Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:51:43.744Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A small fly in some beneficial ointment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

P. M. Milner
P. M. Milner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., CanadaH3A 1B 1
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 4 , Issue 4 , December 1981 , pp. 632 - 633
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arbib, M. A. & Lieblich, I. (1977) Motivational learning of spatial behavior. In: Systems neuroscience, ed. Metzler, J., pp. 221–39. New York: Academic Press. [MAA, CRG]Google Scholar
Baarsma, E. A. & Collewijn, H. (1974) Vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reactions to rotation and their interaction in the rabbit. Journal of Physiology 238:603–25. [CRG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, J. R. & Doty, R. W. (1980) An exploration of the ability of macaques to detect microstimulation of striate cortex. Acta Neurobiologiae Experi-mentalis 40:713–28. [RWD]Google Scholar
Beagley, W. K. & Holley, T. L. (1977) Hypothalamic stimulation facilitates contralateral visual control of a learned response. Science 196:321–22. [CRG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, J. T. & Olton, D. S. (in press) Cognitive mapping and hippocampal function. Neuropsychologia. [DSO]Google Scholar
Becker, J. T.; Olton, D. S.; Anderson, C. A.; & Brietinger, E. T. P. (in press) Cognitive mapping in rats: The effects of hippocampal and frontal system lesions on retention and reversal. Behavioural Brain Research. [DSO]Google Scholar
Bellman, K. (1979) The conflict behavior of the lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, and its implication for the organization of motor behavior. Doctoral dissertation. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California. [JCF]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. A. (1967) The coordination and regulation of movement. New York: Pergamon Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
Bindra, D. (1978) How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response-reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:41–91. [NJM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bizzi, E.; Dev, P.; Morasso, P.; & Polit, A. (1978) Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:542–56. [CRG]Google Scholar
Bizzi, E.; Polit, A.; & Morasso, P. (1976) Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:435–44. [PD]Google Scholar
Böhrn, D. (1969) Some remarks on the notion of order. In: Towards a theoretical biology, volume 2, ed. Waddington, C. H., pp. 18–60. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co. [JCF]Google Scholar
Bohn, G. (1905) Attractions et oscillations des animaux sous l'influence de la lumière. Memoires de l'lnstitut Général Psychologique 1:1–11. [CRG]Google Scholar
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1961) The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist 16:681–84. [CRG]Google Scholar
Brown, P. L. & Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 75:1–8. [NJM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T. G. (1910) Studies in the reflexes of the guinea pig. II. Scratching movements which occur during ether anesthesia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 3:21–52. [CRG]Google Scholar
Brown, T. G. (1914) On the nature of the fundamental activity of the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of evolution of function in the nervous system. Journal of Physiology 48:18–46. [CRG]Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. H. S. (1977) Movements of the eyes. London: Pion. [CRG]Google Scholar
Carr, H. & Watson, J. B. (1908) Orientation of the white rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18:27–44. [CRG]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1959) Review of Skinner's Verbal behavior. Language 35:26–58. [ESR]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:1–61. [CRG]Google Scholar
Cooke, J. D. (1979) Dependence of human arm movements on limb mechanical properties. Brain Research 165:366–69. [CRG]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. A. & Shepard, R. N. (1979) Transformations on representations of objects in space. In: Handbook of perception. Vol. 8: Space and object perception, ed. Carterette, E. C. & Friedman, M.. New York: Academic Press. [CRG, HRL]Google Scholar
Bruce, I. C. & Tatton, W. G. (1980) Sequential output-input maturation of kitten motor cortex. Experimental Brain Research 39:411–19. [RRP]Google Scholar
Burt, C. (1962) The concept of consciousness. British Journal of Psychology 53:229–42. [RRP]Google Scholar
Caelli, T. (1981) Visual perception. New York: Pergamon Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
Calhoun, J. B. (1963) The ecology and sociology of the Norway rat. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare (U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 1008). [CRG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, E. J.; Verry, D. R.; & Davidson, T. L. (1980) Memory, anticipation pattern learning, and transfer in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:575–85. [HLR]Google Scholar
Crago, P. E.; Houk, J. C.; & Hasan, Z. (1976) Regulatory actions of the human stretch reflex. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:925–35. [CRG]Google Scholar
Craske, B. (1981) Programmed aftereffects following simple patterned movements of the eyes and limbs. In: Attention and performance 9, ed. Long, J. B. & Baddeley, A. D.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (in press). [BC]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1958) Autobiography (Barlow, N., ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. [ESR]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) Hierarchical organization: A candidate principle for ethology. In: Crowing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. [JAH]Google Scholar
Deutsch, J. A. (1960) The structural basis of behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [MAA, CRG, NJM, PMM]Google Scholar
Delcomyn, F. (1980) Neural basis of rhythmic behavior in animals. Science 210:492–98. [BC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Descartes, R. (1649) Passions of the soul. In: Philosophical works of Descartes, vol. 1, ed. Haldane, E. & Ross, G.. 1911. Cambridge University Press. [ESR]Google Scholar
Dilger, W. C (1962) The behavior of lovebirds. Scientific American 206:88–99. [CRG]Google Scholar
Doty, R. W. (1951) Influence of stimulus pattern on reflex deglutition. American Journal of Physiology 166:142–58. [RWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doty, R. W. (1975) Consciousness from neurons. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 35:791–804. [RWD]Google Scholar
Doty, R. W. (1976) The concept of neural centers. In: Simpler Networks and Behavior, ed. Fentress, J. C., pp. 251–65. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. [RWD]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1980) The human psyche. New York: Springer International. [CRG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fel'dman, A. G. (1966) Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscles. Biophysics 11:565–78. [CRG]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1972) Development and patterning of movement sequences in inbred mice. In: The biology of behavior, ed. Kiger, J., pp. 83–132. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1976) Dynamic boundaries of patterned behaviour: Interaction and self-organization. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A., pp. 135–69. Cambridge University Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1980) How can behavior be studied from a neuroethological perspective? In: Information processing in the nervous system, ed. Pinsker, H. M. & Willis, W. D. Jr., pp. 263–83. New York: Raven Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (in press) Ethological models of hierarchy and patterning of species specific behavior. In: Handbook of neurobiology: Motivation, ed. Satinoff, E. & Teitelbaum, P.. New York: Plenum Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. P. (1972) Patterning mechanisms, patterned reflexes, and attack behavior in cats. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 20:125–53. [CRG]Google ScholarPubMed
Fodor, J. (1975) The language of thought. New York: Crowell. [ESR]Google Scholar
Forman, G. (1981) Epilogue. In: Action and thought, ed. Forman, G.. New York: Academic Press (in press). [MAA]Google Scholar
Fraenkel, G. S. (1927) Geotaxis und Phototaxis von Littorina. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 5:585–97. [CRG, ERL]Google Scholar
Fraenkel, G. S. & Gunn, D. L. (1961) The orientation of animals. New York: Dover. [CRG]Google Scholar
Franklin, R.; Bell, W. J.; & Jander, R. (in press) Rotational locomotion by the cockroach Blattela germanica. Journal of Insect Physiology. [CRG]Google Scholar
Frisch, K. v. (1967) The dance language and orientation of bees. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [RJ]Google Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1980) The organization of action: A new synthesis. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CRG]Google Scholar
Ghez, C. & Vicario, D. (1978) The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. II. Scaling of isometric force adjustments. Experimental Brain Research 33:191–202. [PD]Google Scholar
Golani, I. (1976) Homeostatic motor processes in mammalian interactions: A choreography of display. In: Perspectives in ethology, volume 2, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H., pp. 69–134. New York: Plenum Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Görner, P. (1958) Die optische und kinästhetische Orientierung der Trichter-spinne Agelena labyrinthic Cl. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 41:111–53. [RJ]Google Scholar
Greene, P. H. (1964) New problems in adaptive control. In: Computer and information sciences, ed. Tou, J. T. & Wilcox, R. H.. Washington: Spartan. [MAA]Google Scholar
Greene, P. H. (1967) Models for perception and action. Proceedings of the First Annual Princeton Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, 245–53. [MAA]Google Scholar
Grill, H. J. & Norgren, R. (1978) The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in the normal rat. Brain Research 143:281–97. [CRG]Google Scholar
Grindley, G. C. (1932) The formation of a simple habit in guinea pigs. British Journal of Psychology 23:127–47. [NJM]Google Scholar
Hall, W. G.; Cramer, C. P.; & Blass, E. M. (1977) Ontogeny of suckling in rats: Transitions toward adult ingestion. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91:1141–55. [CRG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearst, E. & Jenkins, H. M. (1975) Sign tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action. Austin, Tex.: Psychonomic Society. [CRG]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. (1949) The organization of behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons. [AN]Google Scholar
Held, R. & Gottlieb, N. (1958) Technique for studying adaptation to disarranged hand-eye coordination. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8:83–86. [MJ]Google Scholar
Held, R. & Hein, A. (1963) Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56:872–76. [MAA]Google Scholar
Hill, A. V. (1932) Chemical wave transmission in nerve. New York: Macmillan. [CRG]Google Scholar
Hill, A. V. (1936) Excitation and accommodation in nerve. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 119:305–55. [CRG]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1959) Unitary drives. Animal Behaviour 7:130–41. [JCF]Google Scholar
Hineline, P. N. & Rachlin, H. (1969) Escape and avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:533–38. [CRG]Google Scholar
Hollerbach, J. M. (1981) An oscillation theory of handwriting. Biological Cybernetics 39:139–56. [CRG]Google Scholar
Hoist, E. von. (1937) Vom Wesen der Ordnung im Zentral-Nervensystem. Die Naturwissenschaften 25:625–31. 641–47. [BC, JAH]Google Scholar
Hoist, E. von. (1939) Die relative Koordination als Phänomen und als Methode zentralnervöser Funktionsanalyse. Ergebnisse der Physiologie 42:228–306. (For English translation see v. Hoist 1973.) [CRG]Google Scholar
Hoist, E. von. (1973) The behavioral physiology of animals and man: Selected papers. Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
Hoist, E. von & Mittelstaedt, H. (1950) Das Reafferenzprinzip. Wechselwir-kung zwischen Zentralnervensystem und Peripherie. Die Naturwissenschaften 37:464–76. (Translated into English by Martin, R. D. and reprinted in von Hoist, 1973) [CRG, SG, ERL, PMM]Google Scholar
Hoist, E. von & St. Paul, U. von (1963) On the functional organisation of drives. Animal Behaviour 11:1–20. (Reprinted in von Hoist, 1973) [CRG]Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1935) Special review: Thorndike's Fundamentals of learning. Psychological Bulletin 32:807–23. [WT]Google Scholar
Hulse, S. H. & Dorsky, N. P. (1979) Serial pattern learning by rats: Transfer of a formally defined stimulus-relationship and the significance of nonrein-forcement. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:211–20. [HLR]Google Scholar
Iersel, J. J. van & Bol, A. C. A. (1958) Preening in two tern species: A study on displacement activities. Behaviour 13:1–88. [RJ]Google Scholar
Jander, R. (1957) Die optische Richtungsorientierung der Roten Waldameise (Formica rufa L.). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 40:162–238. [CRG, RJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1981) Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual objects. In: Attention and performance 9, ed. Long, J. & Baddeley, A., pp. 153–68. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [MJ]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D. (1981) Foraging behavior. New York: Garland STPM Press. [DSO]Google Scholar
Kavanau, J. L. (1969) Behavior of captive white-footed mice. In: Naturalistic viewpoints in psychology, ed. Willems, E. R. & Raush, H. L.. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [CRG]Google Scholar
Klapp, S. T.; Grein, D. M.; Mendicino, C. M.; and Koenig, R. S. (1979) Anatomic and environmental dimensions of stimulus-response compatibility: Implication for theories of memory coding. Acta Psychologica 43:367–79. [DGM]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M.; Pinker, S.; Smith, G. E.; & Schwartz, S. P. (1979) On the demystification of mental imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:535–81. [CRG]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [HLR]Google Scholar
Kuipers, B. (1978) Modeling spatial knowledge. Cognitive Science 2:129–53. [MAA]Google Scholar
Kuo, Z.-Y. (1967) The dynamics of behavioral development. New York: Random House. [WT]Google Scholar
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. R. (1978) The command neuron concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:3–39. [SG]Google Scholar
Land, M. (1980) Optics and vision in invertebrates. Handbook of sensory physiology, VII/6B. Berlin: Springer. [ESR]Google Scholar
Landau, B.; Gleitman, R., & Spelke, E. (in press) Spatial knowledge and geometric representation in a child blind from birth. Science. [CRG]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1938) Experimental analysis of instinctive behavior. Psychological Review 45:445–71. [CRG]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms in behavior, ed. Jeffress, L. A., pp. 112–36. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [DGM]Google Scholar
Lee, D. N. (1980) Visuo-motor coordination in space-time. In: Tutorials in motor behavior, ed. Stelmach, G. & Requin, J.. Amsterdam: North Holland. [CRG, ESR]Google Scholar
Leyhausen, P. (1965) Über die Funktion der relativen Stimmungs-hierarchie (Dargestellt am Beispiel der phylogenetischen und ontogenetischen Entwicklung des Beutefangs von Raubtieren). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 22:412–94. [CRG]Google Scholar
Liberman, A. M. (1980) An ethiological approach to language through the study of speech perception. In: Human ethology, ed. von Cranch, M., Foppa, K., Lepenies, W., & Ploog, D., pp. 682–704. Cambridge University Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Linsenmair, K. E. (1969) Anemotaktische Orientierung bei Tenebrioniden und Mistkäfern (Insecta, Coleoptera). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 64:154–211. [CRG]Google Scholar
Linsenmair, K. E. (1970) Die Interaktion der paarigen antennalen Sinnesorgane bie der Windorientierung laufender Mist- und Schwarzkäfer (Insecta, Coleoptera). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 70:247–77. [CRG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsenmair, K. E. (1973) Die Windorientierung laufender Insekten. Fortschritte der Zoologie 21:59–80. [CRG]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1937) Über die Bildung des Instinktbegriffs. Die Naturwissenschaften 25:289–300, 307–18, 324–31. [CRG]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1950) The comparative method of studying innate behavior patterns. In: Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. No. 4: Physiological mechanisms in animal behavior. New York: Academic Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
McCulloch, W. S. (1945) A heterarchy of values determined by the topology of nervous nets. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 7:89–93. [MAA]Google Scholar
MacDonnell, M. F. & Flynn, J. P. (1966) Sensory control of hypothalamic attack. Animal Behaviour 14:399–405. [CRG]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J. (1974) Motivational control systems analysis. New York: Academic Press. [WT]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. G. & Bowman, R. W. (1969) On producing the meaning in sentences. American Journal of Psychology 82:23–39. [DGM]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. & Dickinson, A. (1979) Instrumental (Type II) conditioning. In: Mechanisms of learning and motivation, ed. Dickinson, A. & Boakes, R. A., pp. 143–69. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [NJM]Google Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1929) Reasoning in white rats. Comparative Psychology Monographs 6, no. 29. [CRG, ESR]Google Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1949) Frustration: The study of behavior without a goal. New York: McGraw-Hill. [DSO]Google Scholar
Merton, P. A. (1973) How we control the contraction of our muscles. Scientific American 288:30–37. [CRG]Google Scholar
Miller, S. & Konorski, J. (1928) Sur une forme particulière des réflexes condi-tionnels. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Société de Biologie 99, 1155–57. [NJM]Google Scholar
Milner, P. M. (1961) The application of physiology to learning theory. In: Current trends in psychological theory, ed. Patlon, R. A., pp. 111–33. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. [PMM]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. & Papert, S. (1972) Artificial intelligence. AI Memo 252, M.I.T. [MAA]Google Scholar
Morgan, C. T. (1943) Physiological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. [CRG]Google Scholar
Nashner, L. M.; Woollacott, M.; & Tuma, G. (1979) Organization of rapid responses to postural and locomotor-like perturbations in standing man. Experimental Brain Research 36:463–76. [CRG]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1980) Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science 4:135–83. [AN]Google Scholar
Norman, M. F. (1981) Lectures on linear systems theory. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 23:1–89. [CRG]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1979) Mazes, maps, and memory. American Psychologist 34:588–96. [DSO]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. & Samuelson, R. J. (1976) Remembrance of places passed: Spatial memory in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2:97–116. [CRG]Google Scholar
Pantin, D. F. A. (1965) Learning, world-models and pre-adaptation. Animal Behavior Supplements 1:1–8. [ESR]Google Scholar
Pearson, K. G. (1976) The control of walking. Scientific American 235:72–86. [CRG]Google Scholar
Pearson, K. G.; Heitler, W. J.; & Stevens, J. D. (1980) Triggering of locust jump by multimodal inhibitory interneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:257–78. [RWD]Google Scholar
Pew, R. W. (1974) Human perceptual motor performance. In: Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition, ed. Kantowitz, B. H.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CRG]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. & Kosslyn, S. M. (1978) The representation and manipulation of three-dimensional space in mental images. Journal of Mental Imagery 2:69–84. [CRG]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1962) Reversibility of the reinforcement relation. Science 136:255–57. [CRG]Google Scholar
Preyer, W. (1885) Specielle Physiologie des Embryo. Leipzig: Grieben's Verlag. [RRP]Google Scholar
Provine, R. R. (1976) Development of function in nerve nets. In: Simpler networks and behavior, ed. Fentress, J. C.. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. [RRP]Google Scholar
Provine, R. R. (1979) “Wing-flapping” develops in wingless chicks. Behavioral and Neural Biology 27:233–37. [RRP]Google Scholar
Provine, R. R. (in press) Wing-flapping develops in chickens made flightless by feather mutations. Developmental Psychobiology. [RRP]Google Scholar
Reed, E. S. (1980) The corporeal ideas hypothesis and the origin of scientific psychology. Doctoral dissertation, Boston University. Dissertation Abstracts International 41, 2152A (University Microfilms, no. 8024216). [ESR]Google Scholar
Riggs, D. S. (1970) Control theory and physiological feedback mechanisms. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. [CRG]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. A. (1973) Models of the saccadic eye movement control system. Kybernetik 14:71–83. [PD]Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1980) Codes and coding processes in pigeon short-term memory. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:341–51. [HLR]Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1981) The meaning of representation in animal memory. Submitted for publication. [HLR]Google Scholar
Rose, S. P. R. (1981) From causations to translations: What biochemists can contribute to the study of behavior. In: Perspectives in ethology, volume 4, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H., pp. 157–77. New York: Plenum Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Sacerdoti, E. D. (1974) Planning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces. Artificial Intelligence 5:115–35. [MAA]Google Scholar
Saltzman, E. (1979) Levels of sensorimotor representation, journal of Mathematical Psychology 20:91–163. [AN]Google Scholar
Salvini-Plawen, L. & Mayr, E. (1977) On the evolution of photoreceptors. Evolutionary Biology 10:207–63. [ESR]Google Scholar
Schaffer, L. H. (1980) Analyzing piano performance: A study of concert pianists. In: Tutorials on motor behavior, ed. Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J., pp. 443–55. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. [MAA]Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. A. & McGown, C. (1980) Terminal accuracy of unexpectedly loaded rapid movements: Evidence for a mass-spring mechanism in programming. journal of Motor Behavior 12:149–61. [CRG]Google Scholar
Selverston, A. I. (1980) Are central pattern generators understandable? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:535–71. [JCF, SG]Google Scholar
Sevenster, P. (1973) Incompatibility of response and reward. In: Constraints on learning, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. New York: Academic Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1975) Form formation and transformation of internal representations. In: Information processing and cognition, ed. Solso, R.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [HRL]Google Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1947) The integrative action of the nervous system. New Haven: Yale University Press. (First edition 1906) [CRG]Google Scholar
Stark, L. (1959) Stability, oscillations and noise in the human pupil servo. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 47:1925–39. [ERL]Google Scholar
Stein, B. E.; Clamann, H. P.; & Goldberg, S. J. (1980) Superior colliculus: Control of eye movements in neonatal kittens. Science 210:78–80. [RRP]Google Scholar
Stein, P. S. G. & Grossman, M. L. (1980) Central program for scratch reflex in turtle. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 140:287–94. [JCF]Google Scholar
Stein, R. B. (1974) Peripheral control of movement. Physiological Reviews 54:215–44. [CRG]Google Scholar
Stellar, E. (1960) Drive and motivation. In: Handbook of physiology, ed. Field, J. & Hall, V. E.. Section 1, vol. 3: Neurophysiology, ed. H. W. Magoun. Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society. [CRG]Google Scholar
Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J., eds. (1980) Tutorials in Motor Behavior, North-Holland Publishing Co. [MAA, CRG]Google Scholar
Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1976) Speech perception. In: Contemporary issues in experimental plumetics, ed. Lass, N. J.. New York: Academic Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, P. (1971) The encephalization of hunger. Progress in Physiological Psychology 4:319–50. [CRG]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1950) A note on detour behaviour with Ammophila pubescens Curt. Behaviour 2:257–64. [CRG]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1963) Learning and instinct in animals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1980) A molar equilibrium theory of learned performance. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 14, ed. Bower, G. H., pp. 1–58. New York: Academic Press. [WT]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1981) The functional organization of appetitive behavior: Behavior systems and learning. In: Advances in analysis of behaviour, vol. 3: Biological factors in learning, ed. Zeiler, M. D. & Harzem, P.. Chichester: Wiley. [WT]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. London: Oxford University Press. [CRG, JAH, WT]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. & Kruyt, W. (1938) über die Orientierung des Bienenwolfes (Philanthus triangulum Fabr.). III. Die Bevorzugung bestimmter Wegmarken. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 25:292–334. [CRG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinkelpaugh, O. L. (1932) Multiple delayed reactions with chimpanzees and monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology 13:207–43. [CRG]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C.; Ritchie, B. F.; & Kalish, D. (1946) Studies in spatial learning. I. Orientation and the short-cut. Journal of Experimental Psychology 36:13–24. [RJ]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T. (1977) Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision. In: Perceiving, acting, and knowing, ed. Shaw, R. & Bransford, J.. Hillsdale: N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CRG, SG]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T.; Shaw, R. E.; Reed, E. S.; & Mace, W. M. (1981) Ecological laws for perceiving and acting: In reply to Fodor and Pylyshyn. Cognition, in press. [ESR]Google Scholar
Twitchell, T. E. (1970) Reflex mechanisms and the development of prehension. In: Mechanisms of motor skill development, ed. Connally, K.. New York: Academic Press. [CRG]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1978) The psychobiology of mind. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [JCF]Google Scholar
Weiss, P. (1941) Self-differentiation of the basic patterns of coordination. Comparative Psychology Monographs, vol. 17, no. 4. [CRG]Google Scholar
Wickens, D. D. (1938) The transference of conditioned excitation and conditioned inhibition from one muscle group to the antagonistic muscle group. Journal of Experimental Psychology 22:101–23. [CRG, DGM]Google Scholar
Weiss, P. (1941) Self-differentiation of the basic patterns of coordination. Comparative Psychology Monographs 17(4). [JAH, JMH]Google Scholar
Weiss, P. (1939) A study of voluntary and involuntary finger conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 25:127–40. [CRC, HLR]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. M. (1966) Insect walking. Annual Review of Entomology 11:103–22. [CRG, JAH]Google Scholar
Woolridge, M. W. (1975) A quantitative analysis of short-term rhythmical behaviour in rodents. Doctoral dissertation, Oxford University. [JCF]Google Scholar
Wright, P. J. (1979) On a clear day you can see General Motors. New York: Avon. [RCB]Google Scholar
Young, R. M. (1970) Mind, brain, and adaptation In the nineteenth century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [CRG]Google Scholar