Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T10:07:08.804Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effects of contact on native language pronunciation in an L2 migrant setting*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2009

ESTHER DE LEEUW ,
MONIKA S. SCHMID  and
INEKE MENNEN
ESTHER DE LEEUW*
Affiliation:
University of the West of England, Bristol
MONIKA S. SCHMID
Affiliation:
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
INEKE MENNEN
Affiliation:
Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Bangor University
*
Address for correspondence: Esther de Leeuw, Department of Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UKesther.deleeuw@uwe.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether native speakers of German living in either Canada or the Netherlands are perceived to have a foreign accent in their native German speech. German monolingual listeners (n = 19) assessed global foreign accent of 34 L1 German speakers in Anglophone Canada, 23 L1 German speakers in the Dutch Netherlands, and five German monolingual controls in Germany. The experimental subjects had moved to either Canada or the Netherlands at an average age of 27 years and had resided in their country of choice for an average of 37 years. The results revealed that the German listeners were more likely to perceive a global foreign accent in the German speech of the consecutive bilinguals in Anglophone Canada and the Dutch Netherlands than in the speech of the control group and that nine immigrants to Canada and five immigrants to the Netherlands were clearly perceived to be non-native speakers of German. Further analysis revealed that quality and quantity of contact with the native German language had a more significant effect on predicting global foreign accent in native speech than age of arrival or length of residence. Two types of contact were differentiated: (i) C−M represented communicative settings in which little code-mixing between the L1 and L2 was expected to occur, and (ii) C+M represented communicative settings in which code-mixing was expected to be more likely. The variable C−M had a significant impact on predicting foreign accent in native speech, whereas the variable C+M did not. The results suggest that contact with the L1 through communicative settings in which code-mixing is inhibited is especially conducive to maintaining the stability of native language pronunciation in consecutive bilinguals living in a migrant context.

Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 13 , Issue 1: New perspectives on L1 attrition , January 2010 , pp. 33 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

We are immensely grateful to the participants of this study, who generously donated their time and provided an insight into their personal languages, and lives. We are also indebted to Herbert Masthoff and Jens-Peter Köster for supporting the perception experiment at the University of Trier, and to two anonymous reveiwers for their comments on an earlier version of this paper. The original data collection was supported through NWO grant No. 275-70-005 and the perception experiment was supported through a Ph.D. scholarship held at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh.

References

Abrahamsson, N. & Hyltenstam, K. (2009). Age of onset and nativelikeness in a second language: Listener perception versus linguistic scrutiny. gLanguage Learning, 59 (2), 249–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, B. & Gerfen, C. (2004a). Frenchville French: A case study in phonological attrition. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8 (3), 303–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, B. & Gerfen, C. (2004b). Phonological convergence in a contracting language variety. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7 (2), 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, V. (2003). Introduction: The changing L1 in the L2 user's mind. In Cook, V. (ed.), Effects of the second language on the first, pp. 1–18. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1984). The detection of French accent by American listeners. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 76 (3), 692–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flege, J. E. (1987). The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. & Fletcher, K. L. (1992). Talker and listener effects on degree of perceived foreign accent. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91 (1), 370–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grosjean, F. (1982). Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Köpke, B. (2004). Neurolinguistic aspects of attrition. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 17 (1), 3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeuw, E. deSchmid, M. S. & Mennen, I. (2007). Global foreign accent in native German speech. Presented at the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken, Germany, 6–10 August, 2007.Google Scholar
Major, R. C. (1992). Losing English as a first language. The Modern Language Journal, 76, 190–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mennen, I. (2004). Bi-directional interference in the intonation of Dutch speakers of Greek. Journal of Phonetics, 32 (4), 543–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, A. (1999). Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology: The critical factors of age, motivation, and instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perdue, C. (1993). Adult language acquisition: Cross-linguistic perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Piske, T., MacKay, I. R. A. & Flege, J. E. (2001). Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: A review. Journal of Phonetics, 29 (2), 191–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sancier, M. L. & Fowler, C. A. (1997). Gestural drift in a bilingual speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and English. Journal of Phonetic, 25 (4), 421–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, M. S. (2007). The role of L1 use for L1 attrition. In Köpke, B., Schmid, M. S., Keijzer, M. & Dostert, S. (eds.), Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives, pp. 135–153. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar