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Thinking through other minds: A variational approach to cognition and culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2019

Samuel P. L. Veissière Open the ORCID record for Samuel P. L. Veissière [Opens in a new window] ,
Axel Constant Open the ORCID record for Axel Constant [Opens in a new window] ,
Maxwell J. D. Ramstead Open the ORCID record for Maxwell J. D. Ramstead [Opens in a new window] ,
Karl J. Friston Open the ORCID record for Karl J. Friston [Opens in a new window]  and
Laurence J. Kirmayer Open the ORCID record for Laurence J. Kirmayer [Opens in a new window]
Samuel P. L. Veissière
Affiliation:
Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 1A1samuel.veissiere@mcgill.caMaxwell.ramstead@mcgill.caLaurence.kirmayer@mcgill.ca Culture, Mind, and Brain Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 1A1 Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 2T7
Axel Constant
Affiliation:
Culture, Mind, and Brain Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 1A1 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia2006axel.constant.pruvost@gmail.com Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, LondonWC1N 3AR, UK. k.friston@ucl.ac.uk
Maxwell J. D. Ramstead
Affiliation:
Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 1A1samuel.veissiere@mcgill.caMaxwell.ramstead@mcgill.caLaurence.kirmayer@mcgill.ca Culture, Mind, and Brain Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 1A1 Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, LondonWC1N 3AR, UK. k.friston@ucl.ac.uk
Karl J. Friston
Affiliation:
Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, LondonWC1N 3AR, UK. k.friston@ucl.ac.uk
Laurence J. Kirmayer
Affiliation:
Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 1A1samuel.veissiere@mcgill.caMaxwell.ramstead@mcgill.caLaurence.kirmayer@mcgill.ca Culture, Mind, and Brain Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 1A1 Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaH3A 2T7
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Abstract

The processes underwriting the acquisition of culture remain unclear. How are shared habits, norms, and expectations learned and maintained with precision and reliability across large-scale sociocultural ensembles? Is there a unifying account of the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of culture? Notions such as “shared expectations,” the “selective patterning of attention and behaviour,” “cultural evolution,” “cultural inheritance,” and “implicit learning” are the main candidates to underpin a unifying account of cognition and the acquisition of culture; however, their interactions require greater specification and clarification. In this article, we integrate these candidates using the variational (free-energy) approach to human cognition and culture in theoretical neuroscience. We describe the construction by humans of social niches that afford epistemic resources called cultural affordances. We argue that human agents learn the shared habits, norms, and expectations of their culture through immersive participation in patterned cultural practices that selectively pattern attention and behaviour. We call this process “thinking through other minds” (TTOM) – in effect, the process of inferring other agents’ expectations about the world and how to behave in social context. We argue that for humans, information from and about other people's expectations constitutes the primary domain of statistical regularities that humans leverage to predict and organize behaviour. The integrative model we offer has implications that can advance theories of cognition, enculturation, adaptation, and psychopathology. Crucially, this formal (variational) treatment seeks to resolve key debates in current cognitive science, such as the distinction between internalist and externalist accounts of theory of mind abilities and the more fundamental distinction between dynamical and representational accounts of enactivism.

Keywords

Cognition and culturecultural affordancescultural co-evolutioncultural learningembodimentenactmentenculturationepistemic affordancesniche constructionsocial learningvariational free-energy principle
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 43 , 2020 , e90
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press

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