Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:16:25.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Models of conscious timing and the experimental evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Benjamin Libet
Benjamin Libet
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , June 1992 , pp. 213 - 215
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allport, A. (1988) What concept of consciousness? In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aDCD]Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. (1968) A materialist theory of the mind. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [NB, WGL]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1983) Consciousness provides the nervous system with coherent, globally distributed information. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, vol. III, ed. Davidson, R., Schwartz, G. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum Press. [BJB]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [BJB, MV]Google Scholar
Barlow, H. B. & Levick, W. R. (1965) Mechanisms of pattern selectivity in retina. Journal of Physiology 178:477. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergson, H. (1910) Time and free will. Harper & Row. [MJF]Google Scholar
Bisiach, E. (1988) The haunted brain and consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aDCD]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1978) Troubles with functionalism. In: Mind and cognition ed. Lycan, W.. Blackwell. [NB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1991) Evidence against epiphenomenalism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):670. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (forthcoming) Does consciousness have a function? [NB]Google Scholar
Blumenthal, A. L. (1977) The process of cognition. Prentice-Hall. [MV]Google Scholar
Boring, E. G. (1950) A history of experimental psychology, 2nd ed.Appleton-Century-Croft. [MT]Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. (1984) Visual masking. Clarendon Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. (1985) Problems with the psychophysics of intention. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:539–40. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1985) Free will and the functions of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(2):540. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1988) The biology of behavior and mind. John Wiley. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1990) Empirical work on conscious vs. unconscious processes. Report #54/1990, Research group on Mind and Brain, Zentrum fuer interdisciplinaer Forschung, University of Bielefeld, Germany. [BB]Google Scholar
Calvin, W. (1990) The cerebral symphony: Seashore reflections on the structure of consciousness. Bantam. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. (1989) Lipreading. In: Handbook of research on face processing, ed. Young, A. W. & Ellis, H. D.. North Holland. [AWY]Google Scholar
Castiello, U., Paulignan, Y. & Jeannerod, M. (1991) Temporal dissociation of motor responses and subjective awareness. A study in normal subjects. Brain 114. [MJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (1986) Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes. Canadian Journal of Psychology 40:343–67. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Churchland, P. S. (1981a) On the alleged backwards referral of experiences and its relevance to the mind-body problem. Philosophy of Science 48:165–81. [aDCD, NB, BL, ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1981b) The timing of sensations: Reply to Libet. Philosophy of Science 48:492–97. [arDCD, NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. A. (1976) Demonstrations of a mental analog of an external rotation. Perception and Psychophysics 19:296–302. [RNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. A. & Shepard, R. N. (1973) Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. In: Visual information processes, ed. Chase, W. G.. Academic Press. [RNS]Google Scholar
Corkin, S. (1984) Lasting consequences of bilateral medial temporal lobectomy: Clinical course and experimental findings. In: Seminars in Neurology 4:249–59. [ARD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, F. (1984) Function of the thalamic reticular complex: The searchlight hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 81:4586–90. [rDCD, ARD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (1990) Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. In: Seminars in the neurosciences, 2:263–75, ed. A. R. Damasio. W. B. Saunders. [aDCD, NB, ARD]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1989a) Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition 33:25–62. [aDCD, ARD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R. (1989b) The brain binds entities and events by multiregional activation from convergence zones. Neural Computation 1:123–32. [ARD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1990) Synchronous activation in multiple cortical regions: A mechanism for recall. Seminars in the neurosciences (The “Neurobiology of Mind” issue) 2:287–96. [ARD]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. (1989) Amnesia caused by herpes simplex encephalitis, infarctions in basal forebrain, Alzheimer's disease, and anoxia. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, ed. Boller, F. & Grafman, J., vol. 3, ed. L. Squire. Elsevier. [ARD]Google Scholar
Danto, A. (1985) Consciousness and motor control. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:540–41. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deecke, L., Grozinger, B. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1976) Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory. Biological Cybernetics 23:99–119. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Haan, E. H. F., Young, A. & Newcombe, F. (1987) Face recognition without awareness. Cognitive Neuropsychology 4:385–415. [MJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1976) Are dreams experiences? Philosophical Review 85:151–71. [rDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Skinner skinned. In: Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology, ed. Dennett, D. C.. Bradford Books. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1979) [review of K. R. Popper and J. C. Eccles 1977.] Journal of Philosophy 76:91–97. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1982) How to study human consciousness empirically. Synthese 53:159–80. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1988) Quining Qualia. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [NB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991a) Real patterns. Journal of Philosophy 87:27–51. [rDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991b) Consciousness explained. Little Brown. [arDCD, NB]Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1662) Traite de l'homme. Paris. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1662/1972) Treatise on man. Translated by Hall, T. S.. Harvard University Press. [MV]Google Scholar
Dietrich, E. (1985) Computer thought: Propositional attitudes and metaknowledge. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona. [JA]Google Scholar
Dimond, S. J. (1980) Neuropsychology: A textbook of systems and psychological functions of the human brain. Butterworths. [MV]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1971) Subliminal perception: The nature of a controversy. McGraw-Hill. [EMR]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1981) Preconscious processing. John Wiley. [EMR, MV]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1986) On private events arid brain events. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:29–30. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorfman, A. (1988) Mascara. Viking. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Dorman, M. F., Cutting, J. E. & Raphael, L. J. (1975) Perception of temporal order in vowel sequences with and without formant transitions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 104:121–29. [RMW]Google ScholarPubMed
Dunn, J. D. & Kirsner, K. (1988) Discovering functionally independent mental processes: The principle of reversed association. Psychological Review 95:91–101. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, J. D. & Kirsner, K. (1989) Implicit memory: Task or process? In: Implicit memory: Theoretical issues, ed. Lewandowsky, S., Dunn, J. C. & Kirsner, K.. Erlbaum. [EMR]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1980) The human psyche. Springer. [MV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1985) Mental summation: The timing of voluntary intentions by cortical activity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:542–43. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelman, G. (1989) The remembered present. Basic Books. [ARD]Google Scholar
Efron, R. (1967) The duration of the present. Proceedings of the New York Academy of Science 138:713–29. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efron, R. (1973) Conservation of temporal information by perceptual systems. Perception and Psychophysics 14:518–30. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englekamp, J. (1988) Modality-specific encoding and word class in verbal learning. In: Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues, vol. 1, ed. Gruneberg, M. M., Morris, P. E. & Sykes, R. N.. John Wiley. [MR]Google Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1985) Psychoanalysis: Freud's cognitive psychology. Freeman. [EMR]Google Scholar
Erdelyi, M. H. (1986) Experimental indeterminacies in the dissociation paradigm of subliminal perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9(1):30–31. [aDCD, EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. (1960) Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation. Psychological Review 67:279–300. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, M. J., Monheit, M. A. & Wallace, M. A. (1991) Unconscious perception of extinguished visual stimuli: Reassessing the evidence. Neuropsychologia 29:949–58. [MJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, B. A. (1950) Experience. Mind 59:170–98. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehling, M. R., Altman, A. M. & Wilber, B. M. (1989) The heuristic control virtual machine: An instance of the Schemer computational model of reflective real-time problem-solving. In: Blackboard systems and their applications, ed. Jagganathan, V., Dodhiawala, R. & Baum, L.. Academic Press. [BJB]Google Scholar
Fehling, M. R., Baars, B. J. & Fisher, C. (1990) A functional role for repression in an autonomous, resource-constrained agent. Proceedings of the XII Cognitive Science Conference, Boston, MA. [BJB]Google Scholar
Felsten, G. & Wasserman, G. S. (1980) Visual masking: Mechanisms and theories. Psychological Bulletin 88:329–53. [GSW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flanagan, O. (1991) Consciousness. In: The science of the mind, 2nd ed.MIT Press. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1990) The organization of learning. MIT Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Geldard, F. A. (1977) Cutaneous stimuli, vibratory and saltatory. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 69:83–87. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geldard, F. A. & Sherrick, C. E. (1972) The cutaneous “rabbit”: A perceptual illusion. Science 178:178–79. [aDCD, MT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geldard, F. A. & Sherrick, C. E. (1983) The cutaneous saltatory area and its presumed neural base. Perception and Psychophysics 33:299–304. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geldard, F. A. & Sherrick, C. E. (1986) Space, time and touch. Scientific American 254:90–95. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgopoulos, A. P., Lurito, J. T., Petrides, M., Schwartz, A. B. & Massey, J. T. (1989) Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science 243:234–36. [RNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gide, A. (1948) Journal des faux monnayeurs. Gallimard. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Glynn, I. M. (1990) Consciousness and time. Nature 348:477–79. [aDCD, BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, N. (1978) Ways of worldmaking. Harvester. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, C. M., Konig, P., Engle, A. K. & Singer, W. (1989) Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338:334–37. [ARD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregson, R. A. M. (1988) Nonlinear psychophysical dynamics. Erlbaum. [RAMG]Google Scholar
Gregson, R. A. M. (1991) n-Dimensional nonlinear psychophysics. Erlbaum. [RAMG]Google Scholar
Grey Walter, W. (1963) Presentation to the Ostler Society, Oxford University, Oxford, England. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Haken, H., ed. (1985) Complex systems – operational approaches. Springer-Verlag. [RAMG]Google Scholar
Hamad, S. (1982) Consciousness: An afterthought. Cognition and Brain Theory 5:29–47. [arDCD, NB]Google Scholar
Hamad, S. (1989) Editorial commentary [on Libet 1985a]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:183. [arDCD]Google Scholar
Hamad, S. (unpublished) Conscious events cannot be localized in time. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Hawking, S. (1988) A brief history of time. Bantam. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hildreth, E. C. & Koch, C. (1987) The analysis of visual motion: From computational theory to neuronal mechanisms. Annual Review of Neuroscience 10:477–533. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, R. E. & Kravitz, R. E. (1987) Feedforward action regulation and the experience of will. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:782–83. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holender, D. (1986) Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:1–23. [aDCD, EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honderich, T. (1984) The time of a conscious sensory experience and mindbrain theories. Journal of Theoretical Biology 110:115–29. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoy, R. C. (1982) Ambiguities in the subjective timing of experiences debate. Philosophy of Science 49:254–62. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. & Whitehouse, K. (1989) An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:126–35. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, L. L., Woloshyn, V. & Kelley, C. (1989) Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:115–25. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, vol. 1. Henry Holt. [MT]Google Scholar
Jasper, H. H. (1985) Brain mechanisms of conscious experience and voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(4):543–44. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javel, E., McGee, J. A., Horst, J. W. & Farley, G. R. (1988) Temporal mechanisms in auditory stimulus coding. In: Auditory function: Neurobiological bases of hearing, ed. Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, W. M.. John Wiley. [ALR]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1990) Traitement conscient et inconscient de l'information perceptive. Revue Internationale de Psychopathologie 1:13–34. [MJ]Google Scholar
John, E. R. (1976) A model of consciousness. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, ed. Schwartz, G. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum. [MV]Google Scholar
Julesz, B. (1971) Foundations of cyclopean perception. University of Chicago Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Jung, R. (1985) Voluntary intention and conscious selection in complex learned action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(4):544–45. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, I. & Heckhausen, H. (1990) Readiness potentials preceding spontaneous motor acts: Voluntary vs. involuntary control. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 76:351–61. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsbourne, M. (1985) Parallel processing explains modular informational encapsulation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):23. [rDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinsbourne, M. (1988) Integrated field theory of consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [arDCD]Google Scholar
Kinsbourne, M. (in preparation) The distributed brain basis of consciousness. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Koch, C. & Crick, F. (1991) Understanding awareness at the neuronal level. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):683–85. [MV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolers, P. A. (1972) Aspects of motion perception. Pergamon Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Kolers, P. A. & von Grünau, M. (1976) Shape and color in apparent motion. Vision Research 16:329–35. [arDCD, MT, GSW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konishi, M., Takahashi, T. T., Wagner, H., Sullivan, W. E. & Carr, C. E. (1988) Neurophysiological and anatomical substrates of sound localization in the owl. In: Auditory function: Neurobiological bases of hearing, ed. Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, W. M.. John Wiley. [ALR]Google Scholar
Kubovy, M. (1983) Mental imagery majestically transforming cognitive psychology. Review of Mental images and their transformations. Contemporary Psychology 28:661–63. [RNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulli, J. & Koch, C. (1991) Does anesthesia cause loss of consciousness? Trends in Neuroscience 14:6–10. [BG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms in behavior: The Hixon symposium, ed. Jeffress, L. A.. John Wiley. [MT]Google Scholar
Latto, R. (1985) Consciousness as an experimental variable: Problems of definition, practice, and interpretation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:545–46. [aDCD, BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, J. (1983) Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libermann, A. M. (1970) The grammar of speech and language. Cognitive Psychology 1:301–23. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B. (1965) Cortical activation in conscious and unconscious experience. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 9:77–86. [aDCD, BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B. (1973) Electrical stimulation of cortex in human subjects, and conscious sensory aspects. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, ed. Iggo, A.. Springer. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1978) Neuronal vs. subjective timing for a conscious sensory experience. In: Cerebral correlates of conscious experience, ed. Buser, P. A. & Rougeul-Buser, A.. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1981) The experimental evidence for subjective referral of a sensory experience backwards in time: Reply to P. S. Churchland. Philosophy of Science 48:182–97. [aDCD, BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B. (1982) Brain stimulation in the study of neuronai functions for conscious sensory experiences. Human Neurobiology 1:235–42. [aDCD, BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1985a) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:529–66. [aDCD, BL, EMR, RNS, MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B. (1985b) Subjective antedating of a sensory experience and mind-brain theories: Reply to Honderich (1984). Journal of Theoretical Biology 114:563–70. [aDCD, MT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B. (1987) Are the mental experiences of will and self-control significant for the performance of a voluntary act? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:783–86. [aDCD, EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B. (1989a) The timing of a subjective experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:183–85. [aDCD, BL, EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B. (1989b) Conscious subjective experience vs. unconscious mental functions: A theory of the cerebral processes involved. In: Models of brain function, ed. Cotterill, R. M. J.. Cambridge University Press. [BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1991a) Conscious and neural timings. Nature 352:27. [BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B. (1991b) Voluntary acts and readiness-potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. (in press) [BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., Delattre, L. D., Levin, G. & Feinstein, B. (1964) Production of threshold levels of conscious sensation by electrical stimulation of human somatosensory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 27:546–78. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W. & Feinstein, D. (1967) Responses of human somatosensory cortex to stimuli below threshold for conscious sensation. Science 158:1597–1600. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W. Jr., & Pearl, D. K. (1983a) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities (readiness-potential); the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain 106:623–42. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Pearl, D. K., Morledge, D. M., Gleason, C. A., Hosobuchi, Y. & Barbaro, N. M. (1991) Control of the transition from sensory detection to sensory awareness in man by the duration of thalamic stimulus. Brain 114:1731–57. [rDCD, BL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B., Wright, E. W., Feinstein, B. & Pearl, D. K. (1979) Subjective referral of the timing for a conscious sensory experience: A functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man. Brain 102:193–224. [aDCD, BL, RNS, MT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. Jr., & Gleason, C. A. (1983b) Preparation-orintention-to-act, in relation to pre-event potentials recorded at the vertex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neuropsychology 56:367–72. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, D. (1989) Simple minds. MIT Press. [DL]Google Scholar
Lloyd, D. (1991) Leaping to conclusions: Connectionism, consciousness, and the computational mind. In: Connectionism and the philosophy of mind, ed. Horgan, T. & Tienson, J.. Kluwer. [DL]Google Scholar
Loar, B. (1990) Phenomenal states. In: Philosophical perspectives, 4: Action theory and philosophy of mind, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Ridgeview. [NB]Google Scholar
Lockhart, R. S. (1989) The role of theory in understanding implicit memory. In: Implicit memory: Theoretical issues, ed. Lewandowsky, S., Dunn, J. C. & Kirsner, K.. Erlbaum. [EMR]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. (1987) Consciousness. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [WGL]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. (1990) What is the “subjectivity” of the mental? In: Philosophical perspectives, vol. 4, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Ridgeview. [WGL]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1985) Do we “control” our brains? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(4):546–47. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1983) Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual process. Cognitive Psychology 15:238–300. [aDCD, MV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1986) Consciousness and processing: Choosing and testing a null hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9(1):40–41, [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (in press) Slippage in the unity of consciousness. In: Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical and social perspectives. Guilford Press. [rDCD]Google Scholar
McCloskey, D. L., Colebatch, J. G., Potter, E. K. & Burke, D. (1983) Judgements about onset of rapid voluntary movements in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 49:851–63. [BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGinn, C. (1991) The problem of consciousness. Blackwell. [NB]Google Scholar
McGurk, H. & MacDonald, J. (1976) Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature 264:746–48. [AWY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellor, H. (1981) Real time. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [arDCD, RVG]Google Scholar
Merikle, P. M. (1982) Unconscious perception revisited. Perception & Psychophysics 31:298–301. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikle, P. M. & Cheesman, J. (1986) Consciousness is a “subjective” state. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9(1):42. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merikle, P. M. & Reingold, E. M. (1990) Recognition and lexical decision without detection: Unconscious perception? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16:574–83. [EMR]Google ScholarPubMed
Merikle, P. M. & Reingold, E. M. (1991) Comparing direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) measures to study unconscious memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17:224–33. [EMR]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. (1985) The society of minds. Simon & Schuster. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M. & Appenzeller, T. (1987) The anatomy of memory. Scientific American 256:62–71. [RAMG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortenson, C. (1985) Conscious decisions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:548–49. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–45. [aDCD, NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navon, D. (1991) The function of consciousness or of information? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):690–91. [MV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neisser, U. (1967) Cognitive Psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. ((1976) Cognition and reality. Freeman. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. ((1981) John Dean's memory: A case study. Cognition 9:1–22. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumann, O. (1990) Some aspects of phenomenal consciousness and their possible functional correlates. Presented at the conference, The phenomenal mind – how is it possible and why is it necessary? Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF), Bielefeld, May 14–17. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Newell, A., Rosenbloom, P. S. & Laird, J. E. (1989) Symbolic architectures for cognition. In: Foundations of cognitive science, ed. Posner, M.. MIT Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Newsome, W. T., Mikami, A. & Wurtz, R. H. (1986) Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. III. Psychophysics and physiology of apparent motion. Journal of Neurophysiology 55:1340–51. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicolis, J. S. (1986) Dynamics of hierarchical systems. Springer-Verlag. [RAMG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisly, S. & Wasserman, G. S. (1989) Intensity dependence of perceived duration: Data, theories, and neural integration. Psychological Bulletin 106:483–96. [GSW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, D. A. (1967) Temporal confusions and limited capacity processors. Acta Psychologica 27:293–97. [rDCD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, D. & Shallice, T. (1980) Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. Technical Report 8006. Center for Human Information Processing, University of California, San Diego (La Jolla). [BB]Google Scholar
Ornstein, R. (1977) The psychology of consciousness. Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch. [MJF]Google Scholar
Pagels, H. (1988) The dreams of reason. Simon & Schuster. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. (1975) The mystery of the mind: A critical study of consciousness and the human brain. Princeton University Press. [MV]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Jasper, H. (1954) Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Little Brown. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, R. (1989) The Emperor's new mind: Concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, R. (1990) Précis of The Emperor's new mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(4):643–706. [GSW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piantanida, T. (1985) Temporal modulation sensitivity of the blue mechanism: Measurements made with extraretinal chromatic adaptation. Vision Research 25:1439–44. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piantanida, T. & Larimer, J. (1989) The impact of boundaries on color: Stabilized image studies. Journal of Imaging Technology 15:58–63. [ALR]Google Scholar
Pöppel, E. (1985) Grenzen des Bewusstseins. Deutsche Verlags-Anstal. (Translated as Mindworks: Time and conscious experience. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988.) [aDCD]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. & Eccles, J. C. (1977) The self and its brain. Springer-Verlag. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Port, R. (1990) Representation and recognition of temporal patterns. Connection Science 2:151–76. [rDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Port, R. & Anderson, S. (1990) Dynamic network models for audition. Technical Report ISHC-TR01-RP-90. Indiana University Institute for the Study of Human Capabilities. [rDCD]Google Scholar
Potter, M. (1975) Meaning in visual search. Science 187:965–66 [NB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, M. (1976) Short-term conceptual memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 2(5):509–22 [NB]Google ScholarPubMed
Pribram, K. H. (1971) Languages of the brain: Experimental paradoxes and principles in neuropsychology, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall. [MV]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H. (1986) The cognitive revolution and mind/brain issues. American Psychologist 41:507–20. [MV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, W. (1991) Why don't we perceive our brain states? Presented at the Seminar on Perception and Action, King's College Research Center, Cambridge, England, November, 1990. [BB]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1965) Brains and behavior. In: Analytical philosophy, second series, ed. Butler, R. J.. Basil Blackwell. [WGL]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. (1979) Do mental events have durations? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2(2):277–78. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reingold, E. M. & Merikle, P. M. (1988) Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception & Psychophysics 44:563–75. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reingold, E. M. & Merikle, P. M. (1990) On the inter-relatedness of theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes. Mind & Language 5:9–28. [aDCD, EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson-Klavehn, A. & Bjork, R. A. (1988) Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology 39:475–543. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringo, J. L. (1985) Timing volition: Questions of what and when about W. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(4):550–51. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M. & Summerfield, Q. (1981) Audiovisual presentation demonstrates that selective adaptation in speech perception is purely auditory. Perception and Psychophysics 30:309–14. [AWY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, C. & Shepard, R. N. (1977) Spatio-temporal probing of apparent rotational movement. Perception and Psychophysics 22:12–18. [RNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1986) Two concepts of consciousness. Philosophical Studies 49:3. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1990) A theory of consciousness, Report, Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF), Research Group on Mind and Brain, University of Bielefeld, Germany. [DMR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1991) The independence of consciousness and sensory quality. In: Proceedings of the 1989 Joint Conference of Sociedad Filosofica Ibero-Americana and Sociedad Argentina de Analisis Filosofico, Buenos Aires, ed. E. Villanueva. Ridgeview. [DMR]Google Scholar
Ryle, G. (1949) The concept of mind. Hutchison. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Salter, D. (1989) Voluntary process and the readiness potential: Asking the right questions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12(1): 181–82. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzman, C. D., Britten, K. H. & Newsome, W. T. (1990) Cortical microstimulation influences perceptual judgements of motion direction. Nature 346:174–77. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarris, V. (1989) Max Wertheimer on seen motion: Theory and evidence. Psychological Research 51:58–68. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sartre, J. P. (1943) L'être et le néant. Gallimard. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. (1989) On the relation between memory and consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious experience. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving, ed. H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik. [NB]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., McAndrews, M. P. & Moscovitch, M. (1988) Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes. In: Thought without language, ed. Weiskrantz, L.. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [AWY]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1991) Consciousness, explanatory inversion and cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:585–641. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1981) Psychophysical complementarity. In: Perceptual organization, ed. Kubovy, M. & Pomerantz, J.. Erlbaum. [RNS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1984) Ecological constraints on internal representation: Resonant kinematics of perceiving, imagining, thinking, and dreaming. Psychological Review 91:417–47. [RNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepard, R. N. (1987) Evolution of a mesh between principles of the mind and regularities of the world. In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality, ed. Dupré, J.. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [RNS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1989) Internal representation of universal regularities: A challenge for connectionism. In: Neural connections, mental computation, ed. Nadel, L., Cooper, L. A., Culicover, P. & Harnish, R. M.. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [RNS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1990) Postscript: On understanding mental images. In: Images and understanding, ed. Barlow, H., Blakemore, C. & Weston-Smith, M.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [RNS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. & Cooper, L. A. (1982) Mental images and their transformations. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [RNS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. & Metzler, J. (1971) Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171:701–03. [RNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherrington, C. S. (1934) The brain and its mechanism. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [rDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1940) Man on his nature. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [BL]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. & Dickman, S. (1980) The psychological unconscious: A necessary assumption for all psychological theory? American Psychologist 35:421–34. [EMR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoemaker, S. (1981) The inverted spectrum. The Journal of Philosophy 74:7. [NB]Google Scholar
Snyder, D. M. (1988) On the time of a conscious peripheral sensation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 130:253–54. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs 74, no. 11. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamm, J. S. (1985) The uncertainty principle in psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(4):553–54. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1975) Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural and social prospects. John Wiley. [RT]Google Scholar
Stich, S. (1978) Belief and subdoxastic states. Philosophy of Science 45(4):499–518. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, S. A. (1926) Prior entry in the auditory-tactual complication. American Journal of Psychology 37:284–87. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, T. & Davies, M. (in press) Cognitive neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. [AWY]Google Scholar
Suga, N. (1988) Auditory neuroethology and speech processing: Complexsound processing by combination-sensitive neurons. In: Auditory function: Neurobiological bases of hearing, ed. Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, W. M.. John Wiley [ALR]Google Scholar
Taylor, J. L. & McCloskey, D. I. (1990) Triggering of preprogrammed movements as reactions to masked stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology 63:439–46. [rDCD, BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teghtsoonian, R. (1971) On the exponents in Stevens' law and the constant in Ekman's law. Psychological Review 78:71–80. [RT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teghtsoonian, R. (1974) On facts and theories in psychophysics: Does Ekman's law exist? In: Sensation and measurement: Papers in honor of S. S. Stevens, ed. Moskowitz, H. R., Scharf, B. & Stevens, J. C.. Reidel. [RT]Google Scholar
Teranishi, R. (1977) Critical rate for identification and information capacity in hearing system. Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan 33:136–43. [RMW]Google Scholar
Ternus, J. (1926/1938) Experimentelle Untersuchung über phänomenale Identität. Psychologische Furschung 7:81–136. Reprinted as The problem of phenomenal identity. In: A sourcebook of gestalt psychology, ed. W. D. Ellis. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, I. B., Cetti, R. P. & Chase, P. W. (1971) Effect of silent intervals on the perception of temporal order of vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49:84. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. (1963) Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval: Implications for a model of the “internal clock.” Psychological Monographs 77(Whole no. 576): 1–40. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. (1964) The effect of one stimulus on the threshold for another: An application of signal detectability theory. British Journal of Statistical Psychology 17:15–35. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. (1984) Temporal rhythms and cerebral rhythms. In: Timing and time perception, ed. J. Gibbon & L. Allan. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 423:542–65. [MT]Google ScholarPubMed
Treisman, M., Faulkner, A., Naish, P. & Brogan, D. (1990) The internal clock: Evidence for a temporal oscillator underlying time perception with some estimates of its characteristic frequency. Perception (in press). [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. & Howarth, C. I. (1959) Changes in threshold level produced by a signal preceding or following the threshold stimulus. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 11:129–42. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1973) The psychobiology of sensory coding. Harper & Row. [GSW]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1978) The psychobiology of mind. Erlbaum. [MV]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1979) Do central nonlinearities exist? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2(2):286. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Waals, H. G. & Roelofs, C. O. (1930) Optische Scheinbewegung. Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie des Sinnesorgane 114:241–88. (Also [1931] 115:91–190.) [arDCD]Google Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (1985) Conscious wants and self-awareness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:555–56. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (1991) Consciousness may still have a processing role to play. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):699–700. [MV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (forthcoming) Understanding the phenomenal mind: Are we all just armadillos? In: M. Davies & G. Humphreys. Consciousness: A mind and language reader. Blackwell. [NB]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1991) Is human information processing conscious? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):651–669. [aDCD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velmans, M. (1991a) Consciousness from a first-person perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):702–19. [MV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vendler, Z. (1972) Res cogitans. Cornell University Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Vendler, Z. (1984) The matter of minds. Clarendon Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Volpe, B. T., LeDoux, J. E. & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1979) Information processing of visual stimuli in an “extinguished” field. Nature 282:722–24. [MJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von der Malsburg, C. (1987) Synaptic plasticity as basis of brain organization. In: The neural and molecular bases of learning, ed. Changeux, J.-P., Konishi, M., Konferenzen, D. & Bernhard, S.. John Wiley. [rDCD, ARD]Google Scholar
Wallace, M. A. & Farah, M. J. (in press) Savings in relearning as a measure of “covert recognition” in prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. [MJF]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1974a) Auditory temporal discrimination by trained listeners. Cognitive Psychology 6:237–56. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1974b) Auditory pattern discrimination by untrained listeners. Perception & Psychophysics 15:495–500. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1981) Measurement of sensory intensity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:175–223. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Ackroff, J. M. (1976) Two types of auditory sequence perception. Perception & Psychophysics 20:387–94. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M., Bashford, J. A. Jr., & Gardner, D. A. (1990) Tweaking the lexicon: Organization of vowel sequences into words. Perception & Psychophysics 47:423–32. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M., Gardner, D. A., Brubaker, B. S. & Bashford, J. A. Jr., (1991) Melodic and nonmelodic sequences of tones: Effects of duration on perception. Music Perception 8:277–90. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Obusek, C. J. (1972) Identification of temporal order within auditory sequences. Perception & Psychophysics 12:86–90. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1968) Helmholtz on perception: Its physiology and development. John Wiley. [RMW]Google Scholar
Wasserman, G. S. (1985) Neural/mental chronometry and chronotheology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(4):556–60. [aDCD, GSW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, G. S. & Kong, K.-L. (1979) Absolute timing of mental activities. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2(2):243–304. [aDCD, GSW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, G. S., Wang-Bennett, W. T. & Miyamoto, R. T. (1990) Temporal dispersion in natural receptors and pattern discrimination mediated by artificial receptors (cochlear implants). In: Psychophysical explorations of mental structure, ed. Geissler, H.-G., Müller, M. H. & Prinz, W.. Hogrefe & Huber. [GSW]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1986) Blindsight: A case study and implications. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [AWY]Google Scholar
Welch, R. B. (1978) Perceptual modification: Adapting to altered sensory environments. Academic Press. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Wertheirner, M. (1912) Experimentelle studien über das Sehen von Bewegung. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 61:161–265. [aDCD]Google Scholar
Young, A. W. & de Haan, E. H. F. (1990) Impairments of visual awareness. Mind and Language 5:29–48. [AWY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zak, M. (1991) Terminal chaos for information processing in neurodynamics. Biological Cybernetics 64:343–351. [RAMG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed