Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T12:53:24.447Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Warren's physical correlate theory: Correlation does not imply causation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Donald D. Dorfman
Donald D. Dorfman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Warren's major contention is that judgments of subjective magnitude are not possible, and therefore subjects base such judgments upon physical correlates of the dimension in question. It would appear that Warren's theory will almost surely fail as a comprehensive model, even though it does provide a heuristic account of judgments of loudness and brightness. In order for the theory to succeed, Warren must specify a physical correlate for judgments of every subjective attribute that has yielded orderly data with Stevens's scaling procedures.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , June 1981 , pp. 192 - 193
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adrian, E. D. & Matthews, R. (1927) The action of light on the eye: I. The discharge of impulses in the optic nerve and its relation to the electric changes in the retina. Journal of Physiology 63:378–414. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, G. D. (1971) Acoustic level and vocal effort as cues for the loudness of speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49:1831–41. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, N. H. (1970) Functional measurement and psychophysical judgment. Psychological Review 77:153–70. [DWC, HE, RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, N. H. (1974) Algebraic models in perception. In: Handbook of perception, Vol. II, ed. Carterette, E. C. & Friedman, M. P.. New York: Academic Press. [NHA]Google Scholar
Anderson, N. H. (1977) Note on functional measurement and data analysis. Perception and Psychophysics 21:201–15. [BSchn]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, N. H. (1979) Algebraic rules in psychological measurement. American Scientist 67:555–63. [NHA]Google Scholar
Attneave, F. (1962) Perception and related areas. In: Psychology: A study of a science, Volume 4, ed. Koch, S.. New York: McGraw-Hill. [RMW]Google Scholar
Baird, J. C. (1970a) A cognitive theory of psychophysics. I. Information transmission, partitioning, and Weber's law. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 11:35–46. [JCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baird, J. C. (1970b) A cognitive theory of psychophysics. II. Fechner's law and Stevens' law. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 11:89–102. [JCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baird, J. C. (1970c) Psychophysical analysis of visual space. Oxford: Pergamon. [JCB]Google Scholar
Baird, J. C.; Creen, D. M. & Luce, R. D. (1980) Variability and sequential effects in cross-modality matching of area and loudness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 6:277–89. [JCB, RDL, WAY]Google ScholarPubMed
Baker, K. E. & Dudek, F. J. (1955) Weight scales from ratio judgments and comparisons of existent weight scales. Journal of Experimental Psychology 50:293–308. [HE. RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Békésy, G. von. (1938) Ueber die Entstehung der Entfernungsempfindung beim Hören. Akustische Zeitschrift 3:21–31. [RMW]Google Scholar
Berglund, B.; Berglund, U.; Ekman, G. & Engen, T. (1971) Individual psychophysical functions for 28 odorants. Perception and Psychophysics 9:379–84. [EM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bimbaum, M. H. (1975) Expectancy and judgment. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 1, ed. Resile, F., Shiffrin, R., Castellan, N. J., Lindman, H. & Pison, D.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [MHB]Google Scholar
Bimbaum, M. H. (1978) Differences and ratios in psychological measurement. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 3, ed. Castellan, N. J. & Restle, F.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [MHB]Google Scholar
Bimbaum, M. H. (1980) Comparison of two theories of “ratio” and “difference” judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109:304–09. [MHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bimbaum, M. H. (1981, in press) Controversies in psychological measurement. In: Social attitudes and psychophysical measurement, ed. Wegener, B.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [MHB]Google Scholar
Birnbaum, M. H. & Elmasian, R. (1977) Loudness “ratios” and “differences” involve the same psychophysical operation. Perception and Psychophysics 22:383–91. [MHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birnbaum, M. H. & Mellers, B. A. (1978) Measurement and the mental map. Perception and Psychophysics 23:403–08. [MHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birnbaum, M. H. & Veit, C. T. (1974) Scale convergence as a criterion for rescaling: Information integration with difference, ratio, and averaging tasks. Perception and Psychophysics 15:7–15. [MHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, J. W. (1955) The effect of noise-induced temporary deafness upon vocal intensity. Joint Report No. 7. Bureau of Medical Research U.S.A. Project No. NM 001 0640107. [RMW]Google Scholar
Boring, E. G. (1921) The stimulus-error. American Journal of Psychology 32:449–471. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boring, E. G. (1950) A history of experimental psychology. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. [RMW]Google Scholar
Bouhuys, A. (1966) Airflow control by auditory feedback: Respiratory mechanics and wind instruments. Science 154:797–99. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boynton, R. M. & Whitten, D. N. (1970) Visual adaptation in monkey cones: Recordings of late receptor potentials. Science 170:1423–26. [RJWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braida, L. D. & Durlach, N. I. (1972) Intensity and perception. II. Resolution in one-interval paradigms. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 51:483–502. [RDL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, J. F.; Ruder, K. F. & Shipp, T. (1969) Vocal loudness and effort in continuous speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 46:1543–48. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brentano, F. (1874) Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt. Leipzig: Felix Meiner, Reprint ed., 1924. [RMW]Google Scholar
Breton, P. (1887) Mesure des sensations lumineuses, en fonction des quantités de lumière. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 105:426–29. [RMW]Google Scholar
Brown, W. S. & Brandt, J. F. (1971) Effects of auditory masking on vocal intensity and intraoral air pressure during sentence production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49:1903–5. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunswik, E. (1934) Wahrnehmung und Gegenstandswelt. Leipzig-Wein: Springer. [EM]Google Scholar
Brunswik, E. (1966) Reasoning as a universal behavior model and a functional differentiation between “perception” and “thinking,” In: The Psychology of Egon Brunswik, p. 488, ed. Hammond, K. R.. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [DWC]Google Scholar
Cone, R. A. (1964) Early receptor potential of the vertebrate retina. Nature 204:736–40. [RJWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, D. V.; Tursky, B. & Lodge, M. (1975) The role of regression and range effects in determination of the power function for electric shock. Perception and Psychophysics 18:9–14. [RT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, D. W.; Attneave, F. & Harrington, T. L. (1968) A test of a two-stage model for magnitude estimation. Perception and Psychophysics 3:25–31. [DWC, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, D. W. & Rule, S. J. (1978) Binocular processing of brightness information: A rector-sum model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Perception and Performance 4:132–43. [DWC, SJR]Google ScholarPubMed
Curtis, D. W. & Rule, S. J. (1980) Fechner's paradox reflects a nonmonotone relation between binocular brightness and luminance. Perception and Psychophysics 27:263–66. [DWC, SJR. RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebbinghaus, H. (1890) Uber negative Empfindungswerte. Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane 1:320–34; 463–85. [RMW]Google Scholar
Eisler, H. (1975) Subjective duration and psychophysics. Psychological Review 82:429–50. [HE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisler, H. (1976) Experiments on subjective duration 1868–1975: A collection of power function exponents. Psychological Bulletin 83:1154–71. [HE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisler, H. (1980) Psychophysical similarities between rats and humans. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 16:125–27. [HE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisler, H. & Knöppel, J. (1970) Relative judgment of heterogenous similarity. Perception and Psychophysics 8:420–26. [HE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisler, H. & Roskam, E. E. (1977) Multidimensional similarity: An experimental and theoretical comparison of vector, distance, and set theoretical models. I. Models and internal consistency of data. II. Multidimensional analyses: The subjective space. Acta Psychologica 41:1–46, 335–63. [HE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, G. (1956) A note on generalized psychophysical laws. Reports from the Psychophysical Laboratories, University of Stockholm. Number 32. [RMW]Google Scholar
Ekman, G. (1964) Is the power law a special case of Fechner's law? Perceptual and Motor Skills 19:730. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkin, D. & Tagamlitzkaya, R. (1939) Distance determination by means of sound. Zhurnal usnoi nosovoi gorloi Boliezn. 16:195–200. (English Summary). [RMW]Google Scholar
Fechner, G. T. (1860) Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig: Breitkopf u. Härtel. [RMW]Google Scholar
Ferguson, A., Chairman. (1938) Interim report of the committee appointed to consider and report on the possibility of quantitative estimates of sensory events. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 277–344. [RMW]Google Scholar
Fieandt, K. von. (1951) Loudness invariance in sound perception. Acta Psychologica Fennica 1:9–20. [RMW]Google Scholar
Fletcher, H. & Munson, W. A. (1933) Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5:82–108. [LEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuortes, M. G. F. (1959) Initiation of impulses in the visual cells of Limulus. Journal of Physiology (London) 148:14–28. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuortes, M. G. F. & Hodgkin, A. L. (1964) Changes in time scale and sensitivity in the ommatidia of Limulus. Journal of Physiology (London). 172:239–63. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamble, E. A. McC. (1909) Minor studies from the psychological laboratory of Wellesley College, I. Intensity as a criterion in estimating the distance of sounds. Psychological Review 16:416–26. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garner, W. R. (1954) Context effects and the validity of loudness scales. Journal of Experimental Psychology 48:218–24. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, W. R. (1958) Advantages of the discriminability criterion for a loudness scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 38:1005–12. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geisler, W. S. (1979) Initial-image and afterimage discrimination in the human rod and cone systems. Journal of Physiology 294:165–79. [DCH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geldard, F. A. (1972) The human senses. New York: Wiley. [RMW]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1950a) The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [JCB, WHW]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1950b) The perception of visual surfaces. American Journal of Psychology 63:367–84. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1957) Optical motions and transformations as stimuli for visual perception. Psychological Review 64:288–95. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1958) Visually controlled locomotion and visual orientation in animals. British Journal of Psychology 49:182–94. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1959) Perception as a function of stimulation. In: Psychology: A Study of a Science, vol. 1, ed. Koch, S.. New York: McGraw-Hill. [WHW]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1960) The concept of the stimulus in psychology. American Psychologist 15:694–703. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1961) Ecological optics. Vision Research 1:253–62. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1963) The useful dimensions of sensitivity. American Psychologist 18:1–15. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1966) The senses considered as perceptual systems. New York: Houghton Mifflin. [RMW, WHW]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [JCB, WHW]Google Scholar
Gogel, W. C. (1978) Size, distance and depth perception. In: Handbook of perception, Vol. 8: Perceptual coding, ed. Carterette, E. C. & Friedman, M. P., pp. 299–333. New York: Academic Press. [DWC]Google Scholar
Goude, G. (1962) On fundamental measurement in psychology. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. [HE]Google Scholar
Graham, C. H. & Brown, J. L. (1965) Color contrast and color appearances: Brightness constancy and color constancy. In: Vision and visual perception, ed. Graham, C. H.. New York: Wiley. [RMW]Google Scholar
Green, D. M. & Luce, R. D. (1974) Variability of magnitude estimates: A timing theory analysis. Perception and Psychophysics 15:291–300. [RDL, WAY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. M.; Luce, R. D. & Duncan, J. E. (1977) Variability and sequential effects in magnitude production and estimation of auditory intensity. Perception and Psychophysics 22:450–56. [RDL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. M.; Luce, R. D. & Smith, A. F. (1980) Individual magnitude estimates for various distributions of signal intensity. Perception and Psychophysics 27:483–88. [WAY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregson, R. A. M. (1976) A comparative evaluation of seven similarity models. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psycology 29:139–56. [HE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruenewald, P. G. (1978) The classification of multidimensional stimuli. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, Durham, N.C. [GRL]Google Scholar
Hagbarth, K. E. & Vallbo, Å. B. (1967) Mechanoreceptor activity recorded percutaneously with semi-microeleetrodes in human peripheral nerves. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 69:121–22. [GAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagerty, M. & Birnbaum, M. H. (1978) Nonmetric tests of ratio vs. subtractive theories of stimulus comparison. Perception and Psychophysics 24:121–29. [MHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ham, L. B. & Parkinson, J. S. (1932) Loudness and intensity relations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 3:511–34. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanes, R. M. (1949a) The construction of subjective brightness scales from fractionation data: A validation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 39:719–28. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanes, R. M. (1949b) A scale of subjective brightness. Journal of Experimental Psychology 39:438–52. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, R. S. & Stevens, S. S. (1948) A psychological scale of weight and a formula for its derivation. American Journal of Psychology 61:343–51. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartline, H. K. & Graham, C. H. (1932) Nerve impulses from single receptors in the eye. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 1:277–95. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellman, R. & Zwislocki, J. (1961) Some factors affecting the estimation of loudness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 33:687–94. [BScha]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellman, R. & Zwislocki, J. (1968) Loudness determination at low sound frequencies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 43:60–64. [LEM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hood, D. C. & Finkelstein, M. A. (1979) Comparison of changes in sensitivity and sensation: Implications for the response-intensity function of the human phototopic system. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:391–405. [DCH, GSW, RMW]Google Scholar
Howes, W. L. (1979) Loudness of steady sounds - a new theory. Acustica 41:277–320. [RMW]Google Scholar
Ittelson, W. H. (1968) The Ames demonstrations in perception. New York: Hafner. [RMW]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Volume 1. New York: Henry Holt. Reprint, New York: Dover, 1950. [RMW]Google Scholar
Krantz, D. H. (1972a) Measurement structures and psychological laws. Science 175:1427–35. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krantz, D. H. (1972b) A theory of magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 9:168–99. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krantz, D. H.; Luce, R. D.; Suppes, P. & Tversky, A. (1971) Foundations of measurement. Vol. 1: Additive and polynomial representations. New York. Academic Press. [BSchn]Google Scholar
Kries, J. von. (1882) Ueber die Messung intersiver Grössen und über das sogenannte psychophysische Gesetz. Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie 6:257–94. [RMW]Google Scholar
Laird, D. A.; Taylor, E. & Wille, H. H. (1932) The apparent reduction of loudness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 3:393–401. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, H. (1963) The autophonic scale of voice level for congenitally deaf subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology 66:328–31. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, H. L.; Catania, A. C. & Stevens, S. S. (1961) Voice level: Autophonic scale, perceived loudness, and effects of sidetone. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 33:160–67. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laube, L. (1967) Über die Ursachen der experimentell gefundenen Relationen zwischen subjektiven und objektiven Hellig-keitsskalen. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Vienna. [EM]Google Scholar
Lee, D. N. (1974) Visual information during locomotion. In: Perception: Essays in honor of James J. Gibson, ed. MacLeod, R. B. & Pick, H. L.. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. [WHW]Google Scholar
Lee, D. N. (1976) A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time collision. Perception 5:437–59. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levison, M. & Resile, F. (1968) Invalid results from the method of constant stimuli. Perception & Psychophysics 4:121–22. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockhead, G. R. (1972) Processing dimensional stimuli: A note. Psychological Review 79:410–419. [GRL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luce, R. D.; Baird, J. C.; Green, D. M. & Smith, F. (1980, in press) Two classes of models for magnitude estimation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology. [JCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, R. D. & Green, D. M. (1972) A neural timing theory for response times and the psychophysics of intensity. Psychological Review 79:14–57. [DDD, RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luce, R. D. & Mo, S. S. (1965) Magnitude estimation of heaviness and loudness by individual subjects: A test of a probabilistic response theory. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 18:159–74. [RDL, GSW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, R. D. & Tukey, J. (1964) Simultaneous conjoint measurement: A new type of fundamental measurement. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 1:1–27. [HE, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1963) Psychophysics of perceived intensity: A theoretical basis for Fechner's and Stevens' laws. Science 139:1213–16. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, R. J. W. (1973) Brightness function: Effect of area and duration. Journal of the Optical Society of America 63:913–20. [RJWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansfield, R. J. W. (1974) Measurement, invariance, and psychophysics. In: Sensation and measurement, ed. Moskowitz, H. R., Scharf, B. & Stevens, J. C., pp. 111–126. Dordrecht: Reidel. [RJWM]Google Scholar
Mansfield, R. J. W. (1975) Neuronal mechanisms subserving brightness coding in monkey visual cortex. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 1:56. [RJWM]Google Scholar
Mansfield, R. J. W. (1976a) Visual adaptation: Retinal transduction, brightness and sensitivity. Vision Research 16:679–90. [RJWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansfield, R. J. W. (1976b) Psychophysics and the neural basis of information processing. In: Advances in psychophysics, ed. Geissler, H. G. & Zabrodin, Yu. M., pp. 349–376. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. [RJWM]Google Scholar
Marks, L. E. (1972) Visual brightness: Some applications of a model. Vision Research 12:1409–21. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, L. E. (1974) Sensory processes: The new psychophysics. New York: Academic Press. [GAG, LEM, RMW]Google Scholar
Marks, L. E. (1974). On scales of sensation: Prolegomena to any future psychophysics that will be able to come forth as science. Perception and Psychophysics 16:358–76. [BScha, BSchn]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, L. E. (1977) Relative sensitivity and possible psychophysical functions. Sensory Processes 1:301–15. [LEM]Google ScholarPubMed
Marks, L. E. (1979) A theory of loudness and loudness judgments. Psychological Review 86:256–85. [DWC, LEM, BSchn]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, L. E. (1980) Binaural summation of loudness: Noise and two-tone complexes. Perception and Psychophysics 27:489–98. [SJR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, L. E. & Bartoshuk, L. M. (1977) Ratio scaling of taste intensity by a matching procedure. Perception and Psychophysics 26:335–39. [LEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, L. E. & Stevens, J. C. (1968) The form of the psychophysical function near threshold. Perception and Psychophysics 4:315–18. [DCH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marrocco, R. T. (1972) Maintained activity of monkey optic tract fibers and lateral geniculate nucleus cells. Vision Research 12:1175–81. [RJWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mashhour, M. (1964). Psychophysical relations in the perception of velocity. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell. [WAY]Google Scholar
Mashhour, M. & Hosman, J. (1968) On the new “psychophysical law”: A validation study. Perception and Psychophysics 3:367–75. [WAY]Google Scholar
Matsumoto, M. (1897) Researches on acoustic space. In: Studies from the Yale Psychological Laboratory, ed. Scripture, E. W., 5:1–75. (See pp. 59–60). [RMW]Google Scholar
Maxfield, J. P. (1930) Acoustic control of recording for talking motion pictures. Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 14:85–95. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxfield, J. P. (1931) Some physical factors affecting the illusion in sound motion pictures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 3:69–80. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, R. S. (1929) The quantitative estimation of the sensation of colour. British Journal of Psychology 20:181–9. [RMW]Google Scholar
McGill, W. J. (1961) Loudness and reaction time: A guided tour of the listener's private world. Acta Psychologica 19:193–99. [DDD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merkel, J. (1888) Die Abhängigkeit zwischen Reiz und Empfindung. Philosophische Studien 4:541–94. [RMW]Google Scholar
Mershon, D. H. & King, E. (1975) Intensity and reverberation as factors in the auditory perception of egocentric distance. Perception and Psychophysics 18:409–15. [BScha]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittenecker, E. (1974) Der Einfluß der Erfahrung auf die psychophysische Skalierung. Psychologische Beiträge 16:288–99. [EM]Google Scholar
Mittenecker, E. (1975) The psychophysical law: Is judgment of intensity proportions learned? Proceedings of the second international conference on human learning and problem solving, Prague 1973. Praha: University Karlova Press. [EM]Google Scholar
Mittenecker, E. (1981) Die Wirkung von Lernbedingungen auf die psychophysische Skalierung von Helligkeiten. Festschrift für Ivo Kohler. [EM]Google Scholar
Mittenecker, E.; Pichler, R. & Bauer, B. (1977) Entwicklung des Verhältnisbegriffs “Halb” bei Kindergartenkindern. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 9:155–58. [EM]Google Scholar
Moll, K. L. & Peterson, G. E. (1969) Speaker and listener judgment of vowel levels. Phonetica 19:104–17. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1900) On the relation of stimulus to sensation in visual impressions. Psychological Review 7:217–33. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moskowitz, H. R. (1970) Ratio scales of sweetness. Perception and Psychophysics 7:315–320. [DDD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moskowitz, H. R.; Kluter, R. A.; Westerling, J. & Jacobs, H. R. (1974) Sugar sweetness and pleasantness: Evidence for different psychological laws. Science 184:583–86. [DDD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munsell, A. E. O.; Sloan, L. L. & Godlove, I. H. (1933) Neutral value scales. I. Munsell neutral value scale. Journal of the Optical Society of America 23:394–441. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munsell, A. H. (1915) The atlas of the Munsell color system. Boston: Wadsworth, Howland. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newhall, S. M.; Nickerson, D. & Judd, D. B. (1943) Final report of the O. S. A. subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell colors. Journal of the Optical Society of America 33:385–418. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plateau, J. (1872) Sur la mesure des sensations physiques, et sur la loi qui lie l'intensité de ces sensations à l'intensité de la cause excitante. Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Letires et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. 33:376–88 (Série 2). [RMW]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1958) Personal knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [RMW]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1968) Logic and psychology. American Psychologist. 23:27–43. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, I. (1948) Studies in the loudness of complex sounds. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University. [RMW]Google Scholar
Pollack, I. (1952) On the measurement of the loudness of speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24:323–24. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, E. C. (1968) The new psychophysics: Six models for magnitude estimation. Psychological Bulletin 69:1–19. [GAG, EM, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, E. C. (1979) Models for the biases in judging sensory magnitude. Psychological Bulletin 86:777–803. [ECP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulton, E. C. (in press) Bias in quantifying judgments. New York: Academic Press. [ECP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, E. C.; Edwards, R. S. & Fowler, T. J. (1980) Eliminating subjective biases in judging the loudness of a 1-kHz tone. Perception and Psychophysics 27:93–103. [ECP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulton, E. C.; Simmonds, D. C. V. & Warren, R. M. (1968) Response bias in very first judgments of the reflectance of grays: Numerical versus linear estimates. Perception and Psychophysics 3:112–14. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, E. C.; Simmonds, D. C. V.; Warren, R. M. & Webster, J. C. (1965) Prior context and fractional versus multiple estimates of the reflectance of grays against a fixed standard. Journal of Experimental Psychology 69:496–502. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pradhan, P. L. & Hoffman, P. J. (1963) Effect of spacing and range of stimuli on magnitude estimation judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology 66:533–541. [RDL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Priest, I. G.; Gibson, K. S. & McNicholas, H. J. (1920) An examination of the Munsell color system. Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards. No. 167. [RMW]Google Scholar
Purks, S. R.; Callahan, D. J.; Braida, L. D. & Durlach, N. I. (1980) Intensity perception. X. Effect of preceeding stimulus on identification performance. Perception and Psychophysics 67:634–78. [WAY]Google Scholar
Richardson, L. F. (1929) Quantitative mental estimates of light and colour. British Journal of Psychology 20:27–37. [RMW]Google Scholar
Richardson, L. F. & Ross, J. S. (1930) Loudness and telephone current. Journal of General Psychology 3:288–306. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringel, R. L. & Steer, M. D. (1963) Some effects of tactile and auditory alterations on speech output. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 6:369–78. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rock, I. (1975) An introduction to perception. New York: Macmillan. [RMW]Google Scholar
Rosner, B. S. & Goff, W. R. (1967) Electrical responses of the nervous system and subjective scales of intensity. In: Contributions to sensory physiology. Vol. 2., ed. Neff, W. D., pp. 169–221. New York: Academic Press. [RMW]Google Scholar
Rowley, R. R. (1966) Loudness and intensity relationships under various levels of noise. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oklahoma. [RMW]Google Scholar
Rowley, R. R. & Studebaker, G. A. (1969) Monaural loudness-intensity relationships for a 1000-Hz tone. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 45:1186–92. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rule, S. J. & Curtis, D. W. (1981, in press) Levels of sensory and judgmental processing: Strategies for the evaluation of a model. In: Social attitudes and psychophysical measurement, ed. Wegener, B.. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. [MHB]Google Scholar
Rushton, W. A. H. (1959) A theoretical treatment of Fuortes' observations upon eccentric cell activity in Limulus. Journal of Physiology (London) 148:29–38. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, C. W. (1966) Introspectionist and behaviorist interpretations of ratio scales of perceptual magnitudes. Psychological Monographs. 80 (19, Whole No. 627). [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, C. W. (1970) The measurement of sensation. Berkeley: University of California Press. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharf, B. (1978) Loudness. In: Handbook of perception. Vol. 4., ed. Carterette, E. & Friedman, M. P.. New York: Academic Press. [LEM, BScha]Google Scholar
Schiff, W. (1965) The perception of impending collision. Psychological Monographs 79:No. 604. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiff, W. & Detwiler, M. L. (1979) Information used in judging impending collision. Perception 8:647–58. [WHW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, B. (in press-a) Individual loudness functions determined from direct comparisons of loudness intervals. Perception and Psychophysics. [BSchn]Google Scholar
Schneider, B. (in press-b) Nonmetric analysis of difference judgments. In: Social attitudes and psychophysical measurement, ed. Wegener, B.. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. [BSchn]Google Scholar
Schneider, B.; Parker, S.; Farrell, G. & Kanow, G. (1976) The perceptual basis of loudness ratio judgments. Perception and Psychophysics 19:309–20. [MHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, B.; Parker, S. & Stein, D. (1974) The measurement of loudness using direct comparisons of sensory intervals. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 11:259–73. [BSchn]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, B.; Wright, A. A.; Edelheit, W.; Hock, P. & Humphrey, C. (1972) Equal loudness contours derived from sensory magnitude judgments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 51:1951–59. [DDD, LEM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, R. E. & Cutting, J. E. (1980) Constraints on language events: Cues from an ecological theory of event perception. In: Signed language and spoken language: Biological constraints on linguistic form, Dahlem Konferenzen, ed. Bellugi, U. & Studdert-Kennedy, M.. Basel: Verlag Chemie. [WHW]Google Scholar
Shaw, R. E. & Turvey, M. T. (in press) Coalitions as models for ecosystems: A realist perspective on perceptual organization. In: Perceptual Organization, ed. Kubovy, M. & Pomerantz, J.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [WHW]Google Scholar
Shaw, R. E.; Turvey, M. T. & Mace, W. (in press) Ecological psychology: The consequence of a commitment to realism. In: Cognition and the symbolic processes, II, ed. Weimer, W. & Palermo, D.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [WHW]Google Scholar
Shigenaga, S. (1965) The constancy of loudness and of acoustic distance. Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature of Kyushu University 9:289–333. [RMW]Google Scholar
Shutt, C. E. (1898) Experiments in judging the distance of sound. Kansas University Quarterly. 7A:l–8. [RMW]Google Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G. (1975) Psychophysics. In: Experimental sensory psychology, ed. Scharf, B., Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman. [RMW]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R.; King, M. & Lockhead, G. R. (1980) On sequential effects in absolute judgment experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 6:290–301. [GRL]Google Scholar
Stefanini, A. (1889) Sulla legge di oscillazione dei diapason e sulla misura dell' intensita del suono. Atti dell' Accademia Lucchese di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 25:305–400. [RMW]Google Scholar
Steinberg, J. C. & Snow, W. B. (1934) Physical factors. Bell System Technical Journal 13:245–58. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, J. C. (1957) A comparison of ratio scales for the loudness of white noise and the brightness of white light. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University. [RMW]Google Scholar
Stevens, J. C. & Stevens, S. S. (1960) Warmth and cold: Dynamics of sensory intensity. Journal of Experimental Psychology 60:183–92. [DDD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, J. C. & Stevens, S. S. (1963) Brightness function: Effects of adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America 53:375–85. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, J. C.; Marks, L. E. & Simonson, D. C. (1974) Regional sensitivity and spatial summation in the warmth sense. Physiology and Behavior 13:825–36. [SJR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. S. (1955) The measurement of loudness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 27:815–29. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1957) On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review 64:153–81. [RJWM, RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. S. (1959) The quantification of sensation. Daedalus 88:606–21. [RMW]Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1960) On the new psychophysics. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 1:27–35. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1960) The psychophysics of sensory function. American Psychologist 48:226–54. [WHW]Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1961) The psychophysics of sensory function. In: Sensory communication, ed. Rosenblith, W. A.. New York: Wiley. [RMW, WHW]Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1961b) To honor Fechner and repeal his law. Science 133:80–86. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. S. (1962) The surprising simplicity of sensory metrics. American Psychologist. 50:23–29. [AT]Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1966a) A metric for the social consensus. Science 151:530–41. [DDD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. S. (1966b) Power-group transformation under glare, masking, and recruitment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 39:725–35. [LEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1970) Neural events and the psychophysical law. Science 170:1043–50. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. S. (1971) Issues in psychophysical measurement. Psychological Review 78:426–50. [ECP, BScha, BSchn]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1972) Perceived level of noise by Mark VII and decibels (E). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 51:575–601. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (1975) Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural and social prospects. New York: Wiley. [JCB. HE, RJWM, RMW, WHW]Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. & Calanter, E. H. (1957) Ratio scales and category scales for a dozen perceptual continua. Journal of Experimental Psychology 54:377–411. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. S. & Guirao, M. (1962) Loudness, reciprocality and partition scales. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 34:1466–71. [BScha, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, S. S. & Poulton, E. C. (1966) The estimation of loudness by unpracticed observers. Journal of Experimental Psychology 51:71–78. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, J. & Fabian, M. (1968) Summing properties of the cat's retinal ganglion cells. Vision Research 8:1023–40. [RJWM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teghtsoonian, M. (1965) The judgment of size. American Journal of Psychology 78:392–402. [JCB, HE, RT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teghtsoonian, R. (1971) On the exponents in Stevens law and the constant in Ekman's law. Psychological Review 78:71–80. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teghtsoonian, R. (1975) Review of S. S. Stevens Psychophysics. American Journal of Psychology 88:677–84. [RT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teghtsoonian, R. & Teghtsoonian, M. (1970) Scaling apparent distance in a natural outdoor setting. Psychonomic Science 21:215–16. [RT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teghtsoonian, R.; Teghtsoonian, M. & Karlsson, J.-G. (in press). The limits of perceived magnitude. Acta Psychologica. [RT]Google Scholar
Tempest, W.; Bryan, M. E. & McRobert, H. (1965) The estimation of relative loudness. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Acoustics. Paper B16. Liège, Belgium. [BScha]Google Scholar
Thurstone, L. L. (1959) The measurement of values. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [DDD]Google Scholar
Titchener, E. B. (1905) Experimental Psychology: Quantitative. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. [GAG]Google Scholar
Todd, J. T. (in press) Visual information about moving objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [WHW]Google Scholar
Torgerson, W. S. (1960) Quantitative judgment scales. In: Psychological scaling: Theory and applications, ed. Gulliksen, H. & Messick, S.. New York: Wiley. [ECP]Google Scholar
Treisman, M. (1964) Sensory scaling and the psychophysical law. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 16:11–22. [MT, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. (1964a) What do sensory scales measure? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 16:387–91. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. (1965) Signal detection theory and Crozier's law: Derivation of a new sensory scaling procedure. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2:205–18. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, M. & Irwin, R. J. (1967) Auditory intensity discriminal scale. 1. Evidence derived from binaural intensity summation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 42:586–92. [MT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tumarkin, A. (1950) The decibel, the phon and the sone. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 64:178–188. [AT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tumarkin, A. (1972) A biologist looks at psycho-acoustics. Journal of Sound and Vibration 21:115–26. [AT, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veit, C. T. (1978) Ratio and subtractive processes in psychophysical judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 107:81–107. [MHB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlek, C. & Beintema, K. (1967) Schaalaf-hankelykheid van psychophysisch gedrag (Scale-dependence of psychophysical behavior). Hypothese, Tijdschrifl voor de Psychologic (Leiden) 11:111–25. [WAY]Google Scholar
Wagenaar, W. A. (1975) Stevens vs. Fechner: A plea for dismissal of the case. Acta Psychologica 39:225–35. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J. W. T. (1926) Photometry. London: Constable, p. 92. [RMW]Google Scholar
Ward, L. M. & Lockhead, G. R. (1970) Sequential effects and memory in category judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology 84:27–34. [GRL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, W. D. (1954) Subjective musical pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 26:369–80. [WDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1958) A basis for judgments of sensory intensity. American Journal of Psychology 71:675–87. [RJWM, BScha,]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. (1962) Are 'autophonic' judgments based on loudness? American Journal of Psychology. 75:452–56. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. (1965) Lightness of gray in the presence of white. Perceptual and Motor Skills 21:925–26. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1967) Quantitative judgments of color: The square root rule. Perception & Psychophysics 2:448–52. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1968) Vocal compensation for change of distance. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Acoustics. (Tokyo) Vol. A. pp. 61–64. [RMW]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1969) Visual intensity judgments: An empirical rule and a theory. Psychological Review 76:16–30. [RJWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. (1970) Elimination of biases in loudness judgments for tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 48:1397–1403. [ECP, RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. (1973a) Anomalous loudness function of speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 54:390–96. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1973b) Quantification of loudness. American Journal of Psychology 86:807–25. [ECP, RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. (1979) From neurophysiology to perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:288. [GSW, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Pfaffmann, C. (1959) Suppression of sweet sensitivity by potassium gymnemate. Journal of Applied Physiology 14:40–42. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M., and Poulton, F. C. (1960) Basis for lightness-judgments of grays. American Journal of Psychology 73:380–87. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M., and Poulton, F. C. (1962) Ratio- and partition-judgments. American Journal of Psychology 75:109–14. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M., and Poulton, F. C. (1966) Lightness of grays: Effects of ba ckground reflectance. Perception and Psychophysics 1:145–48. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M.; Sersen, E. & Pores, E. (1958) A basis for loudness-judgments. American Journal of Psychology 71:700–9. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1956) Effect of the relative volume of standard and comparison-object on half-heaviness judgments. American Journal of Psychology 69:640–43. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1956) Basis for judgments of relative brightness. (1958) Journal of the Optical Society of America 48:445–50. [GSW, RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1963) A critique of S. S. Stevens' “new psychophysics.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 16:797–810. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1966) Lightness, brightness, and distance. In: Tagungsbericht Internationale Farbtagung Luzern 1965, Vol. 1. ed. Richter, M.. Göttingen: Musterschmidt-Verlag. [RMW]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1968) Helmholtz on perception: Its physiology and development. New York: Wiley. [RMW]Google Scholar
Wasserman, G. S. (1979) Task-dependent intensity/duration effects in mental ehronometry. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2:290–99. [GSW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, G. S.; Felsten, G. & Easland, G. S. (1979) The psychophysical function: Harmonizing Fechner and Stevens. Science 204:85–87. [JCB, GSW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasserman, G. S. & Kong, K.-L. (1979) Absolute timing of mental activities. Brain and Behavioral Sciences 2:243–55. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuriff, G. E. (1972) A behavioral interpretation of psychophysical scaling. Behaviorism 1:118–33. [RMW]Google Scholar
Zwislocki, J. J. (1973) On intensity characteristics of sensory receptors: A generalized function. Kybernetik 12:169–83. [RMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zwislocki, J. J. (1974) A power function for sensory receptors. In: Sensation and measurement, ed. Moskowitz, H. R., Scharf, B., & Stevens, J. C.. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel. [RMW]Google Scholar