are men really more “oriented” toward short-term mating than women? A critical review of research and theory. Psychology, Evolution and Gender 3:211–39. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P., Shackelford, T. K., Duntley, J., Tooke, W. & Buss, D. M. (2001b) The desire for sexual variety as a key to understanding basic human mating strategies. Personal Relationships 8:425–55. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P., Shackelford, T. K., Duntely, J., Tooke, W., Buss, D. M., Fisher, M. L., Lavallée, M. & Vasey, P. (2002) Is there an early-30's peak in female sexual desire? Cross-sectional evidence from the United States and Canada. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 11:1–18. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Seal, D. W. & Agostinelli, G. (1994) Individual differences associated with highrisk sexual behaviour: Implications for intervention programmes. AIDS Care 6:393–97. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Seal, D. W., Agostinelli, G. & Hannett, C. A. (1994) Extradyadic romantic involvement: Moderating effects of sociosexuality and gender. Sex Roles 31:1–22. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Secord, P. F. (1983) Imbalanced sex ratios: The social consequences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 9:525–43. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Shackelford, T. K. & LeBlanc, G. J. (2001) Sperm competition in insects, birds, and humans: Insights from a comparative evolutionary perspective. Evolution and Cognition 7:194–202. [aDPS, SS-W]Google Scholar
Shackelford, T. K., LeBlanc, G. J., Weekes-Shackelford, V. A., Bleske-Rechek, A. L., Euler, H. A. & Hoier, S. (2002) Psychological adaptation to human sperm competition. Evolution and Human Behavior 23:123–38. [ATG]Google Scholar
Sherfey, M. J. (1966) The evolution and nature of female sexuality in relation to psychoanalytic theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 14:28–128. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Simão, J. & Todd, P. M. (2003) Emergent patterns of mate choice in human populations. Artificial Life 9:403–17. [RM]Google Scholar
Simon, E. P. (1997) Adult attachment style and sociosexuality. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 57(9-B):5966. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A. (1998) Sociosexual Orientation Inventory. In: Handbook of sexuality-related measures, ed. Davis, C. M., Yarber, W. L., Bauserman, R., Schreer, G. & Davis, S. L., pp. 565–67. Sage. [arDPS, MV]Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A. & Gangestad, S. W. (1989) Two month test-retest reliability of the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory. Unpublished data, Texas A&M University. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A. & Gangestad, S. W. (1991) Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:870–83. [SK, arDPS, MV]Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A. & Gangestad, S. W. (1992) Sociosexuality and romantic partner choice. Journal of Personality 60:31–51. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A., Gangestad, S. W., Christensen, P. N. & Leck, K. (1999) Fluctuating asymmetry, sociosexuality, and intrasexual competitive tactics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76:159–72. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A. & Orina, M. (2003) Strategic pluralism and context-specific mate preferences in humans. In: From mating to mentality: Evaluating evolutionary psychology, ed. Sterelny, K. & Fitness, J., pp. 39–70. Psychology Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A., Wilson, C. L. & Winterheld, H. A. (2004) Sociosexuality and romantic relationships. In: The handbook of sexuality in close relationships, ed. Harvey, J. H., Wenzel, A. & Sprecher, S.. pp. 87–112. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [JBA, arDPS]Google Scholar
Smith, R. L. (1984) Human sperm competition. In: Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating systems, ed. Smith, R. L., pp. 601–59. Academic Press. [ATG, aDPS]Google Scholar
Smith, T. W. (1992) The International Social Survey Program. International Journal of Public Opinion 4:275–78. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Smuts, B. (1995) The evolutionary origins of patriarchy. Human Nature 6:1–32. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Sorenson, L. G. (1992) Variable mating system of a sedentary tropical duck: The white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis bahamensis). Auk 109:277–92. [SS-W]Google Scholar
Sprecher, S. (1989) Premarital sexual standards for different categories of individuals. Journal of Sex Research 26:232–48. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Sprecher, S., McKinney, K. & Orbuch, T. L. (1987) Has the double standard disappeared? An experimental test. Social Psychology Quarterly 50:24–31. [aDPS]Google Scholar
SSL International (2001) The global sex survey 2001: Global survey into sexual attitudes and behaviour. Available online at www.durex.com [aDPS]Google Scholar
Stephan, C. W., Bachman, G. F. (1999) What's sex got to do with it? Attachment, love schemas, and sexuality. Personal Relationships 6:111–23. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Stöber, J. (2001) The social desirability scale-17 (SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17:222–32. [MV]Google Scholar
Sugihara, Y. & Katsurada, E. (2002) Gender role development in Japanese culture: Diminishing gender role differences in a contemporary society. Sex Roles 47:443–52. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Symons, D. & Ellis, B. (1989) Human male-female differences in sexual desire. In: Sociobiology of reproductive strategies, ed. Rasa, A., Vogel, C. & Voland, E.. pp. 131–46. Chapman Hall. [JMT]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1979) The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford University Press. [arDPS]Google Scholar
Taddio, A., Katz, J., Ilersich, L. & Koren, G. (1997) Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 349:599–603. [LCM]Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1972) Experiments in a vacuum. In: The context of social psychology, ed. Israel, J. & Tajfel, H.. Academic Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Tangenberg, K. M. (2003) Gender, geography, culture, and health: Emerging interdisciplinary approaches to global HIV/AIDS services. Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation 4:37–48. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Tang-Martinez, Z. (2000) Paradigms and primates: Bateman's principle, passive females, and perspectives from other taxa. In: Primate encounters: Models of science, gender, and society, ed. Strum, S. C. & Fedigan, L. M.. pp. 261–74. University of Chicago Press. [AF]Google Scholar
Thiessen, D. (1994) Environmental tracking by females: Sexual lability. Human Nature 5:167–202. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Thornhill, R. & Gangestad, S. W. (2003) Do women have evolved adaptation for extra-pair copulation? In: Evolutionary aesthetics, ed. Voland, E. & Grammer, K. pp. 341–68. Springer. [JBA, aDPS]Google Scholar
Thornhill, R. & Palmer, C. T. (2000) A natural history of rape. MIT Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Todd, P. M. & Billari, F. C. (2003) Population-wide marriage patterns produced by individual mate-search heuristics. In: Agent-based computational demography, ed. Billari, F. C. & Prskawetz, A.. pp. 117–137. Springer. [RM]Google Scholar
Todd, P. M. & Gigerenzer, G. (2000) Simple heuristics that make us smart. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:727–41. [RM]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992) The psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J.. pp. 19–136. Oxford University Press. [TED]Google Scholar
Tourangeau, R., Smith, T. W. & Rasinski, K. A. (1997) Motivation to report sensitive behaviors on surveys: Evidence from a bogus pipeline experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27:209–222. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Townsend, J. M. (1993) Sexuality and partner selection: Sex differences among college students. Ethology and Sociobiology 14: 305–30. [JMT]Google Scholar
Townsend, J. M. (1995) Sex without emotional involvement: An evolutionary interpretation of sex differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior 24:173–205. [aDPS, JMT]Google Scholar
Townsend, J. M. (1998) What women want–What men want. Oxford University Press. [JMT]Google Scholar
Townsend, J. M. (2003) Reproductive behavior in the context of global population. American Psychologist 58:197–204. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Townsend, J. M. & Wasserman, T. (1998) Sexual attractiveness: Sex differences in assessment and criteria. Evolution and Human Behavior 19:171–91. [aDPS, JMT]Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1994) Culture and social behavior. McGraw-Hill. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871–1971, ed. Campbell, B., pp. 136–79. Aldine. [JBA, BF, CR, arDPS, SS-W]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin/Cummings. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Turke, P. & Betzig, L. (1985) Those who can do: Wealth, status, and reproductive success on Ifaluk. Ethology and Sociobiology 6:79–87. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Turner, J. C. (1991) Social influence. Open University Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Udry, J. R. & Campbell, B. C. (1994) Getting started on sexual behavior. In: Sexuality over the life course, ed. Rossi, A. S., pp. 187–207. University of Chicago Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Udry, J. R., Talbert, L. M. & Morris, N. M. (1986) Biosocial foundations for adolescent female sexuality. Demography 23:217–30. [aDPS]Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (2001) Human development report 2001. Oxford University Press. [aDPS]Google Scholar
United Nations Population Division (2001) UNICEF Global Database. United Nations. [aDPS]Google Scholar
United Nations Statistics Division (2001) World population prospects: The 2000 revision, vol. 1: Comprehensive tables. United Nations Sales No. E.01.XIII.8. [LCM, aDPS]Google Scholar
van de Vijver, F. J. R. & Leung, K. (2000) Methodological issues in psychological research on culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31:33–51. [aDPS]Google Scholar
van den Berghe, P. (1979) Human family systems. Elsevier. [JMT]Google Scholar
van Hemert, D. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Fons, J. R., Poortinga, Y. H. & Georgas, J. (2002) Structural and functional equivalence of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire within and between countries. Personality and Individual Differences 33:1229–49. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Vining, D. (1986) Social versus reproductive success: The central theoretical problem of human sociobiology. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:167–216. [LN]Google Scholar
Wakschlag, L. S. & Hans, S. L. (2002) Maternal smoking during pregnancy and conduct problems in high-risk youth: A developmental framework. Development and Psychopathology 14:351–69. [LCM]Google Scholar
Walsh, A. (1993) Love styles, masculinity/femininity, physical attractiveness, and sexual behavior: A test of evolutionary theory. Ethology and Sociobiology 14:25–38. [NWB]Google Scholar
Walter, A. (1997) The evolutionary psychology of mate selection: A multivariate analysis. Human Nature 8(2):113–37. [SK]Google Scholar
Wang, F., Lee, J. & Campbell, C. (1995) Marital fertility control among the Qing nobility: Implications for two types of preventive checks. Population Studies 49:383–400. [LN]Google Scholar
Watkins, S. C. (1991) From provinces into nations. Princeton University Press. [LN]Google Scholar
Waynforth, D. (2002) Evolutionary theory and reproductive responses to father absence: Implications of kin selection and the reproductive returns to mating and parenting effort. In: Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives, ed. Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. & Cabrera, N.. pp. 337–58. Erlbaum. [LCM]Google Scholar
Weinrich, J. (1977) Human sociobiology: Pairbonding and resource predictability (effects of social class and race). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:91–118. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wellings, K., Fields, J., Johnson, A. M. & Wadsworth, J. (1994) Sexual behaviour in Britain. Penguin. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Werren, J. H. & Charnov, E. L. (1978) Facultative sex ratios and population dynamics. Nature 272:349–50. [JL]Google Scholar
White, D. R. & Burton, M. L. (1988) Causes of polygyny: Ecology, economy, kinship, and warfare. American Anthropologist 90:871–997. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Whiting, J. W. M. & Whiting, B. B. (1975) Aloofness and intimacy of husbands and wives: A cross-cultural study. Ethos 3:183–207. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Whyte, M. K. (1978) The status of women in preindustrial societies. Princeton University Press. [AHE, arDPS]Google Scholar
Whyte, M. K. (1980) Cross-cultural codes dealing with the relative status of women. In: Crosscultural samples and codes, ed. Barry, H. III & Schlegel, A.. pp. 335–61. University of Pittsburgh Press. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Widmer, E. D., Treas, J. & Newcomb, R. (1998) Attitudes toward nonmarital sex in 24 countries. Journal of Sex Research 35:349–56. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wiederman, M. W. (1997a) Extramarital sex: Prevalence and correlates in a national survey. Journal of Sex Research 34:167–74. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wiederman, M. W. (1997b) The truth must be in here somewhere: Examining the gender discrepancy in self-reported lifetime number of sex partners. The Journal of Sex Research 34:375–86. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Wiederman, M. W. (1999) Volunteer bias in sexuality research using college student participants. The Journal of Sex Research 36:59–66. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Wiederman, M. W. (2002) Reliability and validity of measurement. In: Handbook for conducting research on human sexuality, ed. Wiederman, M. W. & Whitely, B. E. Jr., pp. 25–50. Erlbaum. [rDPS]Google Scholar
Williams, J. E. & Best, D. L. (1990) Measuring sex stereotypes: A multination study, revised edition. Sage. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wilson, G. D. (1987) Male-female differences in sexual activity, enjoyment, and fantasies. Personality and Individual Differences 8:125–27. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wilson, W. C. (1975) The distribution of selected sexual attitudes and behaviors among the adult population of the United States. Journal of Sex Research 11:46–64. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wolfe, L. D. & Gray, J. P. (1982) A cross-cultural investigation into the sexual dimorphism of stature. In: Sexual dimorphism in Homo Sapiens: A question of size, ed. Hall, R. L., pp. 197–230. Praeger. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wood, W. & Eagly, A. H. (2002) A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of men and women: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin 128:699–727. [AHE, AF, aDPS]Google Scholar
Wright, T. M. & Reise, S. P. (1997) Personality and unrestricted sexual behavior: Correlations of sociosexuality in Caucasian and Asian college students. Journal of Research in Personality 31:166–92. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, K. E. (2001) Hormonal changes in mammalian fathers. Hormones and Behavior 40:139–45. [LCM]Google Scholar
Young, L. J., Zuoxin, W. & Insel, T. R. (1998) Neuroendocrine bases of monogamy. Trends in Neurosciences 21:71–75. [LCM]Google Scholar
Zeifman, D. & Hazan, C. (1997) Attachment: The bond in pair-bonds. In: Evolutionary social psychology, ed. Simpson, J. & Kenrick, D. T., pp. 237–63. Erlbaum. [aDPS]Google Scholar
Ziegler, T. E. (2000) Hormones associated with non-maternal infant care: A review of mammalian and avia studies. Folia Primatologica 71:6–21. [LCM]Google Scholar