Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:51:35.250Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Defended Vici of Roman Britain: Recent Research and New Agendas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2019

Alexander Smith  and
Michael Fulford
Alexander Smith
Affiliation:
Headland Archaeologyalex.smith@headlandarchaeology.com
Michael Fulford
Affiliation:
University of Readingm.g.fulford@reading.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The evidence of the character and purpose of settlements previously described as defended ‘small towns’ is reviewed in the light of knowledge accrued since the implementation of Planning Policy Guidance 16 in 1990, the same year as the publication of Burnham and Wacher's survey, The ‘Small Towns’ of Roman Britain. This review focuses on four of the more extensively excavated settlements: Alcester, Cambridge, Godmanchester and Worcester. In the absence of convincing urban attributes, it is suggested that this category of settlement should more appropriately be regarded as defended villages (vici). These cluster in and around the West Anglian plain and on Ermine Street, suggesting a strategic function to protect grain and other food supplies and their movement, potentially either to the northern frontier or south to London and, perhaps, export to the Continent.

Keywords

AlcesterarchitectureCambridgedefenceseconomyGodmanchestermansiomaterial cultureroadside settlementssettlement classificationsettlement hierarchysmall townvicusWorcester
Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 50 , November 2019 , pp. 109 - 147
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, J., and Pullinger, J. 2000: ‘Roman Cambridge. Excavations on Castle Hill 1956–1988’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 88Google Scholar
Alexander, M., Dodwell, N., and Evans, C. 2004: ‘A Roman cemetery in Jesus Lane, Cambridge’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 93, 67–94Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. 2009: ‘Romano-British iron making in the Severn Estuary Levels: towards a metallurgical landscape’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 2008 (vol. 19), 71–119Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., and Fulford, M.G. 1987: ‘Romano-British settlement and industry on the Wetlands of the Severn Estuary’, Antiquaries Journal 67, 237–89Google Scholar
Allen, M. 2016a: ‘The South’, in Smith et al. 2016, 75–140Google Scholar
Allen, M. 2016b: ‘The North-East’, in Smith et al. 2016, 242–81Google Scholar
Allen, M. 2017: ‘Pastoral farming’, in Allen et al. 2017, 85–141Google Scholar
Allen, M., and Lodwick, L. 2017: ‘Agricultural strategies in Roman Britain’, in Allen et al. 2017, 142–77Google Scholar
Allen, M., and Smith, A. 2016: ‘Rural settlement in Roman Britain: morphological classification and overview’, in Smith et al. 2016, 17–43Google Scholar
Allen, M., Blick, N., Brindle, T., Evans, T., Fulford, M., Holbrook, N., Richards, J.D., and Smith, A. 2016: The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain: An Online Resource, Archaeology Data Service, York; doi:10.5284/1030449Google Scholar
Allen, M., Lodwick, L., Brindle, T., Fulford, M., and Smith, A. 2017: The Rural Economy of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 2, Britannia Monograph 30, LondonGoogle Scholar
Barker, J., and Meckseper, C. 2015: Huntingdon Road/NIAB (Darwin Green), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. Assessment of Potential and Updated Project Design, Albion Archaeology Report 2015/48Google Scholar
Barker, P.A. 1969: ‘The origins of Worcester’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society (3rd series) 2, 1–116Google Scholar
Bidwell, P. 2015: ‘The towns of the Midlands and the North’, in Fulford and Holbrook 2015, 117–37Google Scholar
Black, E.W. 1995: Cursus Publicus: The Infrastructure of Government in Roman Britain, BAR British Series 241, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Booth, P. 1989: ‘Roman store buildings at Alcester’, Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society 94 (for 1985–6), 63–106Google Scholar
Booth, P. 1994a: ‘Buildings: discussion’, in Mahany 1994, 157–63Google Scholar
Booth, P. 1994b: ‘The excavations in the context of the Roman town’, in Mahany 1994, 164–75Google Scholar
Booth, P. 1996: ‘Warwickshire in the Roman period: a review of recent work’, Transactions of Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society 100, 25–57Google Scholar
Booth, P. 1998: ‘Defining small towns in Roman Britain’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 11, 613–23Google Scholar
Booth, P., and Evans, J. 2001: Roman Alcester: Northern Extramural Area Excavations 1969–1988, CBA Research Report 127, YorkGoogle Scholar
Boucher, A. forthcoming: Excavations at Worcester Magistrates Court, Headland ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Bowden, W. 2013: ‘The urban plan of Venta Icenorum and its relationship with the Boudican revolt’, Britannia 44, 145–69Google Scholar
Bray, D. 2016: Roman and Medieval Occupation at the Former Worcester City Football Club, St George's Lane, Worcester, Thames Valley Archaeological Services Occasional Paper 8, ReadingGoogle Scholar
Brindle, T. 2016: ‘The North’, in Smith et al. 2016, 308–30Google Scholar
Brindle, T. 2017: ‘Coins and markets in the countryside’, in Allen et al. 2017, 237–80Google Scholar
Brindle, T. 2018: ‘Literacy and Latin in the countryside of Roman Britain’, in Smith et al. 2018, 69–76Google Scholar
Brown, A.E. (ed.) 1995: Roman Small Towns in Eastern England and Beyond, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Burleigh, G., and Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K. 2010: Excavations at Baldock, Hertfordshire, 1978–1994. Vol. 1: An Iron Age and Romano-British Cemetery at Wallington Road, LetchworthGoogle Scholar
Burnham, B.C. 1989: ‘A survey of building types in Roman-British “small towns”’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 141, 35–59Google Scholar
Burnham, B.C., and Wacher, J. 1990: The Small Towns of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Butler, S., and Cuttler, R. (eds) 2011: Life and Industry in the Suburbs of Roman Worcester, BAR British Series 533, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Cessford, C. 2003: Cambridge and County Folk Museum, Cambridge: An Archaeological Evaluation, Cambridge Archaeological Unit ReportGoogle Scholar
Cobain, S., and Mudd, A. 2017: Moat Lane Regeneration, Towcester: Archaeological Excavation Report, Cotswold Archaeology Report 17128Google Scholar
Corney, M. 2001: ‘The Romano-British nucleated settlements of Wiltshire’, in Ellis, P. (ed.), Roman Wiltshire and After: Papers in Honour of Ken Annable, Devizes, 5–38Google Scholar
Cotswold Archaeology 2016: Land North of Arden Forest Industrial Estate, Alcester, Warwickshire. Archaeological Evaluation (OASIS ID: cotswold2-251473), https://doi.org/10.5284/1039963Google Scholar
Cracknell, S. (ed.) 1996: Roman Alcester: Defences and Defended Area, CBA Research Report 106, YorkGoogle Scholar
Cracknell, S., and Mahany, C. (eds) 1994: Roman Alcester: Southern Extramural Area, 1964–1966. Excavations Part 2: Finds and Discussion, CBA Research Report 97, YorkGoogle Scholar
Craddock-Bennett, L. 2008: Bleachfield Street, Alcester. Archaeological Assessment, unpub. report, Archaeological Investigations LtdGoogle Scholar
Dalwood, C.H., and Edwards, R. 2004: Excavations at Deansway, Worcester, 1988–89, Romano-British Small Town to Late Medieval City, CBA Research Report 139, YorkGoogle Scholar
Dalwood, C.H., Buteux, V.A., and Darlington, J. 1994: ‘Excavation at Farrier Street and other sites north of the city wall, Worcester 1988–1992’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society (3rd series) 14, 75–128Google Scholar
Dalwood, C.H., Buteux, V.A., and Pearson, E. 1997: Evaluation at Former County Education Offices, Castle Street, Worcester, Hereford and Worcester County CouncilGoogle Scholar
Darlington, J., and Evans, C.J. 1992: ‘Roman Sidbury, Worcester: excavations 1959–1989’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society (3rd series) 13, 5–104Google Scholar
Eckardt, H. (ed.) 2010: Roman Diasporas. Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 78, Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar
Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 2003: ‘Civil defences in the west under the high empire’, in Wilson, P. (ed.), The Archaeology of Roman Towns: Studies in Honour of John Wacher, Oxford, 72–85Google Scholar
Evans, C. 2000: ‘Summary of excavations post-1988’, in Alexander and Pullinger 2000, 255–60Google Scholar
Evans, C. 2008: Borderlands. The Archaeology of the Addenbrooke's Environs, South Cambridge, New Archaeologies of the Cambridge Region, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Evans, C. 2012: ‘Archaeology and the repeatable experiment: a comparative agenda’, in Merion Jones, A., Pollard, J., Allen, M.J. and Gardiner, J. (eds), Image, Memory and Monumentality: Archaeological Engagements with the Material World: A Celebration of the Academic Achievements of Professor Richard Bradley, Oxford, 295–306Google Scholar
Evans, C. 2013: Process and History. Romano-British Communities at Colne Fen, Earith: An Inland Port and Supply Farm. The Archaeology of the Lower Ouse Valley. Vol. 2, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Evans, C., and Lucas, G. forthcoming: Hinterlands (Pt. 1). The Archaeology of West Cambridge and Roman Cambridge Revisited, CAU Landscape Archives: New Archaeologies of the Cambridge Region Series 3, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Evans, C., and Newman, R. 2010: North-west Cambridge, University of Cambridge. Archaeological Evaluation Fieldwork, Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report 921Google Scholar
Evans, C., and Standring, R. 2012: ‘A landscape corridor: A14 improvements investigations’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 101, 81–104Google Scholar
Evans, C., and Ten Harkel, L. 2010: ‘Roman Cambridge's early settlement and Via Devana: excavations at Castle Street’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 99, 35–60Google Scholar
Evans, J., Macaulay, S., and Mills, P. 2017: The Horningsea Roman Pottery Industry in Context, East Anglian Archaeology 162, Bar HillGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K.J. 2014: ‘The experience of “small towns”. Utter devastation, slow fading or business as usual’, in Haarer, F.K. (ed.), AD 410: The History and Archaeology of Late and Post-Roman Britain, London, 43–60Google Scholar
Ford, B., and Teague, S. 2011: Winchester a City in the Making. Archaeological Excavations between 2002 and 2007 at Northgate House, Staple Gardens and the Former Winchester Library, Jewry Street, Oxford Archaeology Monograph 12, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Frere, S. 1987: Britannia. A History of Roman Britain (3rd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Fulford, M. 2015: ‘Retrospect and prospect: advancement of knowledge, methodologies and publication’, in Fulford and Holbrook 2015, 194–210Google Scholar
Fulford, M. 2017: ‘Conclusions’, in Allen et al. 2017, 358–63Google Scholar
Fulford, M., and Allen, J.R.L. 1992: ‘Iron-making at the Chesters villa, Woolaston, Glos.: survey and excavations 1987–91’, Britannia 23, 159–215Google Scholar
Fulford, M., and Holbrook, N. 2011: ‘Assessing the contribution of commercial archaeology to the study of the Roman period in England, 1990–2004’, The Antiquaries Journal 91, 323–45Google Scholar
Fulford, M., and Holbrook, N. (eds) 2015: The Towns of Roman Britain: The Contribution of Commercial Archaeology since 1990, Britannia Monograph 27, LondonGoogle Scholar
Fulford, M., Lodwick, L., and Smith, A. 2018: Defended Small Towns of Roman Britain, ADS Collection: 2822Google Scholar
Gaffney, V., White, R.H., and Goodchild, H. 2007: Wroxeter, the Cornovii, and the Urban Process: Final Report on the Wroxeter Hinterland Project 1994–1997. Vol. 1 Researching the Hinterland, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 68, Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar
Gan, Y.M., Towers, J., Bradley, R.A., Pearson, E., Nowell, G., Peterkin, J., and Montgomery, J. 2018: ‘Multi-isotope evidence for cattle droving at Roman Worcester’, Journal of Archaeological Science 20, 6–17Google Scholar
Going, C.J., Green, M., Duhig, C., and Taylor, A. 1997: ‘A Roman child burial with animal figurines and pottery, from Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire’, Britannia 28, 386–93Google Scholar
Gould, J. 1999: ‘The Watling Street burgi’, Britannia 30, 185–98Google Scholar
Green, H.J.M. 1960: ‘Roman Godmanchester part 1’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 53, 8–22Google Scholar
Green, H.J.M. 1961: ‘Roman Godmanchester part 2: the town defences’, Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 54, 68–82Google Scholar
Green, H.J.M. 1977: Godmanchester, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Green, H.J.M. 1986: ‘Religious cults at Roman Godmanchester’, in Henig, M. and King, A. (eds), Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire, Oxford, 29–56Google Scholar
Green, H.J.M. 2017: Durovigutum. Roman Godmanchester (compiled, collated and edited by T. Malim), Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 33, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Griffin, S., Jackson, R., Atkin, S., Dinn, J., Griffin, L., Hughes, P., Hurst, D., Pearson, E., and Vince, A. 2004: ‘Excavation at City Arcade, High Street, Worcester’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society (3rd series) 19, 45–109Google Scholar
Hinman, M. 1998: Romano-British Remains Relating to the Bath House and Mansio at Pinfold Lane, Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire County Council Field Archaeology Unit Report A127Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1972: ‘The interpretation of spatial patterns in archaeology: two examples’, Area 4, 223–9Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1974a: ‘The distribution of Savernake Ware’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Magazine 69, 67–84Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1974b: ‘Some marketing models for Romano-British coarse pottery’, Britannia 5, 340–59Google Scholar
Hodder, I., and Hassall, M. 1971: ‘The non-random spacing of Romano-British walled towns’, Man 6, 391–407Google Scholar
Hodgson, N. 2012: ‘The contribution of commercial archaeology to the study of Roman Warwickshire, 1990–2004’, Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society 115, 17–30Google Scholar
Holbrook, N. (ed.) 2008: Excavations and Observations in Roman Cirencester 1998–2007, Cirencester Excavations VI, KembleGoogle Scholar
Hoyland, L., and Wait, G.A. 1992: Roman Burials at London Street, Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire County Council Field Archaeology Unit Report 55Google Scholar
Jackson, R. 2012: Ariconium, Herefordshire An Iron Age Settlement and Romano-British ‘Small Town’, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Jeffrey, E. 2016: Archaeological Excavation on Land to the North of Allimore Lane, Alcester. Updated Project Design and Assessment of Results, Headland ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Jones, A. 2003: Settlement, Burial and Industry in Roman Godmanchester: Excavations in the Extra-Mural Area: The Parks 1998, London Road 1997–8, and Other Investigations, BAR British Series 346, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, A. 2011: Roman Urban Street Networks: Streets and the Organization of Space in Four Cities, AbingdonGoogle Scholar
La Trobe-Bateman, E., and Niblett, R. 2016: Bath. A Study of Settlement Around the Sacred Hot Springs from the Mesolithic to the 17th Century AD. An Archaeological Assessment, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Laurence, R., Esmonde Cleary, S., and Sears, G. 2011: The City in the Roman West, c. 250 BC–c. AD 250, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Lewis, C., Ranson, C., and Collins, M. 2013: Archaeological Excavations at Ridley Hall Cambridge 2012, Access Cambridge Archaeology, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Lucas, G. 2001: Excavations at Vicar's Farm, West Cambridge, draft publication text, Cambridge Archaeological Unit ReportGoogle Scholar
Lyons, A., and Popescu, E. forthcoming: Rectory Farm, Godmanchester: Excavations from 1988 to 1995, East Anglian ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Mackay, D., and Ten Harkel, L. 2006: Archaeological Investigations at St Edmunds College, Cambridge; Excavations at St Edmunds College, Cambridge Part Two, Cambridge Archaeological Unit ReportGoogle Scholar
Madgwick, R., Lewis, J., Grimes, V., and Guest, P. 2017: ‘On the hoof: exploring the supply of animals to the Roman legionary fortress at Caerleon using strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope analysis’, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s12520-017-0539-9 (Accessed 26/06/18)Google Scholar
Mahany, C. (ed.) 1994: Roman Alcester: Southern Extramural Area, 1964–1966 Excavations Part 1: Stratigraphy and Structures, CBA Research Report 96, YorkGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, M. 2002: Roman Carlisle and the Lands of the Solway, StroudGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. 1990: The Romanization of Britain, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. 1995: ‘Strategies for Roman small towns’, in Brown 1995, 29–37Google Scholar
Millett, M., Revell, L., and Moore, A. (eds) 2016: The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Moffat, B. 2010: ‘Excavations and watching briefs in Sorviodunum — 2001 to 2008’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 103, 172–7Google Scholar
Mortimer, R. 2000: Archaeological Evaluation on the Site of the Former Cow and Calf Public House, Cambridge Archaeological Unit ReportGoogle Scholar
Mudd, A., and Booth, P. 2001: ‘Site of the former Hockley Chemical Works, Stratford Road, Alcester: excavations 1994’, Transactions of Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society 104, 1–74Google Scholar
Napthan, M. 2004: Archaeological Works at 1 The Butts, Worcester, Mike Napthan ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Napthan, M. 2012: Archaeological Watching Brief during Alterations to Entrance Gates at Springfield Lodge, Britannia Square, Worcester, Mike Napthan ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Napthan, M. 2014: ‘Worcester Castle site: an update on the origins of Worcester’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society (3rd series) 24, 1–48Google Scholar
Newman, R. 2013: The School of Pythagoras, St. John's College, Cambridge: An Archaeological Excavation, Cambridge Archaeological Unit ReportGoogle Scholar
Palmer, S.C. 2000: ‘Archaeological excavations in the Arrow Valley, Warwickshire’, Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society Transactions for 1999, 103, 1–231Google Scholar
Patten, R. 2016: Bearscroft Farm, Godmanchester: An Archaeological Excavation, Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report 1340Google Scholar
Pearson, E., Bradley, R., Sworn, S., Evans, C.J., and Richer, S. 2018: Archaeological Excavation at the Site of The Hive, The Butts, Worcester, Worcestershire Archaeology Research Report 10Google Scholar
Perring, D., and Pitts, M. 2013: Alien Cities. Consumption and the Origins of Urbanism in Roman Britain, Spoilheap Publications Monograph 7, PortsladeGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M. 2016: ‘Rural transformation in the urbanized landscape’, in Millett et al. 2016, 720–40Google Scholar
Redfern, R.C., DeWitte, S.N., Pearce, J., Hamlin, C., and Dinwiddy, K.E. 2015: ‘Urban-rural differences in Roman Dorset, England: a bioarchaeological perspective on Roman settlements’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157, 107–20Google Scholar
Rees, G. 2014: Godmanchester Flood Alleviation Scheme. Archaeological Monitoring, Oxford Archaeology East Report 1622Google Scholar
Revell, L. 2016: ‘Urban monumentality in Roman Britain’, in Millett et al. 2016, 767–90Google Scholar
Rivet, A.L.F., and Smith, C. 1979: The Place-Names of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rogers, A. 2011: Late Roman Towns in Britain: Rethinking Change and Decline, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Rohnbogner, A. 2018: ‘The rural population’, in Smith et al. 2018, 281–345Google Scholar
Rust, T.C. 2006: Architecture, Economics and Identity in Romano-British ‘Small-Towns’, BAR International Series 1547, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Simmonds, A., and Lawrence, S. 2018: Footprints from the Past The South-Eastern Extramural Settlement of Roman Alchester and Rural Occupation in its Hinterland: The Archaeology of East West Rail Phase 1, Oxford Archaeology Monograph No. 28, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. 2016a: ‘Buildings in the countryside’, in Smith et al. 2016, 44–74Google Scholar
Smith, A. 2016b: ‘The Central Belt’, in Smith et al. 2016, 141–207Google Scholar
Smith, A. 2016c: ‘The East’, in Smith et al. 2016, 208–41Google Scholar
Smith, A. 2017: ‘Rural crafts and industry’, in Allen et al. 2017, 178–236Google Scholar
Smith, A. 2018a: ‘Religion and the rural population’, in Smith et al. 2018, 120–204Google Scholar
Smith, A. 2018b: ‘Death in the countryside: rural burial practices’, in Smith et al. 2018, 205–80Google Scholar
Smith, A., and Fulford, M. 2018: ‘Conclusions’, in Smith et al. 2018, 346–57Google Scholar
Smith, A., Allen, M., Brindle, T., and Fulford, M. 2016: The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 1, Britannia Monograph 29, LondonGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., Allen, M., Brindle, T., Fulford, M., Lodwick, L., and Rohnbogner, A. 2018: Life and Death in the Countryside of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 3, Britannia Monograph 31, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stevens, G. 2016: Archaeological Excavation at the Woolf Institute, Westminster College, Cambridge, Oxford Archaeology East Report 3276Google Scholar
Sworn, S., Dalwood, H., Evans, C.J., and Pearson, E. 2014: Archaeological Excavation at the City Campus, University of Worcester, Worcestershire Archaeology Research Report 2, Worcester http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/downloads/file/6061/worcestershire_archaeology_research_report_no_2Google Scholar
Taylor, A. 2000: ‘Discussion and conclusions’, in Alexander and Pullinger 2000, 75–83Google Scholar
Timby, J. 2001: ‘A reappraisal of Savernake Ware’, in Ellis, P. (ed.), Roman Wiltshire and After. Papers in Honour of Ken Annable, Devizes, 73–84Google Scholar
Timby, J. 2012: ‘The language of pots: an overview of pottery supply to Silchester and its hinterland’, in Fulford, M. (ed.), Silchester and the Study of Romano-British Urbanism, Portsmouth, RI, 127–50Google Scholar
Timby, J. 2017: ‘What's on the table? A review of Roman pottery in the Western Central Belt’, in Allen et al. 2017, 305–36Google Scholar
Tyers, P. 1996: Roman Pottery in Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Upex, S.G. 2008: The Romans in the East of England. Settlement and Landscape in the Lower Nene Valley, StroudGoogle Scholar
Wacher, J. 1964: ‘A survey of Romano-British town defences of the early and middle second century’, Archaeological Journal 119, 103–13Google Scholar
Wacher, J. 1995: The Towns of Roman Britain (2nd edn), OxfordGoogle Scholar
Wacher, J. 1998: ‘The dating of town walls in Roman Britain’, in Bird, J. (ed.), Form and Fabric: Studies in Rome's Material Past in Honour of B.R. Hartley, Oxford, 41–50Google Scholar
Wainwright, J. 2014: Archaeological Investigations in St John's, Worcester, Worcestershire Archaeology Research Report 4Google Scholar
Wild, J.P. 1974: ‘Roman settlement in the Lower Nene Valley’, Archaeological Journal 131, 140–70Google Scholar
WCC 2006: Archaeological Observation of the Alcester Flood Alleviation Scheme Area 1 Oversley Bridge and Area South of Stratford Road, Alcester, Warwickshire County Council Report 0650Google Scholar
WCC 2008: Archaeological Investigations of the Alcester Flood Alleviation Scheme Area 3B Newport Drive and Willow Close 2002, Post-excavation Assessment, Warwickshire County Council Report 0744Google Scholar
Worcester City Council 2007: An Outline Resource Assessment and Research Framework for the Archaeology of Worcester, WorcesterGoogle Scholar