Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T11:44:56.517Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Temperament, parenting styles and the intensity of early maladaptive schemas: assessment of correlations in a non-clinical adult group

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 November 2020

Dorota Mącik Open the ORCID record for Dorota Mącik [Opens in a new window]
Dorota Mącik*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950Lublin, Poland
*
*Corresponding author. Email: dmacik@kul.pl
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Prior research has partially verified the significance of child temperament and styles of upbringing for schema intensity. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the inter-relations between them.

Aim:

The present study examined how temperament (stable and labile) and style of parenting (positive and negative) are related to each other, and to early maladaptive schemas.

Method:

Participants (395 healthy adults) completed the Young Schema Questionnaire YSQ-S3 and the Retrospective Assessment of Parents’ Attitudes and Formal Characteristic of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI). Structural equation modelling was used to verify hypotheses.

Results:

Temperament and parental styles together explain more than 59% of the variance of schema intensity. The obtained path coefficients show one-way directions of inter-relations. Stable temperament connects to schemas directly with a negative path coefficient. Labile temperament shows a significant positive association with negative parental attitudes, but not directly with schemas. Negative parenting is positively connected with schemas. A positive style of parenting is not significantly connected with temperament and schemas.

Conclusions:

Results show evidence that negative style of parenting and labile temperament features are more important for schema developing and may be treated as risk factors. Because temperament seems to be a relatively persistent feature, it may play a similar role in adulthood, reinforcing emotions and feelings in the context of environment, and then maintain the schemas.

Keywords

early maladaptive schemasparental stylestemperament
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 49 , Issue 2 , March 2021 , pp. 218 - 232
Copyright
© British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bach, B., & Farrell, J. M. (2018). Schemas and modes in borderline personality disorder: the mistrustful, shameful, angry, impulsive, and unhappy child. Psychiatry Research, 259, 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.039 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D. W., Saeedi, N., & Gordon, M. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.021 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvete, E. (2014). Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cámara, M., & Calvete, E. (2012). Cognitive schemas predicting anxiety and depressive symptoms: the role of dysfunctional coping strategies. European Psychiatry, 27, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74289-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. P. (2010a). Do early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between childhood experiences and avoidant personality disorder features? A preliminary investigation in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 34, 343–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9250-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. P. (2010b). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder symptoms: an examination in a non-clinical sample. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 83, 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X481351 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chodkiewicz, J., & Gruszczyńska, E. (2018). Maladaptive schemas among people addicted to alcohol: heterogeneity but not specificity? Alcohol and Alcoholism, 53, 682–687. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agy047 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, R., Power, K., Kane, S., Stewart, A. M., & Murray, L. (2010). The role of parental bonding and early maladaptive schemas in the risk of suicidal behavior repetition. Archives of Suicide Research, 14, 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.524066 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011). Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clinical Child Family Psychology Review, 14, 329–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eskedal, G. A., & Demetri, J. M. (2006). Etiology and treatment of cluster C personality disorders. Journal of Mental Health Counseling; Alexandria, 28, 1–17. https://doi.org/975605981 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, T. D., Smout, M. F., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2016). The relationship between psychological flexibility, early maladaptive schemas, perceived parenting and psychopathology. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5, 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.06.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flink, N., Honkalampi, K., Lehto, S. M., Viinamäki, H., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Valkonen-Korhonen, M., & Lindeman, S. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas in chronically depressed patients: a preliminary investigation. Clinical Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12151 Google Scholar
Fruehstorfer, D. B., Veronie, L., Cremeans-Smith, J. K., & Newberry, B. H. (2012). Predicting illness-related outcomes with FCB-TI trait pairs: examining the nonadditive effects of FCB-TI perseveration. Journal of Individual Differences, 33, 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000070 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez Diez, Z., Calvete Zumalde, E., & Orue Sola, I. (2012). Early maladaptative schemas and social anxiety: the moderating effect of avoidant vs. overcompensation coping. European Psychiatry, 27, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74296-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2010). Identifying experiences of physical and psychological violence in childhood that jeopardize mental health in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.08.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas in development of addictive disorders as parts of the complex addiction jigsaw. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 3, e16746–e16746. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.16746 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Richter, J., Myrland, I., Pedersen, S. K., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16, 394–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.618 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016085112981 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, J. A., Miceli, M., & DeLorme, J. (2017). Maladaptive parenting, temperament, early maladaptive schemas, and depression: a moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39, 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9559-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2011). Schema theory and schema therapy in mood and anxiety disorders: a review. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25, 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.257 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hintsa, T., Wesolowska, K., Elovainio, M., Strelau, J., Pulkki-Råback, L., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2016). Associations of temporal and energetic characteristics of behavior with depressive symptoms: a population-based longitudinal study within Strelau’s Regulative Theory of Temperament. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.056 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffart Lunding, S., & Hoffart, A. (2016). Perceived parental bonding, early maladaptive schemas and outcome in schema therapy of cluster C personality problems. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1938 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R Google Scholar
Hudson, J. L., Dodd, H. F., & Bovopoulos, N. (2011). Temperament, family environment and anxiety in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child psychology, 39, 939–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9502-x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karatzias, T., Jowett, S., Begley, A., & Deas, S. (2016). Early maladaptive schemas in adult survivors of interpersonal trauma: foundations for a cognitive theory of psychopathology. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.30713 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaya Tezel, F., Tutarel Kişlak, Ş., & Boysan, M. (2015). Relationships between childhood traumatic experiences, early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal styles. Archives of Neuropsychiatry/Noropsikiatri Arsivi, 52, 226–232. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2015.7118 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khajouei Nia, M., Sovani, A., & Sarami Forooshani, G. R. (2014). Exploring correlation between perceived parenting styles, early maladaptive schemas, and depression among women with depressive symptoms in Iran and India- role of early maladaptive schemas as mediators and moderators. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16, e17492–e17492. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.17492 Google Scholar
Lim, C. R., & Barlas, J. (2019). The effects of toxic early childhood experiences on depression according to young schema model: a scoping review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, C. R., Barlas, J., & Ho, R. C. M. (2018). The effects of temperament on depression according to the schema model: a scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061231 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mairet, K., Boag, S., & Warburton, W. (2014). How important is temperament? The relationship between coping styles, early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 14, 171–190.Google Scholar
Martowska, K. (2014). Temperamental determinants of social competencies. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 45, 128–133. https://doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2014-0017 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mącik, D., & Sas, E. (2015). Therapy of anorexia and Young’s early maladaptive schemas. Longitudinal study. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 3, 203–213. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2015.54713 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mącik, D., Chodkiewicz, J., & Bielicka, D. (2016). Trans-generational transfer of early maladaptive schemas – a preliminary study performed on a non-clinical group. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 4, 132–145. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2016.60411 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monirpoor, N., Gholamyzarch, M., Tamaddonfard, M., Khoosfi, H., & Ganjali, A. R. (2012). Role of father-child relational quality in early maladaptive schemas. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 1, 50–54. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.4381 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, Big Five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13, 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.506 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietri, M., & Bonnet, A. (2017). Analysis of early representations and personality among victims of domestic violence. European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 67, 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2017.04.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plopa, M. (2008). Więzi w małżeństwie i rodzinie: metody badań [Bonds in marriage and family: research methods]. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls.Google Scholar
Rioux, C., Castellanos-Ryan, N., Parent, S., & Séguin, J. R. (2016). The interaction between temperament and the family environment in adolescent substance use and externalizing behaviors: support for diathesis–stress or differential susceptibility?. Developmental Review, 40, 117–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.03.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roe, A., & Siegelman, M. (1963). A Parent–Child Relations Questionnaire. Child Development, 34, 355–369.Google ScholarPubMed
Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T., & Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39, 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465811000117 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheffield, A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J., & Meyer, C. (2005). Links between parenting and core beliefs: preliminary psychometric validation of the Young Parenting Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 787–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-4291-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyth, E. J., Gardner, F. L., Marks, D. R., & Moore, Z. E. (2017). An exploration of the mediators between childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 32, 567–583. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00084 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobolewski, A., Strelau, J., & Zawadzki, B. (2001). The temperamental determinants of stressors as life changes. European Psychologist, 6, 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.6.4.287 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stopa, L., & Waters, A. (2005). The effect of mood on responses to the Young Schema Questionnaire: Short form. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 78, 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608304X21383 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strelau, J., & Zawadzki, B. (1993). The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI): theoretical assumptions and scale construction. European Journal of Personality, 7, 313–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070504 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strelau, J., & Zawadzki, B. (1995). The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI): validity studies. European Journal of Personality, 9, 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strelau, J., Oniszczenko, W., Zawadzki, B., & Bodunov, M. V. (1995). Temperamental traits postulated by RTT viewed from a behavior – genetic perspective: self-report twin data. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 26, 283–295.Google Scholar
Thimm, J. C. (2010). Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.10.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verstraeten, K., Vasey, M. W., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2009). Temperament and risk for depressive symptoms in adolescence: mediation by rumination and moderation by effortful control. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9293-x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Worthington, R., & Whittaker, T. (2006). Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York, London: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.