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Nailing Down Metaphors in CBT: Definition, Identification and Frequency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2015

Fiona Mathieson ,
Jennifer Jordan ,
Janet D. Carter  and
Maria Stubbe
Fiona Mathieson*
Affiliation:
University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
Jennifer Jordan
Affiliation:
University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
Janet D. Carter
Affiliation:
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Maria Stubbe
Affiliation:
University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
*
Reprint requests to Fiona Mathieson, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, School of Medicine and Health Sciences PO Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand. E-mail: fiona.mathieson@otago.ac.nz
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Abstract

Background: Metaphors are common in psychotherapy and have potential to enhance therapy in numerous ways. However, the empirical study of metaphors in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has tended to be put in the “too hard basket”, confined to being part of the art rather than the science of therapy. The lack of research is largely due to problems with definition, lack of a consistent, reliable approach to metaphor identification and the challenges of finding appropriate methodology to study this language-based activity. Aims: This study aimed to assess the frequency of metaphors in CBT in a large sample of therapy sessions and to evaluate the reliability and utility of the discourse dynamics approach to metaphor identification. Method: The discourse dynamics approach, recently developed by linguists, was used to identify metaphors in 48 CBT session transcripts (from 12 clients and 3 therapists) and the reliability of this approach was evaluated, using an independent rater. Results: The total frequency of metaphors was 31.5 (range 17–49) per 1000 words of therapy conversation. Therapists produced metaphors twice as often (21.2, range 7–36) as clients (10.3, range 3–24). Reliability of the Discourse Dynamics approach was adequate. Conclusions: Metaphors clearly occur in CBT sessions, with therapists using them at a higher rate than clients. While Discourse Dynamics is currently the most detailed identification approach available for investigating metaphor in CBT sessions, it is challenging to acquire skill in it and we found only adequate reliability. Ways to improve reliability and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords

Metaphormetaphor identificationcognitive behaviour therapydiscourse dynamics
Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 44 , Issue 2 , March 2016 , pp. 236 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2015 

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