Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T04:40:25.523Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Synchrony of spikes and attention in visual cortex

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

F. Aiple  and
B. Fischer
F. Aiple
Affiliation:
Neurol. Univ. Klinik, D-7800 Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany, Electronic mail:aiple@sunl.ruf.uni-freiburg.dbp.de
B. Fischer
Affiliation:
Neurol. Univ. Klinik, D-7800 Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany, Electronic mail:aiple@sunl.ruf.uni-freiburg.dbp.de
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 1989 , pp. 397
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abeles, M. (1982) Local cortical circuits: An electrophysiological study. Springer-Verlag. [aGWS, JF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiple, F. & Krüger, J. (1988) Neural synchrony in monkey striate cortex: Interocular signal flow and dependency on spike rates. Experimental Brain Research 72:141–49. [FA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, R. A., Essick, C. K. & Siegel, R. M. (1985) Encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons. Science 234:456–58. [DCP, PAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. A., Silverstein, J. W., Ritz, S. A. & Jones, R. S. (1977) Distinctive features, categorical perception, and probability learning: Some applications of a neural model. Psychological Review 84:413–51. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antes, J. R. & Penland, J. G. (1981) Picture context effects on eye movement patterns. In: Eye movements: Cognition and visual perception, ed Fischer, D. F., Monty, R. A. & Senders, J. W.. Erlbaum. [JW]Google Scholar
Attneave, F. (1954) Some informational aspects of visual perception. Psychological Review 61:183–93. [JW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Attneave, F. (1974) Apparent movement and the what-where connection. Psychologia 17:108–20. [MRWD]Google Scholar
Averbach, E. & Coriell, A. S. (1961) Short-term memory in vision. Bell Systems Technical journal 40:309–28. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390–96. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bach, M. & Krüger, J. (1986) Correlated neuronsl variability in monkey visual cortex revealed by a multi-microelectrode. Experimental Brain Research 61:451–56. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bahrick, L. E., Walker, A. S. & Neisser, U. (1981) Selective looking by infants. Cognitive Psychology 13:377–90. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baird, J. C. & Wagner, M. (1980) Modelling the creation of cognitive maps. In: Spatial orientation: Theory, research, and application, ed. Pick, H. L., Jr & Acredolo, L. P.. Plenum Press. [aCWS]Google Scholar
Ballard, D. H. (1981) Generalizing the Hough transform to detect arbitrary shapes. Pattern Recognition 13:111–22. [rCWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballard, D. H. (1984) Parameter networks: Towards a theory of low-level vision. Artificial Intelligence 22:235–67. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballard, D. H. (1986) Cortical connections and parallel processing: Structure and function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:67–120. [arGWS, PAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballard, D. H. (1987) Cortical connections and parallel processing: Structure and function. In: Vision, brain, and co-operative computation, ed. Arbib, M. A. & Hanson, A. R.. MIT Press. [JF]Google Scholar
Ballard, D. H., Hinton, G. E. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1983) Parallel visual computation. Nature 306:21–26. [aGWS, JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballard, D. H. & Kimball, O. A. (1983) Rigid body motion from depth and optical flow. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 22:95–115. [rGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, H. B. (1972) Single units and sensation: A neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology. Perception 1:371–94. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartram, D. J. (1978) Post-iconic visual storage: Chunking in the reproduction of briefly displayed visual patterns. Cognitive Psychology 10:324–55. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayliss, G. C., Rolls, E. T. & Leonard, C. M. (1985) Selectivity between faces in the responses of a population of neurones in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus of the monkey. Brain Research 342:91–102. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, T. (1988) Sequential processing using attractor transitions. In: The proceedings of the 1988 connectionist models summer school, ed Touretzky, D. S., Hinton, G. E. & Sejnowski, T. J.. Morgan Kaufmann. [JKK]Google Scholar
Biederman, I. (1981) On the semantics of a glance at a scene. In: Perceptual organization. ed. Kubovy, M. & Pomerantz, J. R.. Erlbaum. [JW]Google Scholar
Biederman, I. (1987) Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review 94:115–47. [arCWS, HJM, JW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliss, T. V. P. & Gardner-Medwin, A. R. (1973) Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the unanesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal of Physiology 232:357–74. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomfield, S. & Marr, D. (1970) How the cerebellum may be used. Nature 227:1224–28. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boucher, D. H. (1985) The biology of mutualism. Oxford University Press. [aCWS]Google Scholar
Bouma, H. (1978) Visual search and reading: Eye movements and the functional visual field: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance, ed Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [JW]Google Scholar
Breitmeyer, B. G. & Ganz, L. (1977) Temporal studies with flashed gratings: Inferences about human transient and sustained channels. Vision Research 17:861–65. [DMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briand, K. A. & Klein, R. M. (1987) Is Posner's “beam” the same as Treisman's “glue”?: On the relation between visual orienting and feature integration theory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13:228–41. [CPW]Google ScholarPubMed
Bridgeman, B., Kirch, M. & Sperling, A. (1981) Segregation of cognitive and motor aspects of visual function using induced motion. Perception and Psychophysics 29:336–42. [BB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgeman, B., Lewis, S., Heit, G. & Nagle, M. (1979) Relation between cognitive and motor-oriented systems of visual position perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:692–700. [BB]Google ScholarPubMed
Bridgeman, B. & Stark, L. (1979) Omnidirectional increase in threshold for image shifts during saccadic eye movements. Perception and Psychophysics 25:241–43. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broadbent, D. E. (1975) The magic number seven after fifteen years. In: Studies in long term memory, ed Kennedy, A. & Wilkes, A.. Wiley. [rCWS]Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. & Broadbent, M. H. P. (1987) From detection to identification: Response to multiple targets in rapid serial visual presentation. Perception & Psychophysics 42:105–13. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browse, R. A. & Butler, B. E. (1985) Could three frames suffice? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:290–91. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, C., Desimone, R. & Cross, C. C. (1981) Visual properties of neurons in a polysensory area in superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology 46:369–84. [PAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, P. & Sperling, G. (1981) Time, distance, and feature tradeoffs in visual apparent motion. Psychological Review 88:137–51. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bushnell, M. C., Goldberg, M. E. & Robinson, D. L. (1981) Behavioral enhancement of visual responses in monkey cerebral cortex. I. Modulation in posterior parietal cortex related to selective visual attention. Journal of Neurophysiology 46:755–72. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, B. E. (1975) Selective attention and target search with brief visual displays. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 27:467- 77 [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, B. E. (1980a) Selective attention and stimulus localization in visual perception. Canadian Journal of Psychology 34:119–33. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, B. E. (1980b) The category effect in visual search: Identification versus localization factors. Canadian Journal of Psychology 34:238–47. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, B. E. (1981) Identification and localization in tachistoscopic recognition: The effects of data- and resource-limitations. Canadian Journal of Psychology 35:38–51. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, B. E. & Currie, A. M. (1986) On the nature of perceptual limits in vision: A new look at lateral masking. Psychological Research 48:201–10. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, B. E., Mewhort, D. J. K. & Tramer, S. (1987) Location errors in tachistoscopic recognition: Guesses, probe errors, or spatial confusions? Canadian Journal of Psychology 41:339–50. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, B. E. & Morrison, I. R. (1984) Do letter features migrate?: A note of caution. Psychological Research 46:223–36. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caudill, M. & Butler, C. (1987) Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers First Annual International Conference on Neural Networks, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Chastain, G. (1982) Feature mislocalizations and misjudgments of intercharacter distance. Psychological Research 44:51–66. [WP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, A. & Ivry, R. B. (in press) Illusory conjunctions as a function of distance between objects inside and outside the focus of attention. journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance ]WP]Google Scholar
Cohen, M. A. & Grossberg, S. (1983) Absolute stability of global pattern formation and parallel memory storage by competitive neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Systems. Man and Cybernetics 13:815–26. [JKK]Google Scholar
Cohen, N. J. & Squire, L. R. (1980) Preserved learning and retention of patter-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science 210:207–10. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colonnier, M. (1981) The electron-microscopic analysis of the neuronal organization of the cerebral cortex. In: The organization of the cerebral cortex, ed. Schmitt, F. O., Worden, F. G., Adelman, G. & Dennis, S. G.. MIT Press. [JF]Google Scholar
Coren, S. & Hoenig, P. (1972) Effect of non-target stimuli on the length of voluntary saccades. Perceptual and Motor Skills 34:499–508. [JF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, F. (1984) Function of the thalamic reticular complex: The searchlight hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 81:4586–90. [arGWS, JD, HJM, DMP, PAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutting, J. E. (1986) Perception with an eye for motion. MIT Press. [rGWS]Google Scholar
Davidson, M. L., Fox, M. J. & Dick, A. O. (1973) Effect of eye movements on backward masking and perceived location. Perception & Psychophysics 14:110–16. [LEK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1986) The blind watchmaker. Longman. [MPY]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. R. W. (1987) Moving contexts do affect the perceived direction of apparent motion in motion competition displays. Vision Research 27:799–809. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, M. R. W. (1988) The cooperative application of multiple natural constraints to the motion correspondence problem. Proceedings of the Seventh Canadian Conference on Artifitcial Intelligence. [MRWD]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. R. W. (submitted) Image matching in motion correspondence: The roles of geometry and topology. [MRWD]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. R. W. & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988) Natural constraints on apparent motion. In: Computational processes in human vision, ed. Pylyshyn, Z.. Ablex. [MRWD]Google Scholar
Desimone, R., Schein, S. J., Moran, J. & Ungerleider, L. G. (1985) Contour, color, and shape analysis beyond the striate cortex. Vision Research 25:441–52. [DJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deubel, H., Findlay, J. M., Jacobs, A. M. & Brogan, D. (1988) Saccadic eye movements to targets defined by structure differences. In: Eye movement research: Physiological and psychological aspects, ed. Lass, C. LüerU. & Shallo-Hoffman, J. S. J.. Hogrefe, C. J.. [JF]Google Scholar
Deubel, H., Wolf, W. & Hauske, G. (1984) The evaluation of the oculomotor error signal. In: Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research, ed. Gale, A. C. & Johnson, F. W.. North-Holland. [JF]Google Scholar
Dick, A. O. (1970) Visual processing and the use of redundant information in tachistoscopic recognition. Canadian journal of Psychology 24:133–41. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, P. & Shedden, J. M. (1987) Conceptual and physical differences in the category effect. Perception & Psychophysics 42:457–64. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodwell, P. C. (1971) On perceptual clarity. Psychological Review 78:275- 89. [LEK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, J. (1980) The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. Psychological Review 87:272–300. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, J. (1983a) Category effects in visual search: A failure to replicate the “oh-zero” phenomenon. Perception & Psychophysics 34:221–32. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, J. (1983b) Perceptual selection based on alphanumeric class: Evidence from partial reports. Perception & Psychophysics 33:533–47. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, J. (1984) Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:501–17. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, J. (1987) Attention and reading: Wholes and parts in shape recognition: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading, ed. Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [HJM]Google Scholar
Duncan, J. & Humphreys, G. W. (in press) Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review. [rGWS, JD, HJM]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1984) The cerebral neocortex: A theory of its operation. In: Cerebral cortex, vol. 2, Functional properties of cortical cells, ed. Jones, E. G. & Peters, A.. Plenum Press. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. (1987) Neural Darwinism. Basic Books. [aCWS, MPY]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M., Call, W. E. & Cowan, W. M. (1984) Dynamic aspects of neocortical function. Wiley. [MPY]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. & Reeke, G. N. (1982) Selective networks capable of representative transformation, limited generalizations, and associative memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79:2091- 95. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enns, J. T. (1988) Some three-dimensional objects “pop out” in visual search. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26:514. [JW]Google Scholar
Eriksen, C. & Hoffman, J. (1973) The extent of processing of noise elements during selective encoding from visual displays. Perception and Psychophysics 14:155–60. [WP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. & St., James J. D. (1986) Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model. Perception & Psychophysics 40:255–40. [WP, CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eriksen, C. W. & Yeh, Y.-Y. (1985) Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11:583–97. [CPW]Google ScholarPubMed
Feldman, J. A. (1981) Memory and change in connection networks. Computer Science Department Technical Report TR96. University of Rochester. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Feldman, J. A. (1985) Four frames suffice: A provisional model of vision and space. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:265–313. [aGWS, JD, DCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, J. A. & Ballard, D. H. (1988) Connectionist models and their properties. In: Connectionist models and their implications: Readings from cognitive science, ed. Waltz, D. & Feldman, J. A.. Ablex. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Findlay, J. M. (1982) Global processing for saccadic eye movements. Vision Research 22:1033–45. [JF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Findlay, J. M. (1987) Visual computation and saccadic eye movements. Spatial Vision 2:175–89. [JF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, B. & Boch, R. (1985) Peripheral attention versus central fixation: Modulation of the visual activity of prelunate cortical cells of the rhesus monkey. Brain Research 345:111–23. [FA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, A. (1979) Framing pictures: The role of knowledge in automatized encoding and memory for gist. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:316–55. [JW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, R. B. (1980) Identity without form: Abstract representations of letters. Perception & Psychophysics 28:53–60. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukada, Y. (1971) Receptive field organisation of the cat optic nerve with special reference to conduction velocity. Vision Research 11:209–26. [DMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukushima, K. (1984) A hierarchical neural network model for associative memory. Biological Cybernetics 50:105–13. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukushima, K. (1986) A neural network model for selective attention in visual pattern recognition. Biological Cybernetics 55:5–15. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgopoulos, A. P., Caminiti, R., Kalaska, J. F. & Massey, J. T. (1983) Spatial coding of movement: A hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations. In: Neural coding of motor perfonnance, ed. Massion, J., Paillard, J., Schultz, W. & Wiesendanger, M.. Springer-Verlag. [M PY]Google Scholar
Georgopoulos, A. P., Lurito, J. T., Petrides, M., Schwartz, A. B. & Massey, J. T. (1989) Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science 243:234–46. [rGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgopoulos, A. P., Schwartz, A. B. & Kettner, R. E. (1986) Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science 233:1416–19. [arCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerstein, G. L., Perkel, D. H. & Dayhoff, J. E. (1985) Co-operative firing activity in simultaneously recorded populations of neurons: Detection and measurement. Journal of Neuroscience 5:881–89. [JF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Muffin. [aGWS, CF, JKK, LEK]Google Scholar
Goodale, M. A., Pelisson, D. & Prablanc, C. (1986) Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do not depend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement. Nature 320:748–50. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gouras, P. (1985) Oculomotor system. In: Principles of neural science, 2nd edition, ed. Kandel, E. R. & Schwartz, J. H.. Elsevier. [CF]Google Scholar
Graham, N. (1981) Psychophysics of spatial-frequency channels. In: Perceptual organization, ed. Kubovy, M. & Pomerantz, J.. Erlbaum. [LEK]Google Scholar
Graham, N., Kramer, P. & Haber, N. (1985) Attending to the spatial frequency and spatial position of near-threshold visual patterns. In: Attention & performance XI, ed. Posner, M. I. & Marin, O. S. M.. Erlbaum. [LEK]Google Scholar
Gray, C. M., Koenig, P., Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (1988) Spatial temporal distribution of stimulus specific oscillations in cat visual cortex, part 1, Local interactions. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 362.12:899. [MPY]Google Scholar
Gray, C. M. (1989) Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit intercolumnar synchronization and reflect global properties of stimuli. Nature 338:334–37. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, C. M. & Singer, W. (1988) The role of nonlinear cooperativity and temporal synchrony in mediating neuronal responses in the primary visual cortex of the cat. Presented at the 11th European Neuroscience Association/20th European Brain and Behaviour Society Meeting, September, Zurich. [MPY]Google Scholar
Green, M. (1986) What determines correspondence strength in apparent motion? Vision Research 26:599–607. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, C. G., Desimone, R., Albright, T. D. & Schwartz, E. L. (1985) Inferior temporal cortex and pattern recognition. In: Pattern recognition, ed. Chagas, C., Cattass, H. & Cross, C.. Springer-Verlag. [MPY]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code. Psychological Review 87:1–51. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1988) Nonlinear neural networks: Principles, mechanisms, and architectures. Neural Networks 1:17–61. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, R. N. (1983) The impending demise of the icon: A critique of the concept of iconic storage in visual information processing. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:1–54. [LEK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haenny, P. E., Maunsell, J. H. R. & Schiller, P. H. (1988) State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex. II. Retinal and extraretinal factors in V4. Experimental Brain Research 69:245–59. [FA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Heit, G., Smith, M. E. & Halgren, E. (1988) Neural encoding of individual words and faces in the human hippocanipus and amygdala. Nature 333:773–75. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinton, G. E. (1981a) A parallel computation that assigns canonical object based frames of reference. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. [HJM, DCP]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. (1981b) Shape representation in parallel systems. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. [DCP]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. & Lang, K. J. (1985) Shape recognition and illusory conjunctions. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artiflcial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. [aGWS, DCP]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E., McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986) Distributed representations. In: Parallel distributed processing, ed. Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L.. MIT Press. [JKK]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. & Parsons, L. M. (1988) Scene-based and viewer-centered representations for comparing shapes. Cognition 30:1–35. [DCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinton, G. E. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1986) Learning and relearning in Boltzmann machines. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1, ed. Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L.. MIT Press. [aGWS, JKIC]Google Scholar
Hoffman, D. D. & Richards, W. A. (1984) Parts of recognition. Cognition 18:65–96. [JW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, J. E. & Nelson, B. (1981) Spatial selectivity in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics 30:283–90. [CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, J. H. (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Holland, J. H. (1986) Escaping brittleness: The possibilities of general-purpose learning algorithms applied to parallel rule-based systems. In: Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach, vol. 2, ed. Carbonell, J. G. & Mitchell, T. M.. Morgan Kaufman. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Holland, J. H. (1987) Genetic algorithms and classifier systems: Foundations and future directions. In: Genetic algorithms and their applications: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ed. Grefenstette, J. J.. Erlbaum. [rOWS]Google Scholar
Holland, J. H., Holyoak, K. J., Nisbett, R. E. & Thagard, P. R. (1987) Induction: Processes of inference, learning, and discovery. MIT Press. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Hopfield, J. J. (1982) Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79:2554–58. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopfield, J. J. (1984) Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 81:3088–92. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopfield, J. J., Feinstein, D. I. & Palmer, R. G. (1983) “Unlearning” has a stabilizing effect in collective memories. Nature 304:158–59. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, B. K. P. (1986) Robot vision. MIT Press. [DCP]Google Scholar
Hrechanyk, L. M. & Ballard, D. H. (1983) Viewframes: Aconnectionist model of form perception. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Image Understanding Workshop. Science Applications. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Hubel, D. H. & Livingstone, M. S. (1985) Complex-unoriented cells in a subregion of primate area 18. Nature 315:325–27. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction, and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. Journal of Physiology 160:106–54. [LEK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphreys, G. W. (in press) Connectionism and psychology. In: Parallel distributed processing: Implications for psychology and neuroscience, ed. Morris, R. C.. Oxford University Press. [HJM]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W., Quinlan, P. T. & Riddoch, M. J. (in press) Grouping processes in visual search: A case for parallel distributed feature- combination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. [HIM]Google Scholar
Hurlbert, A. & Poggio, T. (1985) Spotlight on attention. Trends in Neuroscience, 07:309–11. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikeuchi, K. (1987) Generating and interpretation tree from a CAD model for 3D-object recognition in bin-picking tasks. International Journal of Computer Vision 1:145–65. [DCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingling, N. W. (1972) Categorization: A mechanism for rapid information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology 94:239–43. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, D. E., Brown, J. S. & Sun, J.-S. (1988) Visual masking and visual integration across saccadic eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117:276–87. [LEK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johannesma, P., Aertsen, A., van, den Boogaard H., Eggermont, J. & Epping, W. (1986) From synchrony to harmony: Ideas on the function of neural assemblies and on the interpretation of neural synchrony. In: Brain theory, ed. Palm, G. & Aertsen, A.. Springer-Verlag. [JF]Google Scholar
Johnson, G. (1988) Artificial brain again seen as a guide to the mind. The New York Times, 08 16. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. (1987) The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. University of Chicago Press. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonides, J. (1983) Further toward a model of the mind's eye movement. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 21:247–50. [aGWS, CPW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonides, J. & Gleitman, H. (1972) A conceptual category effect in visual search: O as letter or as digit. Perception & Psychophysics 12: 457–60. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonides, J. (1976) The benefit of categorization in visual search: Target location without identification. Perception & Psychophysics 20:289–98. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julesz, B. (1980) Spatial-frequency channels in one-, two-, and three- dimensional vision: Variations on an auditory theme by Bekesy. In: Visual coding and adaptability, ed. Harris, C. S.. Erlbaum. [LEK]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Henik, A. (1981) Perceptual organization and attention. In: Perceptual organization, ed. Kubovy, M. & Pomerantz, J. R.. Erlbaum. [JD]Google Scholar
Kanade, T. (1987) Three-dimensional machine vision. Kluwer Academic. [DCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandel, E. R. (1985) Processing of form and movement in the visual system. In: Principles of neural science, 2nd edition, ed Kandel, E. R. & Schwartz, J. H.. Elsevier. [CF]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. R. & Schwartz, J. H. (1981) Principles of neural science. Elsevier/North-Holland. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Kaplan, S., Weaver, M. & French, R. (in press) Active symbols and internal models: Toward a cognitive connectionism. Al and Society. [RML]Google Scholar
Kawamoto, A. H. & Anderson, J. A. (1985) A neural network model of multistable perception. Acta Psychologica 59:35–65. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keele, S. W., Cohen, A., Ivry, R., Liotti, M. & Yee, P. (1988) Tests of a temporal theory of attentional binding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 14:444–52. [HJM, WP]Google ScholarPubMed
Koch, C., Poggio, T. & Torre, V. (1983) Nonlinear interactions in a dendritic tree: Localization, timing, and role in information processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80:2799–2802, [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, C. & Ullman, S. (1985) Shifts in selective visual attention: Towards the underlying circuitry. Human Neurobiology 4:219–27. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Koendennk, J. J. & van, Doom A. J. (1986) Dynamic shape. Biological Cybernetics 53:383–96. [JW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolers, P. A. (1972) Aspects of motion perception. Pergamon Press. [MRWD]Google Scholar
Kolers, P. A. (1983) Some features of visual form. Computer vision, graphics, and image processing 23:15–41. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolers, P. & Green, M. (1984) Color logic of apparent motion. Perception 13:149–54. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolers, P. & Pomerantz, J. R. (1971) Figural change in apparent motion. Journal of Experimental Psychology 87:99–108. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolers, P. & von, Grunau M. (1976) Shape and colour in apparent motion. Vision Research 16:329–35. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korn, H. & Faber, D. S. (1979) Electrical interactions between vertebrate neurons: Field effects and electrotonic coupling. In: The Neurosciences Fourth Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Wordern, F. G.. MIT Press. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1978) Measuring the visual angle of the mind's eye. Cognitive Psychology 10:356–89. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M. (1980) Image and mind. Harvard University Press. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1988) Aspects of a cognitive neuroscience of mental imagery. Science 240:1621–26. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krüger, J. & Aiple, F. (1988) Multimicroelectrode investigation of monkey striate cortex: Spike train correlations in the infragranular layers. Journal of Neurophysiology 60:798–827. [FA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, L. E. (1984) The category effect in visual search depends on physical rather than conceptual differences. Perception & Psychophysics 35:558–64. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krumhansl, C. L. (1984) Independent processing of visual form and motion. Perception 13:535–46. [MBWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuipers, B. (1982) The “map in the head” metaphor. Environment and Behavior 14:202–20. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1980) Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science 207:203–5. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lennie, P. & D'Zmura, M. (1988) Mechanisms of color vision. CRC Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 3:333–400. [CLH]Google ScholarPubMed
Levi-Strauss, C. (1967) Structural anthropology. Anchor Books. [rCWS]Google Scholar
Livingstone, M. S. (1988) Art, illusion, and the visual system. Scientific American 258(1):78–85. [arCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingstone, M. S. & Hubel, D. H. (1985) Spatial relationship and extrafoveal vision. Nature 315:285. [arCWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingstone, M. S. (1987) Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. Journal of Neuroscience 7:3416–68. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loftus, G. R. & Mackworth, N. H. (1978) Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:565–72. [JW]Google ScholarPubMed
Lowe, D. G. (1987) Perceptual organization and visual recognition. Kluwer Academic. [DCP]Google Scholar
Mackworth, N. H. & Morandi, A. J. (1967) The gaze selects informative details within pictures. Perception & Psychophysics 2:547–51. [JW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. W. H. Freeman. [MRWD, JKK, LEK, DCP, DMP, WP, RS, JW]Google Scholar
Marr, D. & Nishihara, H. K. (1978) Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 200:269–94. [DCP]Google ScholarPubMed
Maunsell, J. H. R. & Newsome, W. T. (1987) Visual processing in monkey extrastriate cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 10:363–401. [JD, CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mauss, M. (1967) The gift, trans. Cunnison, I.. W. W. Norton. [rCWS]Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1976) Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261:459–67. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCallum, W. C., Zappoli, R. & Denoth, F., eds. (1986) Cerebral psychophysiology: Studies in event-related potentials. Supplement 38 to Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Elsevier. [MPY]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. (1985) Putting knowledge in its place. Cognitive Science 9:1113–46. [PAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, J. L. (1986) The programmable blackboard model of reading. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 2, ed. McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E.. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [HJM]Google Scholar
McCollough, C. (1965) Color adaptation of edge-detectors in the human visual system. Science 149:1115–16. [LEK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDermott, D. & Davis, E. (1984) Planning routes through uncertain territory. Artificial intelligence 22:107–56. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, J. P., Broadbent, D. E. & Broadbent, M. H. P. (1982) Combining attributes in rapid serial visual presentation tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A:171–86. [HJM, WP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, P., Driver, J. & Crisp, J. (1988) Visual search for a conjunction of movement and form is parallel. Nature (London) 332:154–55. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meredith, M. A. & Stein, B. E. (1983) Interactions among converging sensory inputs in the superior colliculus. Science 221:389–91. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meredith, M. A. (1985) Descending efferents from the superior colliculus relay integrated multisensory information. Science 227:657–59. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikle, P. M. (1980) Selection from visual persistence by perceptuals groups and category membership. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Ceneral 109:279–95. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mewhort, D. J. K., Butler, B. E., Feldman-Stewart, D. & Tramer, S. (1988) “Iconic memory,” location information, and the bar-probe task: A reply to Chow (1986). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 14:729–37. [BEB]Google Scholar
Mewhort, D. J. K., Campbell, A. J., Marchetti, F. M. & Campbell, J. I. D. (1981) Identification, localization, and “iconic memory”: An evaluation of the bar-probe task. Memory & Cognition 9:50–67. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, R. A., Raja, S. N. & Campbell, J. N. (1985) Coupling of action potential activity between unmyelinated fibers in the peripheral nerve of monkey. Science 227:184–87. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A. (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63:81–97. [rGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishkin, M., Ungerleider, L. C. & Macko, K. A. (1983) Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways. Trends in Neurosciences 6:414–17. [aGWS, BB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moar, I. & Bower, G. H. (1983) Inconsistency in spatial knowledge. Memory and Cognition 11:107–13. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mountcastle, V. B. (1978) Brain mechanisms for directed attention. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 71:14–27. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monutcastle, V. B. (1979) An organizing principle for cerebral function: The unit module and the distributed system. In: The Neurosciences Fourth Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Wordern, F. G.. MIT Press. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Mountcastle, V. B., Lynch, J. C., Ceorgopoulos, A.Sakata, H. & Acuna, C. (1975) Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: Command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. Journal of Neurophysiology 38:871–908. [DCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozer, M. C. (1983) Letter migration in word perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:531- 46. [HJM]Google ScholarPubMed
Mozer, M. C. (1988) A connectionist model of selective attention us visual perception. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. [PAS]Google Scholar
Müller, H. J. & Findlay, J. M. (1987) Sensitivity and criterion effects in the spatial cuing of visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics 42:383–99. [HJM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, T. D. & Eriksen, C. W. (1987) Temporal changes in the distribution of attention in the visual field in response to precucs. Perception & Psychophysics 42:576–86. [CPW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakayama, K. & Silverman, C. H. (1986) Serial and parallel processing of visual feature conjunctions. Nature (London) 320:264–65. [JD, WP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navon, D. (1976) Irrelevance of figural identity for resolving ambiguities in apparent motion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:130–38. [MRWD]Google ScholarPubMed
Navov, D. (1977) Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology 9:353–63. [LEK, DMP]Google Scholar
Navon, D. & Norman, J. (1983) Does global precedence really depend on visual angle? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:955–65. [DMP]Google ScholarPubMed
Neisser, U. (1967) Cognitive psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [LEK]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. & Becklen, R. (1975) Selective looking: Attending to visually specified events. Cognitive Psychology 7:480–94. [JD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, W. N. & Loftus, G. R. (1980) The functional visual field during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: human Perception and Performance 6:391–99. [JW[]Google ScholarPubMed
Neumann, O., van, der Heijden A. H. C. & Allport, D. A. (1986) Visual selective attention: Introductory remarks. Psychological Research 48: 185–88. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nissen, M. J. (1985) Accessing features and objects: Is location special? In: Attention and performance Xl, ed Posner, M. I. & Marin, O. S. M.. Erlbaum. [JD, WP]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Clarendon Press. [aGWS]Google Scholar
O'Rourke, J. & Badler, N. I. (1980) Model-based image analysis of human motion using constraint propagation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-2:522–36. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottes, F. P., van, Gisbergen J. A. M. & Eggermont, J. J. (1984) Metrics of saccadic responses to double stimuli: Two different modes. Vision Research 24:1169–79. [JF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paillard, J. (1987) Cognitive versus sensorimotor encoding of spatial information. In: Cognitive processes and spatial orientation in animal and man, ed. Ellen, P. & Thinus-Blanc, C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [BB]Google Scholar
Palacios, J. M., Cortes, R. & Probst, A. (1987) Receptor plasticity in the human brain: Some autoradiographic studies. Journal of Receptor Research 7:581–97. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, S. E. (1975a) Visual perception and world knowledge: Notes on a model of sensory-cognitive interaction. In: Exploratioro in cognition, ed. Norman, D. A., Rumeihart, D. E. & the LRN Research Group. W. H. Freeman. [DCP]Google Scholar
Palmer, S. E. (1975b) The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects. Memory and Cognition 3:519–26. [DCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, S. E. (1977) Hierarchical structure in perceptual representation. Cognitive Psychology 9:441–74. [DCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, D. M. (1980) Simple reaction times to the onset, offset and contrast reversal of sinusoidal grating stimuli. Perception and Psychophysics 28:365–68. [DMP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, D. M. & Dutch, S. (1987) Perceptual latency and spatial frequency. Vision Research 27:1279–83. [DMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pashler, H. & Badgio, P. C. (1987) Attentional issues in the identification of alphanumeric characters. In: Attention and Performance XII, ed. Coitheart, M.. Erlbaum. [JD]Google Scholar
Pearson, J. C., Finkel, L. H. & Edelman, G. M. (1987) Plasticity in the organization of adult cerebral cortical maps: A computer simulation based on neuronal group selection. Journal of Neuroscience 7(12):4209–23. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellionisz, A. & Llinas, R. (1985) Tensor network theory of the metaorganization of functional geometrics in the central nervous system. Neuroscience 16:245–73. [JF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrett, D. I., Smith, P. A. J., Potter, D. D., Mistlin, A. J., Head, A. S., Milner, A. D. & Jeeves, M. A. (1984) Neurones responsive to faces in the temporal cortex: Studies of functional organization, sensitivity to identity, and relation to perception. Human Neurobiology 3:197–208.Google ScholarPubMed
[MPY] Piaget, J. (1969) Genetic epistemology. Columbia Forum 12(3):4–11. [rGWS]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1970) Structuralism, trans. C. Maschler. Harper & Row. [rGWS]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1985) Visual cognition: An introduction. In: Visual cognition, ed. Pinker, S.. MIT Press. [DCP]Google Scholar
Pollatsek, A. & Digman, L. (1977) Dependent spatial channels in visual processing. Cognitive Psychology 9:326–52. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1980) Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32:3–25. [CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., Cohen, Y. & Rafal, R. D. (1982) Neural systems control of spatial orienting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298:187–98. [aGWS]Google ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., Nissen, M. J. & Ogden, W. C. (1978) Attended and unattended processing modes: The role of set for spatial location. In: Modes of perception, ed. Pick, H. J. & Saltzman, I. J.. Erlbaum. [KBC]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. R. & Davidson, B. J. (1980) Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109:160–74. [KRC, CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., Walker, J. A., Friedrich, F. J. & Rafal, R. D. (1984) Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. Journal of Neuroscience 4:1863–74. [FA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Post, W. M., Travis, C. C. & DeAngelis, D. L. (1985) Mutualism, limited competition and positive feedback. In: The biology of mutualism: Ecology and evolution, ed. Boucher, D. H.. Oxford University Press. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Prinzmetal, W. (1981) Principles of feature integration in visual perception. Perception and Psychophysics 30:330–40. [JD, LEK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinzmetal, W. & Keysar, B. (in press) A functional theory of illusory conjunctions and neon colors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. [WP]Google Scholar
Prinzmetal, W. & Millis-Wright, M. (1984) Cognitive and linguistic factors affect visual feature integration. Cognitive Psychology 16:305–40. [JD, WP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinzmetal, W., Presti, D. E. & Posner, M. I. (1986) Does attention affect visual feature integration? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 12:361–69. [CPW]Google ScholarPubMed
Prinzmetal, W., Treiman, R. & Rho, S. H. (1986) How to see a reading unit. Journal of Memory and Language 25:461–75. [WP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition. MIT Press. [MRWD]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. & Storm, B. (1988) Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. Spatial Vision 3:1–19. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinlan, P. T. (1987) Theoretical notes on “Parallel Models of Associative Memory. ” Cognitive Neuropsychology 4:333–64. [HJM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rakic, P. (1988) Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science 241:170–76. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramachandran, V. S., Ginsburg, A. P. & Anstis, S. (1983) Low spatial frequencies dominate apparent motion. Perception 12:457–61. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayner, K. (1984) Visual selection in reading, picture perception and visual search: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance, ed. Bouman, H. & Bouwhuis, D. G.. Erlbaum. [JW]Google Scholar
Remington, R. W. & Pierce, L. (1984) Moving attention: Evidence for time- invariant shifts of visual selective attention. Perception & Psychophysics 35:393–99. [CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, W. (1988) Natural computation. MIT Press. [DCP]Google Scholar
Richmond, B. J. & Goldberg, M. E. (1985) On computer science, visual science, and the physiological utility of models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:300–301. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richmond, B. J. & Optican, L. M. (1987) Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 57(1): 132–78. [RS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D. L., Goldberg, M. E. & Stanton, G. B. (1978) Parietal association area in the primate: Sensory mechanisms and behavioral modulations. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:910–32. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rock, I. (1973) Orientation and form. Academic Press. [DCP]Google Scholar
Rock, I. & Gutman, D. (1981) The effect of inattention on form perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7:275–85. [HJM]Google ScholarPubMed
Rosch, E. (1978) Principles of categorization. In: Cognition and categorization, ed. Bosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B.. Erlbaum. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Rosenblatt, F. (1962) Principles of neurodynamics, perceptrons and the theory of brain mechanisms. Spartan Books. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E. & Williams, R. J. (1986) Learning internal representations by error propagation. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1, Foundations, ed melhart, D. E. Rum & McClelland, J. L.. MIT Press. [aCWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstmucture of cognition, vols. 1 and 2. MIT Press. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., Smolensky, P., McClelland, J. L. & Hinton, G. E. (1986) Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models. In: Parallel distributed processing, vol. 2, ed. McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E., MIT Press. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagi, D. & Julesz, B. (1985) “Where” and “what” in vision. Science 228:1217–19. [aGWS, PAS, RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandon, P. A. & Uhr, L. M. (1988) An adaptive model for viewpoint-invariant object recognition. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. [PAS]Google Scholar
Schiffinan, H. R. (1982) Sensation and perception: An integrated approach, 2nd ed. Wiley. [LEK]Google Scholar
Schiller, P. H., Malpeli, J. G. & Schein, S. J. (1979) Composition of geniculostriate input to superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey. journal of Neurophysiology 42(4):1124–33. [rGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, F. O. (1979) The role of structural, electrical, and chemical circuitry in brain function. In: The Neurosciences Fourth Study Program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Wordern, F. G.. MIT Press. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, F. O., Worden, F. C., Adelman, G. & Dennis, S. G. (1981) The organization of the cerebral cortex. MIT Press. [rGWS]Google Scholar
Schneider, G. E. (1967) Contrasting visuomotor functions of tectum and cortex in golden hamster. Psycholgische Forschung 31:52–68. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, W. (1988) Structure and controlling subsymbolic processing. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:15–52. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoner, G. & Kelso, J. A. S. (1988) Dynamic pattern generation in behavioral and neural systems. Science 239:1513–20. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schreter, Z. (1988) Sequential processing by overlap and fistigue of memories. Neural Networks 1(Suppl. 1):218. [aGWS, JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (1987) Sublexical structures in visual word recognition: Access units or orthographic redundancy? In: Attention and Performance XII: The psychology of reading, ed. Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [JHM]Google Scholar
Sejnowski, T. J. (1977) Storing covariance with nonlinearly interacting neurons. Journal of Mathematical Biology 4:303–21. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sejnowski, T. J. (1981) Skeleton filters in the brain. In: Parallel models of associative memory, ed. Hinton, G. E.. Erlbaum. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Sejnowski, T. J., Koch, C. & Churchland, P. S. (1988) Computational neuroscience. Science 241:1299–1306. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selverston, A. & Moulin, M. (1987) The crustacean stomatogastric system. Springer-Verlag. [RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, L. (1988) A connectionist approach to knowledge representation and limited inference. Cognitive Science 12:331–92. [JRL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1984) Ecological constraints on internal representation: Resonant kinematics of perceiving, imagining, thinking, and dreaming. Psychological Review 91(4):417–47. [rGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, M., Findlay, J. M. & Hockey, R. J. (1986) The relationship between eye movements and spatial attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38A:475–91. [CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shulmsn, G. L., Wilson, J. & Sheehy, J. B. (1985) Spatial determinants of the distribution of attention. Perception & Psychophysics 37:59–65. [CPW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smolensky, P. (1986) Information processing in dynamical systems: Foundations of harmony theory. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microslructure of cognition, vol. 1, Foundations, ed. Rumelhart, D. E. & MeClelland, J. L.. MIT Press. [aGWS, JKK]Google Scholar
Smolensky, P. (1988) On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:1–74. [aGWS, MPY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, C. R. R. (1972) Selection, inspection and naming in visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology 92:428–31. [BEB, WP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparks, D. L. & Jay, M. (1987) The role of the primate superior colliculus in sensorimotor integration. In: Vision, brain, and cooperative computation, ed. Arbib, M. A. & Hanson, A. R.. MIT Press. [aGWS, RS]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentation. Psychological Monographs 74:11, Whole No. 498. [BEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperling, G. (1967) Successive approximations to a model for short-term memory. In: Attention and performance I, ed. Sanders, A. F.. North-Holland. [JD]Google Scholar
Strong, G. W. & Whitehead, B. A. (1987) A factored architecture to solve illusory conjunctions in neural networks. In: Proceedings of the first annual international conference on neural networks, ed Caudill, M. & Butler, C.. IEEE Service Center. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Strong, G. W. (in preparation) The problem of population turnover in genetic neural models. [rGWS]Google Scholar
Sun, R., Marder, E. & Waltz, D. (1988) The modeling of lobster stomatogastric ganglions. Technical Report CS-88–134. Computer Science Department, Brandeis University [RS]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review 55:189–208. [rGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Touretzky, D. S. & Hinton, G. E. (1988) A distributed connectionist production system. Cognitive Science 12:423–66. [JRL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, A. (1985) Preattentive processing in vision. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 31:156–77. [rGWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, A. (1988) Features and objects: The fourteenth Bartlett memorial lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 40A:201–37. [JD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A. M. (1982) Perceptual grouping and attention in visual search for features and for objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:194–214. [CPW]Google ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A. M. (1986) Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American 255(5):106–15. [aGWS, CLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, A. M. & Gelade, G. (1980) A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology 12:97–136. [aGWS, BEB, KRC, JD, CLH, PAS, CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A. M. & Gormican, S. (1988) Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review 95:15–48. [aGWS, LEK, CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A. M. & Schmidt, H. (1982) Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects. Cognitive Psychology 14:107–41. [BEB, KRC, HJM, CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A. M. & Souther, J. (1985) Search asymmetry: A diagnostic for preattentive processing of separable features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:285–310. [JD, HJM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A. M. (1986) Illusory words: The roles of attention and of top-down constraints in conjoining letters to ftrm words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 12:3–17. [BEB]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1968) Two mechanisms of vision in primates. Psychologische Forschung 31:299–337. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trevarthen, C. (1978) Modes of perceiving and modes of acting. In: Modes of perceiving and processing information, ed. Pick, H. L. Jr, & Saltzman, E.. Erlbaum. [LEK]Google Scholar
Tsal, Y. (1983) Movements of attention across the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:523- 30. [CPW]Google ScholarPubMed
Tsotsos, J. K. (1987) Representational axes and temporal cooperative processes. In: Vision, brain, and cooperative computation, ed. Arbib, M. A. & Hanson, A. R.. MIT Press.[aGWS]Google Scholar
Tsotsos, J. K. (1987a) Analyzing vision at the complexity level. Technical Report RCVBTR-87–20. University of Toronto. [PAS]Google Scholar
Uhr, L. M. (1980) Psychological motivation and underlying concepts. In: Structured computer vision, ed. Tanimoto, S. L. & Klinger, A.. Academic Press. [PAS]Google Scholar
Ullman, S. (1979) The interpretation of visual motion. MIT Press. [rGWS, MRWD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ullman, S. (1980) The effect of similarity between line segments on the correspondence strength in apparent motion. Perception 9:617–26. [MRWD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ungerleider, L. C. & Mishkin, M. (1982) In: Analysis of visual behavior, ed Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A., & Mansfield, R. J. W.. MIT Press. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Van, Essen D. C. & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1983) Hierarchical organization and functional streams in the visual cortex. Trends in Nec rosclence 6:370–75. [PAS]Google Scholar
Vaughan, H. C.Jr, Costa, L. & Gilden, L. (1966) The functional relation of visual evoked response and reaction time to stimulus intensity. Vision Research 6:645–56. [DMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verfaillie, K. & Wagemans, J. (1987) What eye movements can tell about functional vision in Usher syndrome. Paper presented at the 9th Conference of the International Associotion for the Education of the Deaf/Blind, Poitiers, France. [JW]Google Scholar
Virzi, B. A. & Egeth, H. E. (1984) Is meaning implicated in illusory conjunctions? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10:573–80. [HIM, CPW]Google ScholarPubMed
von, der Malsburg C. (1975) Nervous structures with dynamical links. Berichte Bunsenges Physikalische Chemie 89:703–9. [sGWS]Google Scholar
von, der Malsburg C. & Cowan, J. D. (1982) Outline of a theory for the ontogenesis of iso-orientation domains in visual cortex. Biological Cybernetics 45:49–56. [aGWS]Google Scholar
von, Holst E. (1954) Relations between the central nervous system and the peripheral organs. British Journal of Animal Behaviour 2:89–94. [LEK]Google Scholar
von, Wright J. M. (1968) Selection in visual immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 20:62–68. [BEB]Google Scholar
von, Wright J. M. (1970) On selection in visual immediate memory. Ada Psychologia 33:280–92. [BEB]Google Scholar
Waldrop, M. M. (1989) Is it healthy to be chaotic? Science 243:604–8. [rGWS]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1968) Helmholtz on perception: Its physiology and development. Wiley. [JD]Google Scholar
Watt, R. J. (1987) Scanning from coarse to fine spatial in the human visual system after the onset of a stimulus. Journal of the Optical Society of America A4:2006–21 [CPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiskrantz, L. (1987) Residual vision in a scotoma. A follow-up study of ‘form’ discrimination. Brain 110:77–92. [BB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisstein, N. & Harris, C. S. (1974) Visual detection of line segmeists: An object-superiority effect. Science 186:752–55. [JW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, C. W. (1976) Visual masking during smooth pursuit eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:469–78. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Whitehead, B. A. & Strong, G. W. (1982) Spatial image computations required for a semantic network. In: A general survey of systems methodology, ed. Troncale, L.. Proceedings of the 26th North American Meeting of the Society for General Systems Research. Louisville: Society fur General Systems Research. [rGWS]Google Scholar
Whitehead, B. A. (1988) A neural network to register invariants in object-relative position under observer locomotion. In: Abstracts of the International Neural Network Society First Annual Meeting, Boston. Neural Networks 1(Suppl. 1):530. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Whitfield, I. C. (1967) The auditory pathway. Edward Arnold. [JD]Google Scholar
Wickelgren, W. A. (1969) Context-sensitive coding, associative memory, and serial order in (speech) behavior. Psychological Review 76:1–15. [JD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickelgren, W. A. (1979) Chunking and consolidation: A theoretical synthesis of semantic networks, configuring in conditioning, S-R versus cognitive learning, normal forgetting, the amnesic syndrome, and the hippocampal arousal system. Psychological Review 86:44–60. [aGWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wise, S. P. & Desimone, R. (1988) Behavioral neurophysiology: Insights into seeing and grasping. Science 242:736–41. [PAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. B. & Franzel, S. L. (in press) A modified feature integration model for visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [JD]Google Scholar
Wolford, G. (1975) Perturbation model for letter identification. Psychological Review 82:184–99. [PAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolford, G. & Shum, K. H. (1980) Evidence for feature perturbations. Perception & Psychophysics 27:409–20. [WP, PAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, E. & Mack, A. (1981) Saccadic programming and perceived location. Acta Psychologica 48:123–31. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodworth, R. S. & Schlosberg, H. (1955) Experimental psychology. Holt. [RML]Google Scholar
Wurtz, B. H., Goldberg, M. E. & Robinson, E. L. (1980) Behavioral modulation of visual responses in the monkey: Stimulus selection for attention and movement. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology 9:43–83. [aGWS]Google Scholar
Zeigler, B. P. (1976) Theory of modelling and simulotion. John Wiley. [arGWS]Google Scholar
Zeki, S. & Shipp, S. (1988) The functional logic of cortical connections. Nature 335:311–17. [MPY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed