Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:28:45.026Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Animal Remains from Temples in Roman Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2010

Anthony King
Anthony King
Affiliation:
University College Winchestertony.king@winchester.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Approximately twenty temple excavations have yielded significant assemblages of animal bones. All come from Romano-Celtic temples in southern Britain, with the exception of four shrines for eastern cults. This paper picks out major characteristics of the assemblages and draws some general conclusions about the nature of the ritual activity that led to their deposition. At temples such as Uley or Hayling, sacrifices were probably an important part of the rituals, and the animals carefully selected. At other temples, animals had a lesser role, with little evidence of selection. At healing shrines, such as Bath and Lydney, animal sacrifices are not clearly attested, and would probably have taken place away from the areas used for healing humans. In contrast to the Romano-Celtic temples, animal remains at the shrines of eastern cults have very different characteristics: individual deposits can be linked to specific rituals within the cult buildings, and have many similarities to the continental evidence

Keywords

ROMANO-CELTIC TEMPLEANIMALS BONESIRON AGEMITHRAEAULEYHAYLING ISLANDHARLOWFOLLY LANELAMYATT BEACON
Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 36 , November 2005 , pp. 329 - 369
Copyright
Copyright © Anthony King 2005. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ApSimon, A.M. 1965: ‘The Roman temple on Brean Down, Somerset’, Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 10, 195–258Google Scholar
Aupert, P. 1992: ‘Les dieux guérisseurs du domaine celtico-romain’, in Landes, C. (ed.), Dieux guérisseurs en Gaule romaine, Lattes, 59–75Google Scholar
Barrett, J.C., Freeman, P.W.M., and Woodward, A. 2000: Cadbury Castle, Somerset. The Later Prehistoric and Early Historic Archaeology, English Heritage Archaeological Report 20, LondonGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, R. 1987: Harlow Temple Excavations 1885–86: an Interim Report, HarlowGoogle Scholar
Becker, W.-D. et al. 1999: ‘Eine Bustumbestattung mit Südfrüchten in Xanten’, Bonner Jahrbücher 199, 235–62Google Scholar
Bedwin, O. 1980: ‘Excavations at Chanctonbury Ring, Wiston, West Sussex 1977’, Britannia 11, 173–222Google Scholar
Benecke, N. 1999: ‘Die Tierreste’, in Nickel 1999, 158–67Google Scholar
Biek, L., and Cripps, E.S. 1963: ‘Distribution of animal remains’, in Greenfeld 1963, 260Google Scholar
Blackburn, K. 1951: ‘Report upon the natural pine-cones from the temple of Mithras at Carrawburgh’, in Richmond and Gillam 1951, 86Google Scholar
Bontron, R., Leblay, J.-C., Lepetz, S., Partuisot, F., and Pilon, F. 2002: ‘Les sanctuaires du vicus de Châteaubleau’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 43–5Google Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1960: ‘A temple of mithras at Caernarvon – Segontium’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 109, 136–72Google Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1989: ‘A Roman sculpture rehabilitated: the Pagans Hill dog’, Britannia 20, 201–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgard, P. 1994: ‘Un sanctuaire à édifces multiples: l'enclos cultuel de Verjusclas à Lioux (Vaucluse)’, in Goudineau et al. 1994, 90–4Google Scholar
Bourgeois, L. 1999: Le Sanctuaire rural de Bennecourt (Yvelines). Du temple celtique au temple gallo-romain, documents d'Archéologie française 77, ParisCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brouquier-Reddé, V., Gruel, K., and Poupon, F. 2002: ‘Allonnes: un grand sanctuaire public consacré à mars mullo chez les Cénomans’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 32–3Google Scholar
Casey, P.J., and Hoffmann, B. 1999: ‘Excavations at the Roman temple in Lydney Park, Goucestershire in 1980 and 1981’, Antiquaries Journal 79, 81–143Google Scholar
Clarke, S. 1999: ‘In search of a different Roman period: the fnds assemblage at the Newstead military complex’, in Fincham, G. (ed.), TRAC ‘99. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Durham 1999, Oxford, 22–9Google Scholar
Clauss, M. 2000: The Roman Cult of Mithras. The God and his Mysteries (trans. Gordon, R.), EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B., and Davenport, P. 1985: The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath, vol. 1, the Site, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology monograph 7, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Dandoy, J., Selinsky, P., and Voigt, M. 2002: ‘Celtic sacrifce. Grim deposits of bones attest ritual slaughter by Galatians at Gordion’, Archaeology 55, no. 1, 44–9Google Scholar
Deyts, S. 1994: Un Peuple de Pélerins. Offrandes de pierre et de bronze des Sources de la Seine, Revue Archéologique de l'Est et du Centre-Est suppl. 13, DijonGoogle Scholar
Dix, B. 1986: ‘Some further Roman bronzes from Brigstock, Northamptonshire’, Antiquaries Journal 66, 126–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Done, G. 1984: ‘The animal bone’, in O'Connell 1984, 191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drew, C.D. 1931: ‘The excavations at Jordan Hill, Weymouth, 1931’, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 53, 265–76Google Scholar
Driesch, A. von den, and Pöllath, N. 2000: ‘Tierknochen aus dem Mithrastempel von Künzing, Lkr. Deggendorf’, in Schmotz, K. (ed.), Vorträge des 18. Niederbayerischen Archäologentages, Rahden, 145–62Google Scholar
Everton, R.F. 1986: ‘The animal bone’, in Leech 1986, 324–6Google Scholar
Fercoq du Leslay, G., and Lepetz, S. 2002: ‘Consommation de viande dans le sanctuaire de Ribemont-sur-Ancre: salaison et viande fraîche’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 64–6Google Scholar
Ferris, I.M., Bevan, L., and Cuttler, R. 2000: The Excavation of a Romano-British Shrine at Orton's Pasture, Rocester, Staffordshire, BAR Brit. Ser. 314, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1994: ‘Outside in: the structure of an Early Iron Age house at Dunston Park, Thatcham, Berkshire’, in Fitzpatrick and Morris 1994, 68–72Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P., and Morris, E.L. (eds) 1994: The Iron Age in Wessex: Recent Work, SalisburyGoogle Scholar
France, N.E., and Gobel, B.M. 1985: The Romano-British Temple at Harlow, GloucesterGoogle Scholar
Fraser, F.C. 1951: ‘Report upon mammalian bones from the Mithraeum at Carrawburgh’, in Richmond and Gillam 1951, 89–90Google Scholar
Fulford, M.G. 2001: ‘Links with the past: pervasive “ritual” behaviour in Roman Britain’, Britannia 32, 199–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulford, M.G., and Rippon, S.J. 1994: ‘Lowbury Hill, Oxon: a re-assessment of the probable Romano-Celtic temple and the Anglo-Saxon barrow’, Archaeological Journal 151, 158–211, microfche 1, 1–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaidon-Bunuel, M.-A. 2002: ‘La cuisine du mithraeum de Septeuil’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 70–83Google Scholar
Gaudefroy, S., and Lepetz, S. 2000: ‘Le dépôt sacrifciel de Longeuil-Sainte-Marie “L'Orméon” (Oise). Un culte de tradition locale sous l'Empire?’ in Van Andringa, W. (ed.), Archéologie des sanctuaires en Gaule romaine, Centre Jean-Palerne Mém. 22, Saint-Etienne, 157–92Google Scholar
Gilchrist, R. 1989: ‘Animal bone’, in Rahtz and Watts 1989, 358–60, microfche 2, 35–40Google Scholar
Girling, M., and Straker, V. 1993: ‘Plant macrofossils, arthropods and charcoal’, in Woodward and Leach 1993, 250–3Google Scholar
Goudineau, C., Fauduet, I., and Coulon, G. (eds) 1994: Les Sanctuaires de tradition indigène en Gaule romaine, ParisGoogle Scholar
Grant, A. 1982: ‘The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic ungulates’, in Wilson, B. (ed.), Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, BAR Brit. Ser. 109, Oxford, 91–108Google Scholar
Grant, A. 1985: ‘The animal bones’, in Cunliffe and Davenport 1985, 164–73Google Scholar
Gregory, T. 1977: ‘The enclosure at Ashill’, East Anglian Archaeology 5, 9–30Google Scholar
Green, M. 1976: The Religions of Civilian Roman Britain, BAR Brit. Ser. 24, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Green, M. 1986: The Gods of the Celts, GloucesterGoogle Scholar
Green, M. 1992: Animals in Celtic Life and Myth, LondonGoogle Scholar
Green, M. 1999: ‘Religion and deities’, in Turner 1999, 255–7Google Scholar
Green, M. 2001: Dying for the Gods. Human Sacrifce in Iron Age and Roman Europe, StroudGoogle Scholar
Greenfeld, E. 1963: ‘The Romano-British shrines at Brigstock, Northants’, Antiquaries Journal 43, 228–63Google Scholar
Hall, H. 1982: ‘Report on the human and animal bones’, in Wedlake 1982, 178–9Google Scholar
Hambleton, E. 1998: Animal Husbandry Regimes in Iron Age Britain: a Comparative Study of Faunal Assemblages from British Iron Age Sites, BAR Brit. Ser. 282, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Hamilton-Dyer, S. 1994: ‘The animal bone’, in Fulford and Rippon 1994, 185–8, microfiche 1, 21–4Google Scholar
Hamilton-Dyer, S., and Maltby, M. 2000: ‘The animal bones from a sample of Iron Age contexts’, in Barrett et al. 2000, 278–91Google Scholar
Hammon, A. 2000: ‘The animal bones’, in Ferris et al. 2000, 61–7Google Scholar
Harker, S. 1980: ‘Springhead – a brief re-appraisal’, in Rodwell 1980, 285–8Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., and Millett, M. 1997: ‘Verlamion reconsidered’, in Gwilt, A. and Haselgrove, C. (eds), Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, Oxbow Monograph 71, Oxford, 282–96Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1982: ‘Seasonal feasts in Roman Britain’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 1, 213–23Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1984: Religion in Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1989: ‘Religion in Roman Britain’, in Todd, M. (ed.), Research in Roman Britain, Britannia Monograph 11, London, 219–34Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1993: ‘Votive objects: images and inscriptions’, in Woodward and Leach 1993, 88–112Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1998: ‘The temple as a bacchium or sacrarium in the fourth century’, in Shepherd 1998, 230–2Google Scholar
Hill, J.D. 1995: Ritual and Rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex: a Study on the Formation of a Specifc Archaeological Record, BAR Brit. Ser. 242, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J., and Rielly, K. 1994: ‘Animal bone from the “Mausoleum” site’, in Williams and Zeepvat 1994, 515–36Google Scholar
Horne, P.D., and King, A.C. 1980: ‘Romano-Celtic temples in Continental Europe: a gazetteer of those with known plans’, in Rodwell 1980, 369–555Google Scholar
Isserlin, R.M.J. 1994: ‘An archaeology of brief time: monuments and seasonality in Roman Britain’, in Cottam, S. (ed.), TRAC 94 (Proceedings 4th Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Durham 1994), Oxford, 45–56Google Scholar
Jacques, A., Lepetz, S., and Van Andringa, W. 2002: ‘Vestiges de repas et identifcation d'un siège de collège à Arras-Nemetacum’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 22–30Google Scholar
Kane, J.P. 1975: ‘The Mithraic cult meal in its Greek and Roman environment’, in Hinnells, J.R. (ed.), Mithraic Studies, Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies, Manchester, 313–51Google Scholar
King, A.C. 1978: ‘A comparative survey of bone assemblages from Roman sites in Britain’, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London 15, 207–32Google Scholar
King, A.C. 1984: ‘Animal bones and the dietary identity of military and civilian groups in Roman Britain, Germany and Gaul’, in Blagg, T.F.C. and King, A.C. (eds), Military and Civilian in Roman Britain, BAR Brit. Ser. 136, Oxford, 187–217Google Scholar
King, A.C. 1990: ‘The emergence of Romano-Celtic religion’, in Blagg, T.F.C. and Millett, M. (eds), The Early Roman Empire in the West, Oxford, 220–41Google Scholar
King, A.C. 1999: ‘Diet in the Roman world: a regional inter-site comparison of the mammal bones’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12, 168–202Google Scholar
King, A.C., and Rielly, K. (forthcoming): ‘The mammal bones’, in King and Soffe forthcomingGoogle Scholar
King, A.C., and Soffe, G. 1994: ‘The Iron Age and Roman temple on Hayling Island’, in Fitzpatrick and Morris 1994, 114–16Google Scholar
King, A.C., and Soffe, G. 2001: ‘Internal organisation and deposition at the Iron Age temple on Hayling Island, Hampshire’, in Collis, J. (ed.), Society and Settlement in Iron Age Europe (Actes du XVIIIe Colloque de l'AFEAF, Winchester), Sheffeld Archaeological Monograph 11, Sheffeld, 111–24Google Scholar
King, A.C., and Soffe, G. (forthcoming): The Iron Age and Roman Temple on Hayling Island, HampshireGoogle Scholar
King, J.E. 1959: ‘The bones’, in W.S. Penn, ‘The Romano-British settlement at Springhead; excavation of Temple 1, site C1’, Archaeologia Cantiana 73, 1–61Google Scholar
Lauwerier, R.C. 2004: ‘The economic and non-economic animal: Roman depositions and offerings’, in Jones O'day, S. (ed.), Behaviour Behind Bones. The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Society, Oxford, 66–72Google Scholar
Leech, R. 1986: ‘The excavation of a Romano-Celtic temple and a later cemetery on Lamyatt Beacon, Somerset’, Britannia 17, 259–328Google Scholar
Legge, A.J., and Dorrington, E.J. 1985: ‘The animal bones’, in France and Gobel 1985, 122–33Google Scholar
Legge, A.J., Williams, J., and Williams, P. 2000: ‘Lambs to the slaughter: sacrifce at two Roman temples in southern England’, in Rowley-Conwy, P. (ed.), Animal Bones, Human Societies, Oxford, 152–7Google Scholar
Lentacker, A., Ervynck, A., and Van Neer, W. 2004: ‘Gastronomy or religion? The animal remains from the mithraeum at Tienen (Belgium)’, in Jones O'day, S. (ed.), Behaviour Behind Bones. The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Society, Oxford, 77–94Google Scholar
Lepetz, S. 1990: ‘Les ossements animaux des fosses du sanctuaire d'Attis Cybèle, du sanctuaire germanique, et du dépotoir militaire’, in Belot, E. et al., Les Cultes à Arras au Bas Empire, Arras, 105–8Google Scholar
Lepetz, S. 1996: l'Animal dans la société gallo-romaine de la France du Nord, Revue Archéologique de Picardie no. spéc. 12, AmiensGoogle Scholar
Lepetz, S., and Méniel, P. 2002: ‘Les dépôts d'animaux non consommés en Gaule romaine’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 47–56Google Scholar
Lepetz, S., and Van Andringa, W. (eds) 2002: Archéologie du sacrifce animal en Gaule romaine. Volume des pré-actes, ParisGoogle Scholar
Levitan, B. 1993: ‘Vertebrate remains’, in Woodward and Leach 1993, 257–301Google Scholar
Lewis, M.J.T. 1966: Temples in Roman Britain, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Locker, A. 1999: ‘The animal bone’, in Niblett 1999, 324–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luff, R.-M. 1992: ‘The faunal remains’, in Wickendon 1992, 116–24Google Scholar
Luff, R.-M. 1999: ‘Animal and human bones’, in Turner 1999, 204–23Google Scholar
Macready, S., and Sidell, J. 1998: ‘The animal bones’, in Shepherd 1998, 208–15Google Scholar
Magnan, d., and Lepetz, S. 2002: ‘La Bauve à Meaux, sanctuaire suburbain de la cité des Meldes’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 34–7Google Scholar
Mainland, I., and Halstead, P. 2004: ‘The diet and management of domestic sheep and goats in Neolithic Makriyalos’, in Davies, J. (ed.), Diet and Health in Past Animal Populations: Current Research and Future Directions, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Maniquet, C. 2004: Le Sanctuaire antique des Arènes de Tintignac, LimogesGoogle Scholar
Martens, M., Lentacker, A., and Ervynck, A. 2002: ‘Restes d'un festin en l'honneur du dieu Mithra et autres dépôts rituels dans le vicus de Tirlemont’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 67–9Google Scholar
Méniel, P. 1985: ‘Les animaux’, in Brunaux, J.L. et al., Gournay I, Les fouilles sur le sanctuaire et l'oppidum (1975–1984), Revue Archéologique de Picardie, Amiens, 125–46Google Scholar
Méniel, P. 1992: Les Sacrifces d'animaux chez les Gaulois, ParisGoogle Scholar
Méniel, P. 1997: ‘La faune du sanctuaire de fesques «Le Mont du Val-aux-moines»’, in Mantel, E. (ed.), Le Sanctuaire de Fesques «Le Mont du Val aux Moines», Nord-Ouest Archéologie 8, Berck-sur-Mer, 81–105Google Scholar
Méniel, P., and Desse-Berset, N. 1999: ‘La faune’, in Bourgeois 1999, 151–68Google Scholar
Méniel, P., and Jouin, m. 2000: ‘Les inhumations d'animaux de Vertault (Côte-d'Or, début de notre ère)’, in Bodson, L., L., (ed.), Ces Animaux que l'homme choisit d'inhumer, Colloque d'Histoire des Connaissances Zoologiques 11, Liège, 65–91Google Scholar
Mllett, M. 1995: ‘Re-thinking religion in Romanisation’, in Metzler, J. (ed.), Integration in the Early Roman West. The Role of Culture and Ideology, Dossiers d'Archéologie du Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art 4, Luxembourg, 93–100Google Scholar
Monckton, A. 2000: ‘Charred plant remains’, in Ferris et al. 2000, 67–71Google Scholar
Niblett, R. 1999: The Excavation of a Ceremonial Site at Folly Lane, Verulamium, Britannia monograph 14, LondonGoogle Scholar
Niblett, R. 2001: Verulamium. The Roman City of St Albans, StroudGoogle Scholar
Nickel, C. 1999: Gaben an die Götter. Der gallo-römische Tempelbezirk von Karden (Kr. Cochem-Zell, D), MontagnacGoogle Scholar
Nicolaysen, P. 1994: ‘The animal remains’, in O'Connell and Bird 1994, 161–4Google Scholar
O'Connell, M.G. 1984: ‘Green Lane, Wanborough 1979 (SU 920 495)’, Surrey Archaeological Collections 75, 185–93Google Scholar
O'Connell, M.G. 2000: ‘Excavations at Wanborough’, Bulletin of the Surrey Archaeological Society 337, 14–15Google Scholar
O'Connell, M.G., and Bird, J. 1994: ‘The Roman temple at Wanborough, excavation 1985–1986’, Surrey Archaeological Collections 82, 1–168Google Scholar
Olive, C. 2002: ‘Vestiges fauniques dans les nécropoles et les lieux de culte, dans les Alpes du Nord, à l'époque romaine: offrandes et/ou sacrifces?’ in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, annexeGoogle Scholar
Payne, S. 1973: ‘Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats: the mandibles from Asvan Kale’, Anatolian Studies 23, 281–303Google Scholar
Petit, J.-P. 1989: ‘Bliesbruck et les grands ensembles de puits et de fosses cultuels de la Gaule romaine’, in Méniel, P. (ed.), Animal et pratiques réligieuses: les manifestations matérielles, Anthropozoologica no. spéc. 3, Paris, 99–110Google Scholar
Platt, M.I. 1951: ‘Report upon bird bones from the wattle-revetments of benches in Mithraea II and III at Carrawburgh’, and ‘Report upon the skull of a common fowl from the ritual deposit below the altars of Mithras, Carrawburgh’, in Richmond and Gillam 1951, 91–2Google Scholar
Poulain, T. 1983: ‘Les fragments osseux’, in Deyts, S., Les Bois sculptés des Sources de la Seine, Gallia suppl. 42, Paris, 66–9Google Scholar
Poulain, T. 2001: ‘La faune’, in Pommeret, C. (ed.), Le Sanctuaire antique des Bolards à Nuits-Saint-Georges (Côte-d'Or), Revue Archéologique de l'Est Suppl. 16, Dijon, 391–406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahtz, P., and Watts, L. 1989: ‘Pagans Hill revisited’, Archaeological Journal 146, 330–71, microfche 2, 1–40Google Scholar
Richmond, I.A., and Gillam, J.P. 1951: ‘The Temple of Mithras at Carrawburgh’, Archaeologia Aeliana 4 29, 1–92Google Scholar
Rodet-Belarbi, I. 1994: ‘Les ossements animaux des ensembles clos d'Argentomagus (St-marcel, Indre): différences et similitudes selon les lieux de découverte’, in Goudineau et al. 1994, 187–93Google Scholar
Rodwell, W. (ed.) 1980: Temples, Churches and Religion in Roman Britain, BAR Brit. Ser. 77, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. 1968: ‘Shafts, pits, wells – sanctuaries of the Belgic Britons?’ in Coles, J. and Simpson, D. (eds), Studies in Ancient Europe. Essays Presented to Stuart Piggott, Leicester, 255–85Google Scholar
Ross, A. 1974: Pagan Celtic Britain. Studies in Iconography and Tradition, LondonGoogle Scholar
Ross, A., and Feachem, R. 1976: ‘Ritual rubbish? The Newstead pits’, in Megaw, J.V. (ed.), To Illustrate the Monuments. Essays on Archaeology presented to Stuart Piggott, London, 229–37Google Scholar
Rudling, D. 2001: ‘Chanctonbury Ring revisited: the excavations of 1988–1991’, Sussex Archaeological Collections 139, 75–121Google Scholar
Schulze-Rehm, C. 2000: ‘Die Tierknochen aus dem Tempelbezirk des römischen vicus von dalheim’, in Haffner, A. and von Schnurbein, S. (eds), Kelten, Germanen, Römer im Mittelgebirgsraum zwischen Luxemburg und Thüringen, Bonn, 421–9Google Scholar
Scott, E. 1999: The Archaeology of Infancy and Infant Death, BAR Int. Ser. 819, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Seijnen, M. 1994: ‘Dierebotten en rituele maaltijden’, in Roymans, N. and Derks, T. (eds), De Tempel van Empel. Een Hercules-heiligdom in het woongebied van de Bataven, Graven Brabantse Verleden 2, s'Hertogenbosch, 162–73Google Scholar
Shepherd, J. 1998: The Temple of Mithras, London. Excavations by W F Grimes and A Williams at the Walbrook, London, English Heritage Archaeological Report 12, LondonGoogle Scholar
Sibun, L. 2001: ‘The animal bone assemblage’, in Rudling 2001, 108–9Google Scholar
Somerville, E. 1994: ‘The oysters’, in Fulford and Rippon 1994, 188, microfche 1, 25–35Google Scholar
Somerville, E. 2001: ‘The marine and edible land molluscs’, in Rudling 2001, 109–11Google Scholar
Turner, R. 1999: Excavations of an Iron Age Settlement and Roman Religious Complex at Ivy Chimneys, Witham, Essex 1978–83, Chelmsford, East Anglian Archaeology Report 88Google Scholar
Van Mensch, P.J. 1974: ‘A Roman soup-kitchen at Zwammerdam?’ Berichten van de Rijsdienst voor het Ouheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 24, 159–65Google Scholar
Vermaseren, M.J. 1956/1960: Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae, The HagueGoogle Scholar
Watson, D.M.S. 1932: ‘Bones’, in Wheeler and Wheeler 1932, 131Google Scholar
Watts, L., and Leach, P. 1996: Henley Wood, Temples and Cemetery Excavations 1962–69 by the Late Ernest Greenfeld and Others, CBA Research Report 99, YorkGoogle Scholar
Wedlake, W.J. 1982: The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire, 1956–1971, Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 40, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wellington, I. 2002: ‘Considering continuity of deposition on votive sites in northeastern france from 200 BC to Ad 100’, in Carruthers, M. (ed.), TRAC 01 (Proceedings of the 11th Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Glasgow 2001), Oxford, 1–12Google Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.M., and Wheeler, T.V. 1932: Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and PostRoman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 9, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.m., and Wheeler, T.V. 1936: Verulamium. A Belgic and Two Roman Cities, Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 11, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Wickendon, N.P. 1992: The Temple and Other Sites in the Northeastern Sector of Caesaromagus, CBA Research Report 75, LondonGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. 2000: ‘A newly-discovered Roman temple and its environs: excavations at Wanborough in 1999’, Bulletin of the Surrey Archaeological Society 336, 1–6Google Scholar
Williams, R.J., and Zeepvat, R.J. 1994: Bancroft. A Late Bronze Age/Iron Age Settlement, Roman Villa & Temple-Mausoleum, Buckinghamshire Archaeological Society Monograph 7, AylesburyGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D.R. 1975: ‘Romano-Celtic temple architecture’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 3 38, 3–27Google Scholar
Witteyer, M., and Hochmuth, M. 2002: ‘Sacrifce and food offerings to Isis and Magna Mater in Mainz’, in Lepetz and Van Andringa 2002, 57–9Google Scholar
Woodward, A. 1992: Shrines and Sacrifice, LondonGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A., and Leach, P. 1993: The Uley Shrines. Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire: 1977–9, Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission Archaeological Report 17, LondonGoogle Scholar
Zach, B. 2002: ‘Vegetable offerings on the Roman sacrifcial site in Mainz, Germany – short report on the frst results’, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11, 101–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar