Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T06:01:51.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tool use in monkeys

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh ,
Karen Brakke  and
Krista Wilkinson
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303 and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
Karen Brakke
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303
Krista Wilkinson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 1989 , pp. 606 - 607
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, J. R. (1985) Development of tool-use to obtain food in a captive group of Macaca tonkeana. Journal of Human Evolution 14:637–45. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. H. (1987) Use of objects as hammers to open nuts by capuchins (Cebus apella).Presented at the Association for the Study of Animal Behavior, St. Andrews (U.K.), 07. [IRA, EV]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. & Roeder, J. -J. (in press) Responses of capuchin monkeys (Cebu apella) to different conditions of mirror-image stimulation. Primates. [JRA]Google Scholar
Anderson, M. (1988) Inspective time, information processing and the development of intelligence. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 6:43–57. [MJ]Google Scholar
Antinucci, F., Spinozzi, G. & Nataìe, F. (1986) Stage 5 cognition in an infant gorilla. In: Current perspectives in primate social dynamics, ed. Taub, D. M. & King, F. A.. Van Nostrand Reinhold. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Antinucci, F. & Visalberghi, E. (1986) Tool use in Cebus apclla: A case tudy. International Journal of Primatology 7(4): 351-63. [arSC-S, EV]Google Scholar
Ashmead, D. H. & Perlmutter, M. (1980) Infant memory in everyday life. In:New directions for child development: Children's memory, vol. 10, ed. Perimutter, M.. Jossey-Bass. ]rSC-S[Google Scholar
Baillargeon, R. (1986) Representing the existence and the location of hidden objects: Object permanence in 6 and 8 month old infants. Cognition 23:21–41. [rSC-S, MJ[CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, J. D. & Baldwin, J. I. (1981) Beyond sociobiology. Elsevier. [JDB]Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986) The social foundations of thought and action: A socialcognitive theory. Prentice-Hall. [DMF]Google Scholar
Bard, K. A. (1986) Ontogeny of the manipulation of an animate object within the context of food-sharing in free-ranging orangutans of the Tanjung Puting Reserve, Indonesia. Primate Report 14: 177–78. [KAB]Google Scholar
Bard, K. A. “Social tool use” by free ranging orangutans: A Piagetian and developmental perspective on the manipulation of an animate object. In: Comparative developmental psychology of language and intelligence in primates. ed. Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. L.. Cambridge University Press. [KAB]Google Scholar
Bard, K. A. & Vauclair, J. (1984) The communicative context of object manipulation in ape and human adult-infant pairs. Journal of Human Evolution 13:181–90. [KAB]Google Scholar
Bates, E. (1979). The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. Academic Press. [MT]Google Scholar
Bates, E. & Snyder, L. (1987) The cognitive hypothesis in language development. In: Infant performance and experience: New findings with the ordinal scale, ed. UŽgiris, I. C. & Hunt, J. McV.. Baltimore University Press. [LAB]Google Scholar
Bayart, F. (1982) Un cas d'utilisation d'outil chez un macaque (Macaca tonkeana)eélevé en semi-liberté. Mammalia 46(4): 541–44. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Beck, B. (1972) Tool use in captive hamadryas baboons. Primates 13: 276–96. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Beck, B.(1973) Observation learning of tool use by captive Guinea baboons (Pavio papio). American Journal of Physical Anthropology (38) (2): 579–82. [aSCS]Google Scholar
Beck, B.(1974) Baboons, chimpanzees, and tools. Journal of Human Evolution 3 (6): 509–16. [aSC-S, DF, SS-R]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, B.(1976) Tool use by captive pigtailed macaques. Primates 17(3): 301–10. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Beck, B.(1980) Animal tool behavior: The use and manufacture of tools by animals. Garland STPM Press. [arSC-S, MB, DF, EMM, SS-R, EV]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1988) Birdsong and the “problems” of nature and nurture:Endless chirping about inadequate evidence or merely singing the blues about inevitable biases in, and limitations of, human inference. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11(4): 631. [MB]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. & Byers, J. A. (1981) A critical reanalysis of the ontogeny and phylogeny of mammalian play: An ethological hornet's nest, In: Behavioral development: The Bielefeld interdisciplinary project, ed. Immelmann, K., Barlow, G. W., Petrinovich, L & Main., M.Cambridge University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. & Jamieson, D., eds. (1990) Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives. Westview Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Benhar, E. E. & Samuel, D. (1978) A case of tool use in captive olive baboons (Papio anubis). Primates 19(2): 385–89. [aSCS]Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1964) Rationality: An essay towards analysis. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [MB]Google Scholar
Bergstrom, R. M. (1969) Electrical parameters of the brain during ontogeny. In: Brain and early behaviour, ed. Robinson, R. J.. Academic Press. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Bernstein, I. S. (1962) Response to nesting materials of wild born and captive born chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 10(1–2):1–6. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Bierens, de Haan J. (1931) Werkzeuggebrauch und Werkzeugherstellung bie einem niederen Affen (Cebus hypoleucus Humb.). Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologic 13:639–95. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Birch, H. G. (1945) The relation of previous experience to insightful problemsolving. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 38:367–83. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Blum, B. S. (1985) Developing talent in young people. Ballantine. [JDB]Google Scholar
Boesch, C. & Boesch, H. (1984) Mental map in chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transport for nutcracking. Primates 25(2):160–70. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Boinski, S. (1988) Use a club by wild white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) to attack a venomous snake (Bothrops asper). American Journal of Primatology 14(2):177–79. [rSC-S, EV]Google Scholar
Bolwig, N. (1961) An intelligent tool-using baboon. South African Journal of Science 57:147–52. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Bolwig, N. (1963) Observations on the mental and manipulative abilities of a captive baboon (Papio doguera). Behaviour 22 (1–2):24–40. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Bonner, J. T. (1988) The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection. Princeton University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Bossema, I. (1968) Recovery of acorns in the European jay. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen. Proceedings Series C 71:1–5. [IMP]Google Scholar
Boswall, J. (1977) Tool-using by birds and related behaviour. Aviculture Magazine 83:88–97; 146–59; 220–28. [IMP]Google Scholar
Boswall, J. (1978) Further notes on tool-using by birds and related behaviour. Aviculture Magazine 84:162–66. [IMP]Google Scholar
Boswall, J. (1983) Tool-using and related behaviour in birds: More notes. Aviculture Magazine 89:94–108. [IMP]Google Scholar
Boulanger, E. (1936) Apes and monkeys. London: Harrap. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Brainerd, C. J. (1978) The stage question in cognitive-developmental theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1(2):173–213. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Bühler, Ch. (1928) Kindheit und Jugend. Leipzig: Hirzel. [AK]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1984) On the origins of play. In: Play in animals and humans, ed. Smith, P. K.. Basil Blackwell. [MB]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. (1985) Animal awareness: Current perceptions and historical perspective. American Psychologist 40:905–19. [TDJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Candland, D. (1987) Tool use. In: Comparative primate biology, vol. 2B: Behavior, cognition, and motivation, ed. Mitchell, C. & Erwin, J.. Alan H. Liss. [DF]Google Scholar
Candland, D., French, J. & Johnson, C. (1978) Object play: Test of a categorized model by the genesis of object play in Macaca fuscata. In: Social play in primates, ed. Smith, E.. Academic Press. [DF]Google Scholar
Carpenter, C. R. (1934) A field study of the behavior and social relations of howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Comparative Psychology Monographs 10(2):1–168. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Carpenter, C. R. (1935) Behavior of the red spider monkeys in Panama. Journal of Mammalogy 16:171–80. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Case, R. (1985) Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. Academic Press. [rSC-S, DMF, KRG]Google Scholar
Chapman, C. A. (1986) Boa constrictor predation and group response in white-faced cebus monkeys. Biotropica 18(2):171–72. [rSC-S]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapuis, N. & Varlet, C. (1987) Shortcuts by dogs in natural surroundings. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 39B:49–64. [JRA]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1971) The ontogeny of communication in Macaca speciosa. Doctoral dissertation, University of California. Berkeley. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1974) The ontogeny of communication in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides). Contributions to primatology, vol. 2, Monograph Series. Karger. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1975) A proposed model for the analysis of primate “protoculture” in terms of intellectual abilities. Paper presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, San Francisco. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1976) The ontogeny of primate intelligence and its implications for communicative potential: A preliminary report. In: Origins and evolution of language and speech, ed. Harnad, S., Steklis, H. & Lancaster, J.. New York Academy of Sciences. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1977a) A Piagetian model for describing and comparing socialization in monkey, ape, and human infants. In: Primate bio-social development: Biological, social and ecological determinants, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E.. Garland. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1977b) Orangutan and human babies – how do they compare? Animal Kingdom 80(3):11–18. [rSC.S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1978a) Intelligence in wild Cebus monkeys and its implications for the evolution of tool use. Paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Los Angeles. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1978b) Intellectual development of orangutan and human infants. American journal of Physical Anthropology 48(3):386. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1979a) Kids: Zoo research reveals remarkable similarities in the development of human and orangutan babies… and one very special difference. Animal Kingdom 82(3):11–18. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1979b) The gestural abilities of apes. Behacioral and Brain Sciences 2:382–83. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1979c) Cognitive ability, diet, habitat use, and activity rates in three neotropical primate species. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Abstracts 50:427. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1981) The Clever Hans phenomenon, cueing and ape signing: A Piagetian analysis of methods of instructing animals. In: The Clever Hans phenomenon: Communication with horses, whales and people, ed. Sebeok, T. A. & Rosenthal, H.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 364;60–93. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1982) A cognitive analysis of facial behavior in Old World monkeys, apes, and human beings. In: Primate communication, ed Snowdon, C. T., Brown, C. H. & Petersen, M. P.. Cambridge University Press. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1983) Sensorimotor development in orangutans and other primates. Journal of Human Evolution 12:545–61. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1984) Intelligence in wild Cebus in relation to object manipulation and tool use. Paper presented at the 10th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Nairobi, Kenya. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1986) An exploration of the ontogeny of deception in human beings and nonhuman primates. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. State University of New York Press. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1988) Classification of deceptive behavior according to levels of cognitive complexity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11(2):249–51. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S., Galdikas, B. M. F. & Skolnikoff, A. Z. (1982) The adaptive significance of higher intelligence in wild orangutans: A preliminary report. journal of Human Evolution 12:545–61. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E. (1977) Primate bio-social development: Biological, social and ecological determinants. Garland. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Chiang, M. (1967) Use of tools by wild macaque monkeys in Singapore. Nature 214(5094):1258–59. [uSC-S]Google Scholar
Chisholm, A. H. (1971) The use by birds of tools and playthings. Victorian Naturalist 88:180–88. [IMP]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1975) Reflections on language. Pantheon Books. [MJ]Google Scholar
Ciochon, R. L. & Chiarelli, A. B. (1981) Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift. Plenum. [DF]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. B. & Strauss, M. S. (1979) Concept acquisition in the human infant. Child Development 50:4119–24. [MJ]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. B. & Harlow, H. F. (1961) Note on cebus monkey's use of a stick as a weapon. Psychological Reports 8:418. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Costello, M. (1987) Tool use and manufacture in manipulanda-deprived capuchins (Cebus apella): Ontogenetic and phylogenetic issues. American journal of Primatology 12:337. [rSC-S, EV]Google Scholar
Cummins, B. (1983) The nature of psychological explanation. MIT Press. [MB]Google Scholar
D'amato, M. & Colombo, M. (1988) Representation of serial order in monkeys (Cebus apella). journal of Experimental Psychology 14:131- 39. [DMF]Google Scholar
D'Amato, M., Salmon, D., Loukas, E. & Tomie, A. (1985) Symmetry and transitivity of conditional relations in monkeys (Cebus apella) and pigeons (Columba livia). Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 44:35–47. [DMF]Google Scholar
Davis, R. T., Leary, R. W., Stevens, D. A. & Thompson, R. F. (1967) Learning and perception of oddity problem by Iemurs and seven species of monkey. Primates 8:311–23. [AS]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) Hierarchical organisation. A candidate principle for ethology. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. C. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. [AK]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–55. [MT]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1988) Précis of The intentional stance. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:495–546. [MT]Google Scholar
Diamond, A. & Gilbert, J. (in press) Development as progressive inhibitory control of action: Retrieval of a contiguous object. Cognitive Development. [MJ]Google Scholar
Dissanayake, E. (1988) What is art for? University of Washington Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Dore, F. Y. & Dumas, C. (1987) Psychology of animal cognition: Piagetian studies. Psychological Bulletin 102:219–33. [MJ]Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1988) Explaining behavior: Reasons in a world of causes. MIT Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Dupré, J. (1988) Materialism, physicalism, and scientism. Philosophical Topics 16:31–56. [MB]Google Scholar
Eaton, G. (1972) Snowball construction by a feral troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) living under semitsatural conditions. Primates 13:411–14. [DF]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. (1987) Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection. Basic Books. [JDB, MB]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. & Sielmann, H. (1962) Beobachtungen am Spechtfinken (Cactospiza pallida) [Sciater und Salvin]. journal of Ornithology 103:92–101. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Eisenberg, J. F. (1981) The mammalian radiations: An analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior. University of Chicago Press, [MB]Google Scholar
Fagan, B. (1981) Animal play behavior. Oxford University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Falk, D. (1981) Comparative study of the endocranial casts of New and Old World monkeys. In: Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift, ed. Ciochon, R. L. & Chiarelli, A. B.. Plenum. [DF]Google Scholar
Flavell, J. H. (1963) The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget. Van Nostrand. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Flavell, J. H. (1971) Stage related properties of cognitive development. Cognitive Psychology 2:421–53. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Flavell, J. H. (1982) Structures, stages, and sequences in cognitive development. In: The concept of development, The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, vol. 15, ed. Collins, W. A.. Erlbaum. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [MJ]Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D. M. (1986) The social context of manipulative behavior in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Primate Report 14:177. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D. & Adams-Curtis, L. E. (1987) Manipulative behaviors in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Presented at the 20th International Ethological Congress, Madison, Wisconsin. [DMF]Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D. & Adams-Curtis, L. E. (1987) (Submitted) Manipulation in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) I. Comparison of form and frequency of manipulation in adults, juveniles, and infants.Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D. & Visalberghi, E. (1987) Behaviors of tufted capuchins toward problems requiring the use of tools: Social aspects of learning and exploitation. American Journal of Primatology 12:342. [rSC-S, EV]Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D. & Visalberghi, E. (1987-a) Factors influencing the spread of novel behavior within groups of capuchins. International Journal of Primatology 8:429. [AS]Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D. & Visalberghi, E. (1988) Factors influencing the spread of novel behaviors within groups of capuchins. Presented at the 12th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Brasilia. [DMF]Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D. & Visalberghi, E. (1988) (in press) Social influences on the acquisition and use of tools in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). journal of Comparative Psychology.[DMF, EV]Google Scholar
Frank, H. & Frank, M. G. (1985) Comparative manipulation-test performance in ten-week-old wolves (Canis lupus) and Alaskan malamutes (Canis familiaris): A Piagetian interpretation. journal of Comparative Psychology 99:266–74. [EMM]Google Scholar
Freese, C. H. & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1981) The capuchin monkeys, genus Cebus. In: Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, vol. 1, ed. Coimbra-Filho, A. F. & Mittermeier, R. A.. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. [AS]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1905) Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie. Vienna: Deutickc. (English translation: Standard edition of the complete psychological works, VII, 125–245.) Hogarth. [AK]Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. (1988) Imitation in animals: History, definition, and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory. In: Psychological and biological perspectives, ed. Zentall, T. & Galef, B. G.. Erlbaum. [rSC-S, DMF]Google Scholar
Cazzaniga, M. S. (1985) The social brain: Discovering the networks of the mind. Basic Books. [MB]Google Scholar
Cazzaniga, M. S. (1988) Mind matters: How the mind and brain interact to create our conscious lives. Mufflin. [MB]Google Scholar
Gelman, R. & Baillargeon, B. (1983) A review of some Piagetian concepts. In: Handbook of child psychology, ed. Mussen, P. H.. Vol. 3: Cognitive development. John Wiley. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Gesell, A. (1954) The first five years of life. Methuen. [AK]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1970) Sequence of myelinization in the brain of Macaca mulatta. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. [STP]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1977) Brain structure and intelligence in macaques and human infants from a Piagetian perspective. In: Primate biosocial behavior, ed. ChevalierSkolnikoff, S. & Poirer, F.. Garland. [rSC-S, KRG, STP]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1981) Comparative neuroontogeny, its implications for the development of human intelligence. In: Infancy and epistemology, ed. Butterworth, C.. Harvester Press. [rSC-S, ERG]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1983) Comparative neurobehavioral ontogeny and the constructionist approach to the evolution of the brain, object manipulation and language. In: Clossogenetics: The origin and evolution of language, ed de Crolier, E.. Harwood Academic. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1983-a) Comparative neurobehavioral ontogeny: The constructionist perspective in the evolution of language, object manipulation and the brain. In: Glossogenetics, ed. de Grolier, E.. Academic Press. [KRG, STP]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1985) Has the evolution of intelligence stagnated since Neanderthal Man? In: Evolution and development, ed. Butterworth, C., Rutkowska, J. & Scaife, M.. Harvester Press. [KRG]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1986) Cognition, brain size, and the extraction of embedded foods. In: Primate ontogeny, cognition, and social behavior, ed. Else, J. C. ↦ Lee, P. C.. Cambridge University Press. [KRG, STP]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1988) Brain size and the evolution of language. In: The genesis of language: A different judgement of evidence, ed. Landsberg, M.. Mouton de Gruyer. [KRG]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1988) (in press) The ontogeny and evolution of the brain, cognition and language. In: Handbook of symbolic intelligence, ed. Lock, A. & Peters, C.. Oxford University Press. [KRG]Google Scholar
Ginsburg, H. & Opper, S. (1969) Piaget's theory of intellectual development: An introduction. Prentice-Hall. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, S. (1982) The resilience of recursion: A study of a communication system developed without a conventional language model.In: Language acquisition: The state of the art, ed. Wanner, E. & Gleitman, L. R.. Cambridge University Press. [MJ]Google Scholar
Gomez, J. C. (1986) The development of intentional communication as a problem-solving strategy in the gorilla. Primate Report 14:178. [KAB]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1984) Evolutionary trends and evolutionary origins: Relevance to theory in comparative psychology. Psychological Review 91:448–56. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, C. (1987) The developmental basis of evolutionary change. Journal of Comparative Psychology 101:262–72. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G., Johnston, T. D. & Scoville, R. P. (1982) Conceptions of development and the evolution of behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:284. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1984) Animal thinking. Harvard University Press. [MB, IMP]Google Scholar
Hall, K. R. L. (1963) Tool-using performances as indicators of behavioral adaptability. Current Anthropology 4(5):479–94. [aSC-S, JRA, SS-R]Google Scholar
Hallock, M. B. & Worobey, J. (1984) Cognitive development in chimpanzee infants (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Human Evolution 13:441- 47. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. J., III Buskirk, R. E. & Buskirk, W. H. (1975) Defensive stoning by baboons. Nature 256(5517):488–89. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. J., III Buskirk, R. E. & Buskirk, W. H. (1978) Environmental determinants of object manipulation by chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in two Southern African environments. Journal of Human Evolution 7:205–16. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. J. III & Tilson, R. L. (1985) Fishing baboons at desert waterholes. American Journal of Primatology 8:255–57. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Harcourt, A. H. (1988) Alliances in contests and social intelligence. In: Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans, ed. Byrne, R. & Whitten, A.. Oxford University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Harding, C. (1984) Acting with intention: A framework for examining the development of the intention to communicate. In: Origins and growth communication, ed. Feagans, L., Garvey, C. & Golinkoff, R.. Ablex. [KAB]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1951) Primate learning. In: Comparative psychology, ed. Stone, C. P. (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall. [aSC-S].Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1959) Learning set and error factor theory. In: Psychology: Study of a science, vol. 2, ed. Koch, S., Harlow, H. F.McGraw-Hill. [AS]Google Scholar
Hartshorne, C. (1973) Born to sing. Indiana University Press. [IMP]Google Scholar
Harvey, P. H. & Read, A. F. (1988) How and why do mammalian life histories vary? In: Evolution of life-histories of mammals: Theory and pattern, ed. Boyce, M. S.. Yale University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C. (1976) The imaginary pulltoy-pretend play. In: Play, its role in development and evolution, ed. Bruner, J. S., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K.. Basic Books. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C. & Brownatein, A. J. (1986) Mentalism, behavior-behavior relations, and a behavior-analytic view of the purposes of science. The Behavior Analyst 9:175–90. [MNB]Google Scholar
Hempel, C. C. (1966) Philosophy of natural science. Prentice-Hall. [MB]Google Scholar
Hernandez-Camacho, J. & Cooper, R. W. (1976) The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In: Neotropical primates: Field studies and conservation, ed. Thorington, R. W. & Heltne, P. C.. National Academy of Sciences. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Hilborn, R. & Stearns, S. C. (1982) On inference in ecology and evolutionary biology: The problems of multiple causes. Acta Biotheoretica 31:145- 64. [MB]Google Scholar
Hill, W. C. O. (1960) Primates: Comparative anatomy and taxonomy, vol. 4: Cebidae, part A. Edinburgh University Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Hodos, W. & Campbell, C. B. G. (1969) Scala naturae: Why there is no theory in comparative psychology. Psychological Review 76:337–50. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Hooker, D. (1958) Evidence of prenatal function of the central nervous system in man. American Museum of Natural History. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Humphrey, T. (1964) Some correlations between the appearance of human fetal reflexes and the development of the nervous system. Progress in Brain Research 4:93–135. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Humphrey, T. (1969) Postnatal repetition of human prenatal activity sequences with some suggestions of their neuroanatomical basis. In: Brain and early behaviour, ed. Robinson, R. J.. Academic Press. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Inhelder, B., Sinclair, H. & Bovet, M. (1974) Learning and the development of cognition. Harvard University Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Itani, J. (1958) On the acquisition of and propagation of a new food habit in the troop of Japanese monkeys at Takasakiyama. Primates 1:84–98.Google Scholar
Itani, J. (English translation in [1965] Japanese monkeys, a collection of translations, ed. Imanishi, K. & Altman, S.. University of Alberta Press.) [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Itani, J. & Nishimura, A. (1973) The study of infrahuman culture in Japan. In: Precultural primate behavior, Symposium of the 4th International Congress of Primatology, vol. 1. S. Karger.[aSC-S]Google Scholar
Jacobsen, C. F., Jacobson, M. M. & Yoshioka, J. C. (1932) Development of an infant chimpanzee during her first year. Comparative Psychology Monographs 9:1–94. [aSC-S].Google Scholar
Jacobson, S. W. (1979) Matching behavior in the young infant. Child Development 50(2):425–30. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Janes, S. W. (1976) The apparent use of rocks by a raven in nest defense. Condor 78:409. [IMP]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1973) Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Academic Press [MB, KRG]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1988) Evolutionary biology of intelligence: The nature of the problem. In: Intelligence and evolutionary biology, ed. Jerison, H. J. & Jerison, I.. Springer-Verlag. [MB]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. & Jerison, I., eds. (1988) Intelligence and evolutionary biology. Springer-Verlag. [MB]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. (1988) Out for tha count. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11(4):589. [MJ]Google Scholar
Johnson, T. D. (1984) Development and the origin of behavioral strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:108–9. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Johnson, T. D. (1985) An ana genetic approach to a general theory of learning. Presented at symposium on “General Theory in Comparative Psychology.’ American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, August. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Jolly, A. (1964) Prosimians' manipulation of simple object problems. Animal Behaviour 12:560–70. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Jolly, A. (1972) The evolution of primate behaviour. In: The Macmillan series in physical anthropology. Macmillan/Collier Macmillan. [MJ, AS]Google Scholar
Jones, T. & Kamil, A. C. (1973) Tool-making and tool-using in the northern blue jay. Science 180:1076–78. [IMP]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. & Balda, B. P. (1985) Cache recovery and spatial memory in Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraqa columbiana). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 11:95–111. [TDJ, IMP]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1978) On stage: The importance of being a nonconserver. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1(2): 188–90. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1986) From meta-processes to a conscious access: Evidence from children's metalinguistic and repair data. Cognition 23:95–147. [MJ]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1989) Language and cognition: Modular versus nonmodular. Human Development. [MJ]Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. (1962) Ecology and social behavior of the coati, Nasua narica, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. University of Californio Publications in Zoology 60:95–222. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Kawamura, S. (1959) The process of sub-culture propagation among Japanese macaques. Primates 2:43–60. [aSC-S. DF]Google Scholar
Kellogg, W. N. & Kellogg, L. A. (1933) The ape and the child. McGrawHill. [AK]Google Scholar
Kitahara-Frisch, J. & Norikoshi, K. (1982) Spontaneous sponge-making in captive chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 11:41–47. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Klein, L. (1974) Agonistic behavior in neotropical primates. In: Primate aggression, territoriality, and xenophobia, ed. Halloway, B.. Academic Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Klüver, H. (1933) Behavior mechanisms in monkeys. University of Chicago Press. [arSC-S, STP, EV]Google Scholar
Klüver, H. (1937) Re-examination of implement-using behavior in a Cebus monkey after an interval of three years. Acta Psychologica 2:347–97. [aSC-S, EV]Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1925) The mentality of apes. Harcourt, Brace, & World.[EWM]Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1927) The mentality of apes, 2nd ed. (translated by Winter, E., 1959). Vintage Books. [arSC-S, PMG]Google Scholar
Kortlandt, A. (1955) Aspects and prospects of the concept of instinct. Archives néerlandafses de Zoologie 11:157–284 (and separately published). Leiden: Brill. [AK]Google Scholar
Kortlandt, A. & Kooij, M. (1963) Protohominid behavior in primates. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 10:61–88. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Kruijt, J. P. (1964) Ontogeny of social behaviour in Burmese Red Jungle- fowl (Gallus galtus spadiceus). Behaviour Supplement. 2.Leiden: Brill. [AK]Google Scholar
Langer, J. (1988) A note on the comparative psychology of mental development. In: Ontology, phylology & historical development, ed. Strauss, S.. Ablex. [MJ]Google Scholar
LeCompte, G. K. & Gratch, G. (1972) Violation of a rule as a method of diagnosing infants' levels of object concept. Child Development 43:385- 96. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. & Keeble, S. (1987) Do six-month-old infnts perceive casuality? Cognition 25:265–88. [rSC-S, MJ]Google Scholar
Lethrnate, J. (1979) Instrumental behavior of zoo orangutans. Journal of Human Evolution 8:741–44. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Lethrnate, J. (1982) Tool-using skills of orangutans. Journal of Human Evolution 11:49–64. [arSC-S, GCW]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. & Tinbergen, N. (1938) Taxis und Instinkthandlung im der Eirollbewegung der Graugans. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 2(1):1–29.Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1982) Brain and intelligence in vertebrates.Oxford University Press. [MB, EMM]Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1987) The comparative psychology of intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:645–95. [MB]Google Scholar
Mandler, J. M. (1983) Representation. In: Handbook of child psychology, fourth edition, ed. Mussen, P. H.. (Vol. 3: Cognitive development, ed. Flavell, J. H. & Markman, E. M..) John Wiley. [rSC-S, MJ]Google Scholar
Mandler, J. M. (1988) How to build a baby: On the development of an accessible representational system. Cognitive Development 3:113–36. [MJ]Google Scholar
Maratos, O. (1973) The origin and development of imitation in the first six months of life. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Geneva. (Cited in Jacobson 1979.) [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Maratos, O. (1982) Trends in the development of imitation in early infancy. In: Regressions in mental development: Basic phenomena and theories, ed. Bever, T. G.. Erlbaum. [MJ]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1984) Multiple perspectives on modularity. Cognition 17:209–42. [MJ]Google Scholar
Mathieu, M. & Bergeron, G. (1981) Piagetian assessment on cognitive development in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). In: Primate behavior and sociobiology, ed. Chiarelli, A. B. & Corruccini, R. S.. SpringerVerlag. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Mathieu, M., Bouchard, M.-A., Granger, L. & Herscovitch, J. (1976) Piagetian object-permanence in Cebus capucinus, Lagothrica flavicauda and Pan troglodytes. Animal Behaviour 24(3):585–88. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Mathieu, M., Daudelin, N., Dagenais, Y. & Decarie, T. G. (1980) Piagetian causality in two house-reared chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Canadian Journal of Psychology 34(2):179–86. [arSC-S, KAB]Google Scholar
McGrew, W. C. (1977) Socializatiois and object rnanipulatiob of wild chimpanzees. In: Primate bio-social development: Biological, social, and ecological determinants, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E.. Garland. [aSC-S, GCW]Google Scholar
McGrew, W. C. (1988) Brains, hands, and minds: Puzzling incongruities in ape tool-use. Presented at the “Use of the Tool in Primates” Fyssen Foundation Symposium, Paris, 11. [JRA]Google Scholar
McKendry, W. G. (1973) Carrion crow persistently “playing” with object. British Birds 66:400–401. [IMP]Google Scholar
Meador, D. M.Rumbaugh, D. M., Pate, J. L. & Bard, K. A. (1987) Learning, problem solving, cognition, and intelligence. In: Comparative primate biology, vol. 2B: Behavior, cognition, and motivation, ed. Mitchell, G. & Erwin, J.. Alan R. Liss. [DF]Google Scholar
Mehler, J. & Bertoncini, J. (1988) Development: A question of properties not change? International Social Science Journal 115:121–35. [MJ]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1981) Imitation, intermodal co-ordination, and representation in early infancy. In: Infancy and epistemology, ed Butterworth, G.. Harvester Press. [MJ]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1982) Imitation, intermodal co-ordination and representation in early infancy. In: Infancy and epistemology: An evaluation of Piaget's theory, ed. Butterworth, G.. St. Martin's Press. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1988) Infant imitation after a 1-week delay: Long-term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology 24:470–76. [DMF]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, K. M. (1977) Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science 1198:75–78. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, K. M. (1983) The origins of imitation in infancy: Paradigm, phenomena, and theories. In: Advances in infancy research, vol. 2, ed. Lipsett, L. P.. Ablex. [DMF]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. Jr (1970) Menzel reporting on spontaneous use of poles as ladders. Delta primate report, Tulane University, 12. [sSC-S]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., (1972) Spontaneous invention of ladders in a group of young chimpanzees. Folio Primatologica 17:87–106. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., (1973) Chimpanzee spatial memory organization. Science 182:943–45. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., (1978) Cognitive mapping in chimpanzees. In: Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. Hulse, S., Fowler, H. & Honig, W.. Erlbaum. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., (1988) Mindless behaviorism, bodiless cognitivism, or primatology? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11(2):258–59. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., Davenport, R. K. & Rogers, Ch. M. (1970) The development of tool using in wild-born and restriction-reared chimpanzees. Folio Primatologica 12:273–83. [aSC-S, EWM]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. & Juno, C. (1985) Social foraging in marmoset monkeys and the question of intelligence. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B308:145–58. [EWM]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. & Lawson, J. (1985) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) spatial problem solving with the use of mirrors and televised equivalents of mirrors. Journal of Comparative Psychology 99:211–17. [EWM]Google Scholar
Mignault, C. (1985) Transition between sensorimotor and symbolic activities in nursery-reared chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Human Evolution 14:747–58. [arSC-S, SS-R]Google Scholar
Milne, D., Raup, D., Billingham, J., Niklaus, K. & Padian, K. (1985) The evolution of complex and higher organisms. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [MB]Google Scholar
Milton, K. (1981) Distribution patterns of tropical plant foods as an evolutionary stimulus to primate mental development. American Anthropologist 83:534–48. [JRA]Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1984) An introduction to comparative psychology. Walter Scott. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Moynihan, M. (1976) The New World primates: Adaptive radiation and the evolution of social behavior, languages, and intelligence. Princeton University Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Napier, J. R. & Napier, P. H. (1967) A handbook of living primates. Academic Press. [aSC-S, MJ]Google Scholar
Natale, F. (in press) Causality II: The stick problem. In: Cognitive structure and development, ed. Antinucci, F.. Erlbaum. [STP]Google Scholar
Natale, F. & Antinucci, F. (in press) Stage 6 object-concept and representation. In: Cognitive structure and development of nonhuman primates, ed. Antinucci, F.. Erlbaum. [DMF]Google Scholar
Natale, F., Antinucci, F., Spinozzi, G. & Poti', P. (1986) Stage 6 object concept in nonhuman primate cognition: A comparison between gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Journal of Comparative Psychology 100(4):335–39. [rSC-S, KAB]Google Scholar
Natale, F., Poti', P. & Spinozzi, G. (1988) Development of tool use in a macaque and a gorilla. Primates 29(3):413–16. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Nelson, K. (1978) Structural and developmental explanations: Stages in theoretical development. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1(2):196- 97. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Nichelson, S. A. & Lockhart, J. S. (1978) Ethogram of Celebes monkeys (Macaca nigra) in two captive habitats. Primates 19:437–47. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Nishida, T. & Hiraiwa, M. (1982) Natural history of a tool-using behavior by wild chimpanzees in feeding upon wood-boring ants. Journal of Human Evolution 11:73–99. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Nolte, A. (1958) Beobachtungen über das Instinktverhalten von Kapuzineraffen (Cebus apella L.) in der Gefangenschaft. Behaviour 12(3): 183–207. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Page, S. & Neuringer, A. (1985) Variability is an operant. Journal of Experimental Psychology 11(3):429–52. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Parker, C. E. (1974) The antecedents of man the manipulator. Journal of Human Evolution 3:493–500. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Parker, C. E. (1974-a) Behavioral diversity in ten species of nonhuman primates. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 87:930–37. [SS-R]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. (1973) Piaget's sensorimotor series in an infant macaque: The organization of nonstereotyped behavior in the evolution of intelligence. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. [rSC-S, STP]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. (1977) Piaget's sensorimotor series in an infant macaque: A model for comparing unstereotyped behavior and intelligence in human and nonhuman primates. In: Primate bio-social development: Biological, social, and ecological determinants, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E.. Garland. [arSC-S, KRG, STP]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. (1985) A social-technological model for the evolution of language. Current Anthropology 26(5):617–39. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R. (1977) Object manipulation, tool use, and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in cebus monkeys and great apes. Journal of Human Evolution 6:623–41. [arSC-S, KRG, IMP, STP, SS-R, MT, EV, GCW]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R. (1979) A developmental model for the evolution of language and intelligence in early hominids. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2(3):367–408. [arSC-S, KRG, TDJ, STP, MT]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R. (in press) Comparative developmental psychology of language and intelligence in primates. Cambridge University Press. [DMF]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Poti', P. (1988) A Piagetian microanalysis of intelligent use of sticks by captive Cebus monkeys and its development. American Journal of Primatology 14:436. [EV]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Poti', P. (in press) The role of innate fixed-action-patterns in ontogenetic and experiential development of intelligent use of sticks in cebus monkeys. In: Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Development perspectives, ed. Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R.. Cambridge University Press. [STP]Google Scholar
Parsonson, B. S. & Baer, D. M. (1978) Teaching generalized improvisation of tool use. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 11:363–80.[JDB]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. A. (1970) A mathematical model for the transition rule in Piaget's developmental stages. Acta Psychologica 32:301–45. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Patterson, F. (1978) Conversations with a gorilla. National Geographic 154:438–65. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Peiper, A. (1963) Cerebral function in infancy and childhood. International Behavioral Sciences Series, Consultants Bureau. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Pepperberg, I. M. & Kozak, F. A. (1986) Object permanence in the African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Animal Learning & Behavior 14:322–30. [IMP]Google Scholar
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative neurology 228:105–16. [DF]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1951) Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood. (Translated by Gattegno, C. & Hodgson, F. M..) Norton. [aSC-S, KAB]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1952) The origins of intelligence in children. (Translated by Cook, M..) International Universities Press. [aSC-S, STP]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1954) The construction of reality in the child. Basic Books. [KAB, STP]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1963) The child's conception of space. (Translated by Langdon, F. J. & Lunzer, J. L..) Routledge & Kegan Paul. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Piatelli-Palmarini, M.. ed (1980) Language and learning: The debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. Harvard University Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Pickford, M. (1975) Matters arising – defensive stoning by baboons. Nature 258:549–50. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Platt, J. R. (1964) Strong iisference. Science 146:347–53. [MB]Google Scholar
Plooij, F. X. (1980/1984) The behavioural development of free-living chimpanzee babies and infants (Ph.D. thesis, Groningen, 1980; Ablex, 1984). [AK]Google Scholar
Poti', P. & Parker, S. T. (1989) The role of innate fixed-action-patterns in ontogenetic and experiential development of intelligent use of sticks in cebus monkeys. In: Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Development perspectives, ed. Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K.. Cambridge University Press. [EV]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1973) Behavior: The control of perception. Aldine. [AK]Google Scholar
Pryor, K. W., Haag, R. & O'Reilly, J. (1969) The creative porpoise: Training for novel behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:653–61. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Redshaw, M. (1978) Cognitive development in human and gorilla infants. Journal of human Evolution 7:133–41. [arSC-S, KAB]Google Scholar
Reid, J. B. (1978) An example of tool use in the rock Corvus frugilegus frugilegus. Abstract, poster presentation, 18th International Ornithological Congress. [IMP]Google Scholar
Rensch, B. (1959) Evolution above the species level. Columbia University Press. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Reynolds, P. C. (1983) Ape constructional ability and the origin of linguistic structure. In: Glossogenetics, ed. de Grolier, E.. Academic Press. [KRG]Google Scholar
Riley, C. A. & Trabasso, T. (1974) Comparative, logical structures, and encoding in a transitive inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology 17:187–203. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Robinson, J. G. & Janson, C. H. (1987) Capuchins, squirrel monkeys, and atelines: Socioecological convergence with Old World primates. In: Primate societies, ed. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. & Struhsaker, T. T.. University of Chicago Press. [AS]Google Scholar
Rogoff, B. & Wertsch, J. (1984) Children's learning in the “Zone of proximal development.” Jossey-Bass. [DMF]Google Scholar
Roitblat, H., Bever, T. & Terrace, H. (1984) Animal cognition. Erlbaum. [DMF]Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1882) Animal intelligence, 2nd ed. Kegan Paul, Trench. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1883) Mental evolution in animals. Kegan Paul. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M. & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 8:382–439. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Rosenfield, I. (1988) The invention of memory: A new view of the brain. Basic Books. [MB]Google Scholar
Rumbaugh, D. M. (1970) Learning skills of anthropoids. In: Primate behavior, vol. 1, ed. Rosenblum, L.. Academic Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Rutkowska, J. C. (1987) Computational models and developmental psychology. In: Computers, cognition, and development: Issues for psychology and education. ed. Rutkowska, J. C. & Cook, C.. Wiley. [MJ]Google Scholar
Savage, A., Dronzek, L. A. & Snowdon, C. T. (1987) Color discrimination by cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) and its relationship to fruit coloration. Folia Primatologica 49:57–69. [AS]Google Scholar
Savage, A. & Snowdon, C. T. (1982) Mental retardation and neurological deficits in a twin orangutan. American Journal of Primatology 3:239- 51. [arSC-S, AS]Google Scholar
Schiller, P. H. (1952) Innate constituents of complex responses in primates. Psychological Review (59):177–91. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Schiller, P. H. (1957) Motor action as a basis of learning: Manipulative patterns in the chimpanzees. In: Instinctive behavior: The development of a modern concept, ed. Schiller, C. H.. International Universities Press. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Schrier, A. M. (1984) Learning how to learn: The significance and current status of learning set formation. Primates 25(1):95–102. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Schulman, S. (1973) Impaired tool-using behavior in monkeys from bilateral destruction of the dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus. Translation of the American Neurological Association 98:138–41. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Schultz, A. (1961) Some features influencing the social life of primates in general and of early man in particular. In: Social life of early man, ed. Washburn, S. L.. Aldine. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Schurcliff, A., Brown, D. & Stollnitz, F. (1971) Specificity of training required for solution of a stick problem by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto). Learning and Motivation 2:255–70. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Sebeok, T. A. (1968) Discussion of communication processes. In: Social communication among primates, ed. Altman, S. A.. University of Chicago Press. [IMP]Google Scholar
Sigg, H. (1986) Ranging patterns in hamadryas baboons: Evidence for a mental map. In: Primate ontogeny, cognition, and social behavior, ed. Else, J. G. & Lee, P. C.. Cambridge University Press. [rSC-S, JRA]Google Scholar
Simpson, D. C. (1976) The functioning hand, the human advantage. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 21:329–40. [GCW]Google Scholar
Sinclair, H. (1971) Sensori-motor action patterns as the condition for the acquisition of syntax. In: Language acquisition: Models and methods, ed. Huxley, B. & Ingrams, . Academic Press. [MJ]Google Scholar
Slater, A., Morison, V. & Rose, D. (1983) Perception of shape by the new' born baby. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1:135–42. [MJ]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1984) The nature of selection: Evolutionary theory in philosophical focus. MIT Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Spelke, E. S. (1982) Perceptual knowledge of objects in infancy. In: Perspectives on mental representation, ed. Mehler, J., Walker, E. & Garrett, M.. Erlbaum. [MJ]Google Scholar
Spinozzi, G. & Natale, F. (1986) The interaction between prehension and locomotion in macaque, gorilla and child cognitive development. In: Primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour, ed Else, J. G. & Lee., P. C.Cambridge University Press. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Starkey, P. & Cooper, R. G. (1980) Perception of number by human infants. Science 200:1033–35. [MJ]Google Scholar
Stephan, H. (1972) Evolution of primate brains: A comparative anatomical investigation. In: The functional and evolutionary biology of primates, ed. Tuttle, R.. Aldine-Atherton. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Powell, J. S. (1983) The development of intelligence. In: Handbook of child psychology, ed. Mussen, P. H.. Vol. 3: Cognitive development. John Wiley. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
Struhsaker, T. T. (1975) The red colobus monkey. University of Chicago Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Struhsaker, T. T. & Leland, L. (1977) Palm-nut smashing by Cebus a apella in Colombia. Biotropica 9(2):124–26. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Sugarman, S. (1984) The development of preverbal communication: Its contribution and limits in promoting the development of language. In: The acquisition of communicative competence, ed. Schiefelbusch, R. L. & Pickar, J.. University Park Press. [KAB]Google Scholar
Tayler, C. K. & Saayman, G. S. (1973) Imitative behavior by Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in captivity. Behavior 44(3–4):286–98. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Terborgh, J. (1983) Five New World primates: A study in comparative ecology. Princeton University Press. [rSC-S, AS]Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1898) Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the association process in animals. Psychological Review, Monograph Supplement Series 2, No. 8. [EWM]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1956) Learning and instinct in animals. Methuen. [EV]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Davis-Dasilva, M., Bard, K. & Camak, L. (1987) Observational learning of tool use by young chimpanzees. Human Evolution 2(2):175–83. [rSC-S, MT. EV]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., George, B., Kruger, A., Farrar, J. & Evans, A. (1985) The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 14:175–86. [MT]Google Scholar
Torigoe, T. (1985) Comparisons of object manipulation among 74 species of non-human primates. Primates 26(2):182–94. [rSC-S, JRA, DMF, SS-R]Google Scholar
Torigoe, T. (1987) Further report on object manipulation in nonhuman primates: A comparison within 13 species of the genus Macaca. Primates 28(4):533- 38. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Užiris, I. C. & Hunt, J., McV, . (1975) Assessment in infancy: Ordinal scales of psychological development. University of Illinois Press. [arSC-S]Google Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968) The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behavior Monographs 1:161–311. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1970) Tool-using in primates and other vertebrates. In: Advances in the study of behavior, vol. 3, ed. Lehrman, D. S., Hinds, H. A. & Shaw, E. E.. Academic Press. [aSC-S, SS-R, GCW]Google Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1973) Cultural elements in a chimpanzee community. In: Precultural primate behavior, ed. Menzel, E.. Symposia of the Fourth International Congress of Primatology. S. Karger. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J., van Lawick, H. & Packer, C. (1973) Tool-use in free-living baboons in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Nature 241(5386):212–13. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Vauclair, J. (1982). Sensorimotor intelligence in human and nonhuman primates. Journal of Human Evolution 11:257–64. [KAB, MT[Google Scholar
Vauclair, J. & Bard, K. A. (1983). Development of manipulations with objects in ape and human infants. Journal of Human Evolution 12:631–45. [rSC-S, KAB]Google Scholar
Vaughter, R. M., Smotherman, W. & Ordy, J. M. (1972) Development of object permanence in the infant squirrel monkey. Developmental Psychology 7:34–38. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Vevers, G. M. & Weiner, J. S. (1963) Use of a tool by a captive capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 10:115–18. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Vincent, F. (1973) Utilization spontanée d' outils chez le mandrill (Primate). Mammalia 37:277–80. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Vinter, A., De Nobili, G. L., Pellegrinetti, G. & Cioni, G. (1982) Auditory- visual co-ordination in neonates and infants. Infant Behaviour and Development 5:250. [rSC-S, MJ]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. (1986) The acquisition of tool-use behavior in two capuchin monkey groups (Cebus apella). Primate Report 14:226. [rSC-S, EV]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. (1987-a) Acquisition of nut-cracking behaviour by 2 capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Folia Primatologica 49:168–81. [rSC-S, JRA, EV[Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. (1987-b) Instrumental behavior in capuchiiss: Overview of characteristics and limits. International Journal of Primatology 8(5):430. [KAB, EV]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. (1988) Responsiveness to objects in two social groups of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). American journal of Primatology 15:349- 60. [rSC-S, SS-R]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. (1988-a) Tool use in capuchins: Overview of its characteristics and limits. A comparison with other species. Presented at the 12th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Brasilia. [DMF]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. (in press) Tool use in Cebus. Folia Primatologica. [EV]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. & Fragaszy, D. (1989) Do monkeys ape? In: Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Developmental perspectives, ed. Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R.. Cambridge University Press. [STP, EV[Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. (in press) Do monkeys ape? In: Comparative developmental psychology of language and intelligence in primates. Academic Press. [DMF]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. & Trinca, L. (1989) Tool use in capuchin monkeys: Distinguishing between performing and understanding. Primates 30(4). [DM F, EV]Google Scholar
Walker, S. (1983) Animal thought. Routlvdge & Kegan Paul. [MB]Google Scholar
Warden, C. J., Koch, A. M. & Fjeld, H. A. (1940) Instrumentation in cebus and rhessis monkeys. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 56:297–310. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Warren, J. M. (1973) Learning in vertebrates. In: Comparative psychology, ed. Dewsbury, D. A. & Rethlingshafer, D. A.. McGraw-Hill. [AS]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1914) Behavior: An introduction to comparative psychology. Holt. [TDJ]Google Scholar
Webb, N. G. (1977) Symbolic thinking in dolphins. Search: The Journal of Under Sea Archaeology 1(1):38–44. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Weinberg, S. M. & Candland, D. K. (1981) “Stone-grooming” in Macaca fuscata. American Journal of Primatology 1:465–68. [DF[Google Scholar
Westergaard, G. C. (1988) Lion-tailed macaqucs (Macaca silenus) manufacture and use tools. Journal of Comparative Psychology 102(2):152–59. [rSCS, GCW]Google Scholar
Westergaard, G. C. & Fragaszy, D. M. (1985) Effects of manipulable objects on the activity of captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Zoo Biology 4:317–27. [rSC-S, DMF, EV, GCW]Google Scholar
Westergaard, G. C. (1987) The manufacture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology 101(2):159–68. [rSC-S, DMF, STP, EV, GCW]Google Scholar
Willats, P. & Rosie, K. (1988) Planning by 12-month-old infants. BPS Developmental Psychology Conference. Coleg Harlech. [MJ]Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S. (1978) Synchronies in mental development: An epigenetic perspective. Science 202(4371):939–48. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Wise, K. L., Wise, L. A. & Zimmerman, R. R. (1974) Piagetian object permanence in the infant rhesus monkey. Developmental Psychology 10:429–37. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Wolff, P. H. (1968) The serial organization of sucking in the young infant. Pediatrics 42:943–56. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Wyler, A. R. & Prim, M. M. (1976) Operant conditioning of tonic neuronal firing rates from single units of monkey motor cortex. Brain Research 117:498–502. [JDB]Google Scholar
Yakolev, P.M & Lecours, A. H. (1967) Myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Regional development of the brain in early life, ed. Minkowsky, A.. Davis, F. A.. [rSC-S]Google Scholar
Yando, R., Seitz, V. & Zigler, E. (1978) Imitation: A developmental perspective. Erlbaum. [DMF]Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. M. & Yerkes, A. W. (1929) The great apes: A study of anthropoid life. Yale University Press. [aSC-S]Google Scholar
Zentall, T. R. & Galef, B. G. (1988) Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives. Erlbaum. [DMF, EV]Google Scholar