Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:20:48.125Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Distribution of South-East Dorset Black Burnished Category I Pottery in South-West Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

J.R.L. Allen  and
M.G. Fulford
J.R.L. Allen
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Reading
M.G. Fulford
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Reading
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The good survival of ceramics in the archaeological record has ensured that pottery has played a major role in the study of ancient industry and trade. How far Roman pottery can be used as a proxy for understanding the organisation of other industries is not a debate we wish to enter here, but it is clear that there remain important areas to be researched before the usefulness of pottery is exhausted. There have been significant advances in understanding over the last twenty-five years, with research concentrating more on characterisation, and the nature and scale of distributions, than on typology and chronology. The benefits of adopting a quantitative approach have been well rehearsed, although not always accepted. In this way, such research has made a major contribution to the ongoing debate about the extent to which pottery production and supply, and hence the economy as a whole, were controlled by market as opposed to institutional interests such as the state and, in particular, the Roman army.

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 27 , November 1996 , pp. 223 - 281
Copyright
Copyright © J.R.L. Allen and M.G. Fulford 1996. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Hopkins, K., ‘Introduction’, in Garnsey, P., Hopkins, K. and Whittaker, C.R. (eds), Trade in the Ancient Economy (1983), xxi–xxvGoogle Scholar; Fulford, M., ‘Economic interdependence among urban communities of the Roman Mediterranean’, World Archaeology xix (1987), 58–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Tomber, R., JRA iii (1990), 220–2Google Scholar; C. Orton, P. Tyers and A. Vince, Pottery in Archaeology (1993).

3 For example, P. Middleton, ‘The Roman army and long distance trade’, in P. Garnsey and C.R. Whittaker (eds), Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity (1983), 75–83; K. Hopkins, ‘Models, ships and staples’, in ibid., 84–109; D.P.S. Peacock and D.F. Williams, Amphorae and the Roman Economy (1986), 54–66; Wickham, C., JRS lxxviii (1988), 189–93Google Scholar; C.R. Whittaker, Les frontières de l'empire romain (1989), 53–77; Woolf, G., ‘Imperialism, empire and the integration of the Roman economy’, World Archaeology xxiii (1992), 283–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar; M. Fulford, ‘Territorial expansion and the Roman Empire’, ibid., 294–305.

4 D.P.S. Peacock, Pottery in the Roman World (1982).

5 B.R. Hartley is preparing the corpus of Gaulish potter's stamps at the University of Leeds; A. Oxé and H. Comfort, Corpus Vasorum Arretinorum: A Catalogue of the Signatures, Shapes and Chronology of Italian sigillata (1968). Kenrick, P.M., ‘Potters’ stamps on Italian Terra Sigillata: towards a new catalogue’, Journ. Roman Pottery Stud. vi (1995), 27–35.Google Scholar

6 Fulford, M., New Forest Roman Pottery: Manufacture and Distribution, with a Corpus of Pottery Types, BAR 17 (1975)Google Scholar; M.A.B. Lyne and R.S. Jefferies, The Alice Holt/Farnham Roman Pottery Industry, CBA Res. Rep. 30 (1979); Young, C.J., Oxfordshire Roman Pottery, BAR 43 (1977).Google Scholar

7 R.A.H. Farrar, ‘The techniques and sources of Romano-British black-burnished ware’, in A. Detsicas (ed.), Current Research in Romano-British Coarse Pottery, CBA Res. Rep. 10 (1973), 67–103.

8 D.P.S. Peacock, ‘The Black-burnished pottery in Dorset’, in Detsicas, op. cit. (note 7), 63–5; J.P. Gillam, ‘Sources of pottery found on northern military sites’, in ibid., 53–62.

9 D.F. Williams, ‘The Romano-British Black-burnished industry: an essay in characterisation by heavy mineral analysis’, in D.P.S. Peacock (ed.), Pottery and Early Commerce (1977), 163–220; M.G. Fulford, ‘Pottery and Britain's foreign trade in the late Roman period’, in ibid., 35–84.

10 N. Holbrook and P.T. Bidwell, Roman Finds from Exeter, Exeter Archaeological Report 4 (1991).

11 Peacock, op. cit. (note 4), 85–7.

12 For example, Williams, op. cit. (note 9), fig. 1.

13 Orton, C.R., ‘Quantitative pottery studies: some progress, problems and prospects’, Science and Archaeology xvi (1975), 30–5Google Scholar; Orton, C.R., ‘Computer simulation experiments to assess the performance of measures of quantification of pottery’, World Archaeology xiv (1982), 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Orton, C.R., ‘How many pots make five?-an historical review of pottery quantification’, Archaeometry xxxv (1993), 169–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Baumhoff, M.A. and Heizer, R.F., ‘Some unexploited possibilities in ceramic analysis’, South-western Journ. Anthropol. xv (1959), 308–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar; D.A. Hinton, ‘“Rudely made earthen vessels” of the twelfth to fifteenth centuries’, in D.P.S. Peacock (ed.), Pottery and Early Commerce (1977), 221–38; M. Millett, ‘How much pottery?’, in M. Millett (ed.), Pottery and the Archaeologist, Inst. Arch. Occ. Publ. 4 (1979); Chase, P.G., ‘Whole vessels and sherds: an experimental investigation of their quantitative relationships’, Journ. Field Arch. xii (1985), 213–18Google Scholar; M.G. Fulford and K. Huddleston, The Current State of Romano-British Pottery Studies, English Heritage Occ. Pap. 1 (1991).

14 A.R. Hands, The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire. I. Excavations 1990–92, BAR 232 (1993).

15 Orton, op. cit. (note 13, 1975; 1982).

16 Baumhoff and Heizer; Hinton, op. cit. (note 13); J.D. Evans, ‘Sherd weights and sherd counts’, in D.E. Strong (ed.), Archaeological Theory and Practice (1973), 131–49.

17 Millett, op. cit. (note 13); Evans, J., ‘Not more pot’, Journ. Roman Pottery Stud. iv (1991), 69–75.Google Scholar

18 Orton, op. cit. (note 13, 1982).

19 Hinton, op. cit. (note 13).

20 Solheim, W.G., ‘The use of sherd weight and counts in the handling of archaeological data’, Current Anthropol. i (1960), 325–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 C. Heighway, The East and North Gates of Gloucester and Associated Sites. Excavations 1974–81, Western Arch. Trust. Monograph 4 (1983).

22 Orton, op. cit. (note 13, 1975, 1982).

23 Orton, op. cit. (note 13, 1982).

24 Orton, op. cit. (note 13, 1993); Orton, Tyers and Vince, op. cit. (note 2), 17, 166. Palaeoecologists make similar distinctions, between ‘living’ and variously modified ‘death’ assemblages of organisms in a habitat.

25 M.B. Schiffer, Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record (1987).

26 W.C. Krumbein and F.J. Pettijohn, Manual of Sedimentary Petrography (1938); F.J. Chayes, Petrographic Modal Analysis (1956).

27 Fulford, M.G. and Hodder, I., ‘A regression analysis of some later Romano-British pottery: a case study’, Oxoniensia xxxix (1975), 26.Google Scholar

28 Orton, op. cit. (note 13, 1982).

29 Solheim, op. cit. (note 20).

30 Fulford and Hodder, op. cit. (note 27).

31 Hodder, I.R., ‘The distribution of Savernake Ware’, Wilts. Arch. Nat. Hist. Mag. lxix (1974), 67–84.Google Scholar

32 Orton, op. cit. (note 13, 1975, 1982).

33 I. Hodder and C. Orton, Spatial Analysis in Archaeology (1976); Peacock, op. cit. (note 4); Orton, Tyers and Vince, op. cit. (note 2).

34 Peacock, D.P.S., ‘Romano-British pottery production in the Malvern district of Worcestershire’, Trans. Worcs. Arch. Soc. iii (1967). 15–28Google Scholar; Peacock, D.P.S., ‘A contribution to the study of Glastonbury ware from south-western Britain’, Antiq. Journ. xlix (1969), 41–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fulford, M.G., ‘The distribution and dating of New Forest pottery’. Britannia iv (1973), 166–78Google Scholar; Fulford, op. cit. (note 6); J. Gillam and K. Greene, ‘Roman pottery and the economy’, in A.C. Anderson and A.S. Anderson (eds), Roman Pottery Research in Britain and North-West Europe, BAR Int. Ser. 123(i) (1981); Holbrook and Bidwell, op. cit. (note 10). fig. 25.

35 Williams, op. cit. (note 9); Gillam and Greene, op. cit. (note 34).

36 M.G. Fulford, ‘The economy of Roman Britain’, in M. Todd (ed.), Research on Roman Britain, Britannia Monograph 11 (1989), fig. 5.

37 For example, Hodder, op. cit. (note 31); Hodder, I.R., ‘The distribution of two types of Romano-British coarse pottery in the west Sussex region’, Sussex Arch. Coll. cxii (1974), 86–96Google Scholar; Hodder, I.R., ‘Some marketing models for Romano-British coarse pottery’, Britannia v (1974), 340–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fulford, op. cit. (note 9); Fulford, op. cit. (note 36), fig. 2; Lyne and Jefferies, op. cit. (note 6).

38 For example, Lyne and Jefferies, op. cit. (note 6); Allen, J.R.L. and Fulford, M.G., Antiq. Journ. lxvii (1987), 237–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

39 Hodder and Orton, op. cit. (note 33), 155–74.

40 Hodder, I.R., ‘A regression analysis of some trade and marketing patterns’, World Archaeology vi (1974), 172–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fulford and Hodder, op. cit. (note 27); Hodder and Orton, op. cit. (note 33), 98–174. Regression analysis of spatially-distributed (i.e. two-dimensional) data reduces them to one-dimensional form, but permits the general form and rate(s) of fall-off to be easily deduced.

41 Hodder and Orton, op. cit. (note 33), 155–6.

42 An early example of contoured archaeological data is given by Bradley, R., ‘The excavation of a Beaker settlement at Belle Tout, East Sussex, England’, PPS xxxvi (1970), 312–79.Google Scholar

43 Fulford, M.G. and Allen, J.R.L., ‘Iron-making at the Chesters villa, Woolaston, Gloucestershire: survey and excavation 1987–91’, Britannia xxiii (1992), fig. 23.Google Scholar

44 D. Keckler, SURFER for Windows. User's Guide (1994).

45 P.E. Potter and F.J. Pettijohn, Palaeocurrents and Basin Analysis (2nd edn, 1977), 364–70.

46 For example, V. Swan, ‘Aspects of the New Forest late-Roman pottery industry’, in Detsicas, op. cit. (note 7), 117–34; Hodder, op. cit. (note 31).

47 P.J. Woodward (ed.), Romano-British Industries in Purbeck, Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch Soc. Monograph 6 (1987); P.W. Cox and C.M. Hearne (eds), Redeemed from the Heath. The Archaeology of the Wytch Farm Oil Field (1987–1990), Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc. Monograph 9 (1991); C.M. Hearne and P.W. Cox, ‘The development of settlement, industry and trade on the Purbeck Heath and southern shores of Poole Harbour, Dorset’, in A.P. Fitzpatrick and E.L. Morris (eds), The Iron Age in Wessex: Recent Work, Trust for Wessex Archaeology and Association Française de l'Etude du Fer (1994), 102–5, 117–24.

48 For example, N. Sunter, ‘Excavations at Norden, Corfe Castle, Dorset, 1968’, in Woodward, op. cit. (note 47), 9–43.

49 For example, Sunter, op. cit. (note 48); P.J. Woodward, ‘The excavation of an Iron Age and Romano-British settlement at Rope Lake Hole, Corfe Castle, Dorset’, in Woodward, op. cit. (note 47), 125–84.

50 Maynard, D., ‘Excavations on a pipeline near the River Frome, Worgret, Dorset’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc. cx (1988), 77–98.Google Scholar

51 Peacock, D.P.S., ‘The heavy mineral analysis of pottery: a preliminary report’, Archaeometry x (1967), 97–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Peacock, op. cit. (note 8); Williams, op. cit. (note 9).

52 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, County of Dorset, Vol. 2, South-east, Part 3 (1970). P.J. Woodward, ‘The excavation of a late Iron-Age and Romano-British settlement at Ower, Dorset’, in Woodward, op. cit. (note 47), 44–124, 180–4; Maynard, op. cit. (note 50); Hearne, C.M. and Smith, R.J.C., ‘A late Iron Age settlement and black-burnished ware (BB1) production site at Worgret, near Wareham, Dorset (1986–7)’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc. cxiii (1991), 55–105Google Scholar; Jarvis, K., ‘An inter-tidal Romano-British site on Brownsea Island’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc. cxiv (1992), 89–95.Google Scholar

53 Hearne and Smith, op. cit. (note 52).

54 Woodward, op. cit. (note 52).

55 Hearne and Smith, op. cit. (note 52).

56 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, op. cit. (note 52), 603–4.

57 Holbrook and Bidwell, op. cit. (note 10).

58 B. Davies, B. Richardson and R. Tomber, The Archaeology of Roman London, Volume 5: A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London, CBA Res. Rep. 98 (1994).

59 Symonds, R.P. and Tomber, R.S., ‘Late Roman London: an assessment of the ceramic evidence from the City of London’, Trans. London Middlesex Arch. Soc. xlii (1991), 59–99.Google Scholar

60 M. Rhodes, ‘The Finds. Discussion’, in L. Miller, J. Schofield and B. Richardson (eds), The Roman Quay at St. Magnus House, London, London Middlesex Arch. Soc. Special Paper 8 (1986), 88–95; P. Marsden, Ships of the Port of London. First to Eleventh Centuries AD, English Heritage Arch. Rep. 3 (1994).

61 M. Bell, ‘Field survey and excavation at Goldcliff, Gwent 1994’, in M. Bell (ed.), Annual Report of the Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee for 1994 (1995), 115–44. The ratio of SEDBB 1 in the sample of 470 Romano-British sherds is provisionally reported as 43.6 per cent (M. Bell., pers. comm., 1996).

62 J. Evans, pers. comm. (1995).

63 Williams, op. cit. (note 9), fig. 1.

64 Gillam and Greene, op. cit. (note 34), fig. 1.1.

65 J. Hinchliffe and C.S. Green, Excavations at Brancaster 1974 and 1977, East Anglia Arch. Rep. 23 (1985).

66 J. Monaghan, Roman Pottery from the Fortress; 9 Blake Street., The Archaeology of York, v. 16, fasc. 7 (1993).

67 J.R. Perrin, Roman Pottery from the Colonia: 2, The Archaeology of York, v. 16, fasc. 4 (1990).

68 Gillam, op. cit. (note 8).

69 Gillam and Greene, op. cit. (note 34), 14, 17.

70 P.S. Austen, Bewcastle and Old Penrith, Cumbd and Westd Antiq. Arch. Soc. Res. Ser. 6 (1991).

71 Austen, op. cit. (note 70).

72 P.T. Bidwell, The Roman Fort of Vindolanda at Chesterholm, Northumberland, HBMCE Arch. Rep. 1 (1985).

73 G.D.B. Jones and D.C.A. Shotter, Roman Lancaster: Rescue Archaeology in an Historic City 1970–75, Brigantia Monograph 1 (1988).

74 G.D.B. Jones, Roman Manchester (1974).

75 J. Hinchliffe, J.H. Williams and S.F. Williams, Roman Warrington. Excavations at Wilderspool, 1966–9 and 1976, Brigantia Monograph 2 (1992).

76 M.A.B. Lyne, Late Roman Handmade Wares in South-East Britain, unpub. PhD thesis, University of Reading (1994).

77 Fulford, op. cit. (note 9).

78 Fulford, op. cit. (note 9).

79 Finlaison, M., ‘Two Romano-British bowls from The Pinnacle, Jersey’, Ann. Bull. Soc. Jersiaise xxii (1978), 181–5Google Scholar; M. Wood, ‘Romano-British and Roman pottery from Jersey’, ibid. xxv (1989), 175–8; M. Wood, ‘Céramiques inédites de la téne finale et de l'époque Gallo-Romaine trouvées à Aldemey et decouverte récent d'amphores à Jersey et Herm (Iles Anglo-Normandes)’, Bull, d'Inf. Assoc. Manche Atlantique Recherche Archéol. dans les Iles iii (1990), 47–60Google Scholar; Wood, M.. ‘Céramiques romano-britanniques trouvées à Alet jusqu'en 1986 et étude des relations commerciales d'Alet au Bas-Empire’, Les Dossiers du C.R.A.A. xix (1991), 35–52.Google Scholar

80 Monaghan, J., ‘Pottery from marine sites around Guernsey’, Journ. Roman Pottery Stud. iii (1991), 63–9.Google Scholar

81 M. Rule and J. Monaghan, A Gallo-Roman Trading Vessel from Guernsey, Guernsey Mus. Monograph 5 (1993).

82 Fulford, M.G., ‘Romano-British pottery at Alet’, Dossiers du C.R.A.A. ii (1974), 33–7Google Scholar; Wood. op. cit. (note 79, 1991).

83 Symonds and Tomber, op. cit. (note 59).

84 ibid.

85 M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain (1990), 181–6.

86 S.T. James, ‘Britain and the late Roman army’, in T.F.C. Blagg and A.C. King (eds), Military and Civilian in Roman Britain (1984), 161–86.

87 Saller, R.P. and Shaw, B.D., ‘Tombstones and Roman family relationships in the Principate; civilians, soldiers and slaves’, JRS lxxiv (1984), 124–56.Google Scholar

88 C.E. Stevens, ‘The social and economic aspects of rural settlement’, in A.C. Thomas (ed.), Rural Settlement in Roman Britain (1966), 108–28.

89 M.G. Fulford, ‘Roman material in barbarian society c. 200 B.C.–c. A.D. 400’, in T.C. Champion and J.V.S. Megaw (eds), Settlement and Society: Aspects of West European Prehistory in the First Millenium B.C. (1985), 101–90.

90 Foster, G.M., ‘Life-expectancy of utilitarian pottery in Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan, Mexico’, Amer. Antiq. xxv (1960), 606–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

91 David, N., ‘On the lifespan of pottery, type frequencies and archaeological inference’, Amer. Antiq. xxxvii (1972), 141–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

92 DeBoer, W.T., ‘Ceramic longevity and archaeological interpretation: an example from the upper Ucalayi, Peru’, Amer. Antiq. xxxix (1974), 335–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

93 W.T. DeBoer and D.W. Lathrap, ‘The making and breaking of Shipibo-Conibo ceramics’, in C. Kramer (ed.), Ethnoarchaeology: Implications of Ethnography for Archaeology (1979), 102–8.

94 J.-L. Combès and A. Louis, Les potiers de Djerba, Publ. Centre des Arts et Tradition Populaire 1 (1967).

95 Peacock, op. cit. (note 4), 38–43.

96 Holbrook and Bidwell, op. cit. (note 10); P.J. Woodward, S.M. Davies and A.H. Graham, Excavations at the Old Methodist Chapel and Greyhound Yard, Dorchester, 1981–84, Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc. Monograph 12 (1993).

97 Peacock, op. cit. (note 4), 17–25.

98 DeBoer, op. cit. (note 92); DeBoer and Lathrap, op. cit. (note 93).

99 Farrar, op. cit. (note 7).

100 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, op. cit. (note 52); Woodward, op. cit. (note 52); Maynard, op. cit. (note 50); Hearne and Smith, op. cit. (note 52); Jarvis, op. cit. (note 52); Hearne and Cox, op. cit. (note 47); Cox and Hearne, op. cit. (note 47).

101 Williams, op. cit. (note 9); Gillam and Greene, op. cit. (note 34).

102 Wood, op. cit. (note 79, 1989, 1990, 1991).

103 Combès and Louis, op. cit. (note 94), 252–5.

104 J.P. Gillam, ‘The coarse pottery’, in Steer, K.A. (ed.), ‘Excavations at Mumrills Roman Fort, 1958–60’, PSAS xciv (1960–1961), 113–32Google Scholar; Gillam, op. cit. (note 7); Williams, op. cit. (note 9); Gillam and Greene, op. cit. (note 34).

105 For example, Wood, op. cit. (note 79, 1991).

106 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, op. cit. (note 56).

107 Hydrographer of the Navy, Admiralty Chart 2611.

108 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, op. cit. (note 52), 614–19.

109 Rhodes, op. cit. (note 60); Marsden, op. cit. (note 60).

110 Fulford, op. cit. (note 9); Wood, op. cit. (note 79, 1991).

111 Wood, op. cit. (note 79).

112 B. Cunliffe, Mount Batten, Plymouth, a Prehistoric and Roman Port, Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology Monograph 26 (1988).

113 Gillam and Greene, op. cit. (note 34), 10.

114 Gillam, op. cit. (note 8), 55.

115 Symonds and Tomber, op. cit. (note 59).

116 Langdon, M. and Fowler, P.J., ‘Excavations near Crandon Bridge, Puriton, 1971’, Proc. Somerset Arch. Nat. Hist. Soc. cxv (1971), 53–4.Google Scholar

117 A.J. Parker, pers. comm. (1995).

118 Boon, G.C., ‘The Roman site at Sea Mills, 1945–6’, Trans. Bristol Glos. Arch. Soc. lxvi (1945), 258–95Google Scholar; G.C. Boon, ‘A Claudian origin for Sea Mills’, ibid. lxviii (1949), 184–8; J. Bennett, The Roman Town of Abonae. Excavations at Nazareth House, Sea Mills, Bristol, 1972, City of Bristol Museum and Art Galleries Monograph 3 (1985); Ellis, P., ‘Sea Mills, Bristol: the 1965–1968 excavations in the Roman Town of Abonae’, Trans. Bristol Glos. Arch. Soc. cv (1987), 15–108.Google Scholar

119 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 38).

120 G.C. Boon, ‘Excavations on the site of a Roman quay at Caerleon and its significance’, Monograph Collections Cambrian Arch. Soc. i (1978), 1–24; G.C. Boon, ‘Caerleon and the Gwent Levels in early historic times’, in F.H. Thompson (ed.), Archaeology and Coastal Change, Soc. Antiq. Occ. Pap. (New Series) I (1980).

121 Evans, J., Dowdell, G. and Thomas, H.J., ‘A third-century maritime establishment at Cold Knap, Barry, South Glamorgan’, Britannia xvi (1985), 57–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

122 M.G. Fulford, The Second Augustan Legion in the West of Britain, Ninth Annual Caerleon Lecture (1996).

123 Hinchliffe, Williams and Williams, op. cit. (note 75).

124 S. Shaw, History of the Staffordshire Potteries: and the Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Pottery and Porcelain with Reference to Genuine Specimens and Notices of Eminent Potters (1970); J. Thomas, The Rise of the Staffordshire Potteries (1971); L. Weatherill, The Pottery Trade and North Staffordshire 1660–1760 (1971).

125 Atkinson, D., ‘A hoard of samian ware from Pompeii’, JRS iv (1914), 27–64.Google Scholar

126 J.G. Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (1978), 171–3.

127 A. Hyland, Equus: The Horse in the Roman World (1990), chs 16, 17.

128 Landels, op. cit. (note 126).

129 Shaw, op. cit. (note 124), 148–9.

130 Woodward, Davies and Graham, op. cit. (note 96).

131 Holbrook and Bidwell, op. cit. (note 10).

132 Woodward, Davies and Graham, op. cit. (note 96), table 36.

133 Combès and Louis, op. cit. (note 94).

134 Atkinson, op. cit. (note 125).

135 S.S. Frere and R.S.O. Tomlin, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Volume II. Instrumentum Domesticum. Fasc. 5. Tile-stamps of the Classis Britannica; Imperial, Procuratorial and Civic Tile Stamps; Stamps of Private Tiles; Inscriptions on Relief-patterned Tiles and Graffiti on Tiles (1993); Peacock, op. cit. (note 4), makes several references to seasonality in contemporary, peasant, ceramic industries.

136 Webster, P. V., ‘Severn Valley Ware: a preliminary study’, Trans. Bristol Glos. Arch. Soc. xciv (1976), 18–46Google Scholar; Webster, P.V., ‘Severn Valley Ware on the Antonine frontier’, in Dore, J. and Greene, K. (eds), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond, BAR S30 (1977)Google Scholar; Rawes, B., ‘Gloucester Severn Valley Ware’, in Trans. Bristol Glos. Arch. Soc. c (1982), 33–46Google Scholar; Timby, J., ‘Severn Valley Wares: a reassessment’, Britannia xxi (1990), 243–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

137 Heighway, op. cit. (note 21).

138 Young, op. cit. (note 6).

139 Young, op. cit. (note 6); Fulford, op. cit. (note 9).

140 Fulford and Hodder, op. cit. (note 27); Hodder and Orton, op. cit. (note 33); Hodder, op. cit. (note 37, 1974b); Hodder, op. cit. (note 40).

141 Fulford, op. cit. (note 6).

142 Fulford, op. cit. (note 34, 1973).

143 Hodder, op. cit. (note 31).

144 Hodder, op. cit. (note 31).

145 Lyne and Jefferies, op. cit. (note 6).

146 Symonds and Tomber, op. cit. (note 59).

147 Holbrook and Bidwell, op. cit. (note 10), fig. 25.

148 M.W.C Hassall, ‘The inscribed altars’, in C. Hill, M. Millett and T.F.C. Blagg, The Roman Riverside Wall and Monumental Arch in London: Excavations at Baynards Castle, Upper Thames Street, London, 1974–76, London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. Spec. Pap. 3 (1980), 195–7.

149 Fulford, op. cit. (note 122), 14.

150 cf. Mattingly, D., ‘Oil for export? A comparison of Libyan, Spanish and Tunisian olive oil production in the Roman Empire’, JRA i (1988), 33–56Google Scholar; Middleton, P., ‘La Graufesenque; a question of marketing’, Athenaeum lviii (1980), 186–91.Google Scholar The former argues that the export of Baetican olive oil piggy-backed on the transport of metals, whereas the latter suggests that the transport of La Graufesenque sigillata was facilitated by that of silver from the nearby mines.

151 Peacock, op. cit. (note 4), 107–8.

152 ibid., 41.

153 ibid., 39.

154 Woodward, op. cit. (note 52), fig. 31A; Cox and Hearne, op. cit. (note 47); (1991); Hearne and Cox, op. cit. (note 47). The archaeological evidence so far available from east of the Corfe River is paradoxical. As described by Cox and Hearne, op. cit. (note 47), 27–46, 70–9, a latest Iron Age-earliest Roman settlement gives way to mid-to-late Roman field-systems, and Ower is the only site of both late Iron Age-early Roman and third-/fourth-century Roman settlement. The mid-period field-systems, however, demand the presence of a nearby settlement from which they could have been farmed.

155 Nayling, N., Maynard, D. and McGrail, S., ‘Barland's Farm, Magor, Gwent: a Romano-Celtic boat’, Antiquity lxviii (1994), 596–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

156 Rule and Monaghan, op. cit. (note 80); Marsden, op. cit. (note 60).