Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T17:53:20.406Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Molloy-Birnbrauer Exchange: How Many Factors do a Psychology Make?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2014

Edward K. Morris*
Affiliation:
University of Kansas, United States of America
*
Accociate Professor, Department of Human Development and Family Life, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, U.S.A.
Get access

Abstract

Molloy and Birnbrauer have recently exchanged views in this journal over how how many factors are necessary to provide an adequate account of human behaviour and behaviour change. Their differences apparently reflect alternative conceptualizations of the roles played by physiology and cognition in the analysis of behaviour. The present paper provides some background to these issues, showing that the current cognitive behavioural approach to physiology and cognition is but a reworking of some aspects of traditional mentalism. Following this, several alternatives to this traditional conceptualization are offered by way of (a) an analysis of how functional and structural contextual conditions affect behaviour and (b) distinctions between issues of behavioural process and content-related behavioural substance. For psychology to be a cumulative and progressive enterprise, a natural science approach to issues of physiology and cognition must be maintained, no matter how many factors may be tajcen as germane to human behaviour and behaviour change

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Baer, D.M. (1984). Future directions?: Or, is it useful to ask, “Where did we go wrong?” before we go? In Polster, R.A. & Dangel, R.F. (Eds.), Behavioral parent training (pp. 547557). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Biglan, A., & Kass, D.J. (1977). The empirical nature of behavior therapies. Behaviorism, 5, 115.Google Scholar
Bijou, S.W. (1979). Some clarifications on the meaning of a behavior analysis of child development. The Psychological Record, 29, 313.Google Scholar
Birnbrauer, J.S. (1985). Two factors are quite enough: A response to Molloy (1984). Behaviour Change, 2, 25.Google Scholar
Catania, A.C. (1984). Learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Day, W.F. (1980). Some historical antecedents of contemporary behaviorism. In R.W. Rieber & K. Salzinger (Eds.), Psychology: Theoretical-historical perspectives (pp. 203–262). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Deitz, S.M., & Arrington, R. (1984). Wittgenstein's language-games and the call to cognition. Behaviorism, 12, 114.Google Scholar
Delprato, D.J. (1979). The interbehavioral alternative to brain-dogma. The Psychological Record, 29, 409418.Google Scholar
Grossberg, J.M. (1981). Comments about cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7, 2533.Google Scholar
Kantor, J.R. (1924). Principles of psychology (vol. 1). Chicago: Principia Press.Google Scholar
Kantor, J.R. (1926). Principles of psychology (vol. 2). Chicago: Principia Press.Google Scholar
Kantor, J.R. (1947). Problems in physiological psychology. Chicago: Principia Press.Google Scholar
Kantor, J.R. (1959). Interbehavioral psychology. Chicago: Principia Press.Google Scholar
Kantor, J.R. (1971). The aim and progress of psychology and other sciences. Chicago: Principia Press.Google Scholar
Keehn, J.D. (1980). Beyond an interactional model of personality: Transactionalism and the theory of reinforcement schedules. Behaviorism, 8, 5565.Google Scholar
MacCorquodale, K., & Meehl, P. (1948). Hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. Psychological Bulletin, 55, 596611.Google Scholar
Marr, M.J. (1984). Some reflections on Kantor's (1979) “An analysis of the experimental analysis of behavior (TEAB).” The Behavior Analyst, 8, 189196.Google Scholar
Marx, M. (1951). Intervening variables or hypothetical constructs? Psychological Review, 58, 235247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKearney, J.W. (1977). Asking questions about behavior. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 21, 109119.Google Scholar
Michael, J.L. (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 149155.Google Scholar
Miller, N.E., & Dollard, J. (1941). Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Molloy, G.N. (1984). A five-factor conceptualization for conceptualizing human behaviour change: Old wine in newly arranged casks. Behaviour Change, 1, 1824.Google Scholar
Molloy, G.N. (1985). Two factors are too simplistic: A response to Birnbrauer (1985). Behaviour Change, 2, 148150.Google Scholar
Moore, J. (1984). On reciprocal behavioral concerns. The Interbehaviorist, 12, (5), 1011.Google Scholar
Moore, J. (1985). Some historical and conceptual relations among logical positivism, operationism, and behaviorism. The Behavior Analyst, 8, 5363.Google Scholar
Morris, E.K. (1982). Some relationships between interbehavioral psychology and radical behaviorism. Behaviorism, 10, 187216.Google Scholar
Morris, E.K. (1985). International psychology and radical behaviorism: Some similarities and differences. The Behavior Analyst, 7, 197204.Google Scholar
Morris, E.K. (in press). Wittgenstein's language-games and the call to cognition: Comments on Deitz and Arrington (1984). Behaviorism.Google Scholar
Morris, E.K., Higgins, S.T., & Bickel, W.K. (1982). Comments on cognitive science in the experimental analysis of behavior. The Behavior Analyst, 5, 109125.Google Scholar
Pratt, A. (1985). Adlerian psychology as an intuitive operant system. The Behavior Analyst, 8, 3951.Google Scholar
Pronko, N.H., & Herman, D.T. (1982). From Dewey's reflex arc concept to transactualism and beyond. Behaviorism, 10, 229254.Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1978). Self-control: Part I. In Catania, A.C. & Brigham, T.A. (Eds.), Handbook of applied behavior analysis. New York: Irvington.Google Scholar
Reese, H.W. (1982). Behavior analysis and life-span developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 12, 150161.Google Scholar
Sarbin, T.R. (1977). Contextualism: A world view for modern psychology. In Landfield, A.W. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (vol. 24, pp. 141). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, B.F. (1930). On the conditions of elicitation of certain eating reflexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16, 433438.Google Scholar
Skinner, B.F. (1931). The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior. Journal of General Psychology, 5, 427458.Google Scholar
Skinner, B.F. (1935). The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response. Journal of General Psychology, 12, 4065.Google Scholar
Skinner, B.F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Skinner, B.F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review, 52, 270–277, 291294.Google Scholar
Skinner, B.F. (1953) Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Skinner, B.F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Staddon, J.E.R. (1973). On the notion of cause, with applications to behaviorism. Behaviorism, 1, 2563.Google Scholar
Thomas, L. (1980). The medusa and the snail. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
Todd, J.T., & Morris, E.K. (1983). The misrepresentation of behavior analysis in psychology textbooks: Misconception and miseducation. The Behavior Analyst, 6, 153160.Google Scholar
Wahler, R.G., & Fox, J.J. (1981). Setting events in applied behavior analysis: Toward a conceptual and methodological expansion. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 327338.Google Scholar
Watson, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist sees it. Psychological Review, 20, 158178.Google Scholar