Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 November 2011
21 K.J. Edwards, ‘Using space in cultural palynology: The value of the off-site pollen record’, in D.R. Harris and K.D. Thomas (eds), Modelling Ecological Change: Perspectives from Neoecology and Archaeology (1991), 61-74.
22 Turner, J., Journ. Arch. Science vi (1979), 285–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Davies, C. and Turner, J., New Phytologist lxxxii (1979), 783–804; K.E. Barber, Peat Stratigraphy and Climatic Change: A Palaeoecological Test of the Theory of Cyclic Peat Bog Regeneration (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 N. Higham, The Northern Counties to A.D. 1000 (1986); D.J. Breeze and B. Dobson, Hadrian's Wall, (1987); S. Johnson, Hadrian's Wall (1989).
24 Edwards, K.J., Journ. Arch. Science vi (1979), 255–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 Behre, K..E., Pollen et Spores xxiii (1981), 225–45.Google Scholar
26 Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P., Radiocarbon 28b (1986), 1022–1030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27 P.A.G. Clack and P.F. Gosling, Archaeology in the North: Report of the Northern Archaeological Survey (1976); C. Burgess, ‘The prehistoric settlement of Northumberland: A speculative survey’, in R. Miket and C. Burgess (eds), Between and Beyond the Walls (1984); Higham op. cit. (note 23).
28 Higham, op. cit. (note 23), 152-8.
29 G.B.D. Jones, ‘The emergence of the Tyne-Solway frontier’, in V.A. Maxfield and M.J. Dobson (eds), Roman Frontier Studies 1989: Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (1991), 98-108.
30 S.S. Frere, Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (1987), 110-25.
31 P.S. Austen, ‘How big was the second largest fort on Hadrian's Wall at Bowness-on-Solway’, in Maxfield and Dobson, op. cit. (note 29), 6-9.
32 Mann, J.C., PSAS cxviii (1988), 131–7.Google Scholar
33 Dumayne, L., Late Holocene Palaeoecology and Human Impact on the Environment of Northern Britain, Ph.D. Thesis, Southampton (1992).Google Scholar
34 Ordnance Survey, Historical Map and Guide: Roman Britain (1991).
35 P. Salway, ‘The vici: urbanisation in the north’, in K. Branigan (ed.), Rome and the Brigantes: the Impact of Rome on Northern Britain (1980), 7-8.
36 Higham, op. cit. (note 23), 235-41.
37 Jones, G.B.D., ‘Becoming different without knowing it: the role and development of the vici’, in Blagg, T.F.C. and King, A.C. (eds), Military and Civilian in Roman Britain: Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province, BAR 136 (1984), 75–91; M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain: An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation (1990).Google Scholar
38 Clack, P.A.G., ‘The northern frontier: farmers in the military zone’, in Miles, D. (ed.). The Romano-British Countryside: Studies in Rural Settlement and Economy, BAR 103 (1982), 377–403.Google Scholar
39 Millett, op. cit. (note 37).
40 A.L.F. Rivet, Town and Country in Roman Britain, (1964), 99-130.
41 N. Higham and B. Jones, The Carvetii (1985).
42 Tacitus, Agricola 25.1.
43 Johnson, op. cit. (note 23).
44 Woolliscroft, D., Arch. Ael.5 xvii (1989), 5–19.Google Scholar
45 L. Keppie, Scotland's Roman Remains (1986), 67.
46 Richmond, I.A. and Mclntyre, J., PSAS lxxiii (1939), 110–54.Google Scholar
47 Hanson, W.S., Britannia ix (1975), 293–305.Google Scholar
48 Bewley, R.H., Prehistoric and Roman Settlement in the Solway Plain, Cumbria, Ph.D. Thesis, Cambridge (1984).Google Scholar
49 I. Hodder and M. Millett, ‘The human geography of Roman Britain’, in R.A. Dodgson and R.A. Butlin, (eds), An Historical Geography of England and Wales, (1990), 25-41.
50 Clack and Gosling, op. cit. (note 27).
51 K. Greene, The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (1986).
52 Bennett, J., ‘The end of Roman settlement in northern England’, in Snape, J.C. and Mytum, H.C. (eds), Settlement in Northern Britain 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000, BAR 118 (1983), 205–99.Google Scholar
53 I.A. Morrison, ‘Prehistoric Scotland’, in I. Whyte and G. Whittington (eds), A Historical Geography of Scotland (1983), 1-23.
54 G. Ritchie and A. Ritchie, Scotland: Archaeology and Early History (1981); Jones, op. cit. (note 37).
55 Crow, J.G., Britannia xxii (1991), 51–95 but doubt has recently been shed on this.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56 Swan, V.G., The Pottery Kilns of Roman Britain, RCHM Suppl. Series 5 (1884), Fiche 1.243.Google Scholar
57 D.J. Breeze and B. Dobson, Hadrian's Wall (1987).
58 Ordnance Survey, Agricultural Land Classification for England and Wales (1965).
59 This work was undertaken as part of a SERC (SBAC) funded Ph.D. studentship at the Department of Geography, University of Southampton. Dr Keith Barber supervised the work and I would like to thank him for his advice and encouragement. Thanks are also due to the landowners for allowing access to the site; to Rob Stoneman for assistance with fieldwork and Dr D. Harkness at the NERC Radiocarbon laboratory in East Kilbride for analysis of material submitted for radiocarbon dating.