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II. Finds Reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 September 2012

Sally Worrell  and
John Pearce
Sally Worrell
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College Londons.worrell@ucl.ac.uk
John Pearce
Affiliation:
Department of Classics, King's College Londonjohn.pearce@kcl.ac.uk
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Type
Roman Britain in 2011
Information
Britannia , Volume 43 , November 2012 , pp. 355 - 393
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2012. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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Footnotes

This paper is published with the aid of a grant from the Portable Antiquities Scheme.

References

1 Worrell, S., ‘Roman Britain in 2006 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 38 (2007), 303Google Scholar.

2 As in previous years, the data for 2011 include only a small quantity of the many artefacts recorded from Norfolk, although all records have been entered onto the Norfolk Historic Environment Record.

3 Coins from hoards are not included in the statistics presented in Table 1. Full publication of hoards is still provided through the Coin Hoards of Roman Britain series. Details of some hoards are also available on the PAS database and the construction of a complementary database for recording hoards from Britain is planned.

4 A selection of the most important coins is published annually in the British Numismatic Journal by S. Moorhead.

5 Moorhead, S. and Walton, P., ‘Coins recorded with the Portable Antiquities Scheme: a summary’, Britannia 42 (2011), 432–7;Google Scholar P. Walton, Rethinking Roman Britain: Coinage and Archaeology (2012).

6 Worrell, S. and Pearce, J., ‘Roman Britain in 2010 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 42 (2011), 401Google Scholar.

7 Throughout the year staff in the British Museum, in particular Ralph Jackson and Richard Hobbs, together with Martin Henig (University of Oxford) have provided invaluable support in the identification of individual objects. Janina Parol (British Museum) prepared images for publication. Philippa Walton and Justine Bayley acted as Finds Advisors during the first author's maternity leave.

8 Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure, British Museum, London WC1B 3DG.

9 The geographical sequence here follows that set out in the ‘Roman Britain in 20XX. I. Sites explored’ section of Britannia.

10 Found by J. Lambert. Identified by M. Lodwick, J. Pearce and S. Worrell.

11 Menzel, H., Die römischen Bronzen aus Deutschland III Bonn (1986), 115–16, n. 274, Tafel 119, with further parallelsGoogle Scholar.

12 Henig, M., A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from Britain, BAR British Series 8 (2nd edn, 1978), nos 373–80Google Scholar.

13 Armit, I., ‘Janus in furs? Opposed human heads in the art of the European Iron Age’, in Cooney, G., Becker, K., Coles, J., Ryan, M. and Sievers, S. (eds), Relics of Old Decency: Archaeological Studies in Later Prehistory; Festschrift for Barry Raftery (2009), 279–86Google Scholar.

14 Found by J. Duthie. Identified by A. Gwilt. Recorded by S. Johnson.

15 Worrell, S., ‘Roman Britain in 2008 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 40 (2009), 285–7, nos 1–4Google Scholar. A. Gwilt, pers. comm.

16 A. Gwilt and E. Besly, ‘Maescar, Powys: Iron Age bronze toggle and Roman bell (05.6)’, Treasure Annual Report 2005/6 (2008), 223, entry 1225.

17 Found by D. Armstrong. Identified by M. Henig. Recorded by D. Boughton.

18 Poor preservation makes it difficult to be conclusive at present on this point.

19 Boon, G.C., The Roman Town of Calleva (1974), 205Google Scholar, fig. 32, no. 6; Worrell, S. ‘Roman Britain in 2005 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 37 (2006), 439–40, no. 7Google Scholar, fig. 8.

20 Hunter, F., ‘Funerary lions in Roman provincial art’, in Noelke, P. (ed.), Romanisation und Resistenz in Plastik, Architektur und Inschriften der Provinzen des Imperium Romanum: Neue Funde und Forschungen (2003), 59–67 Google Scholar.

21 Found by R. Burns. Recorded by R. Collins and S. Worrell.

22 Johns, C., The Jewellery of Roman Britain: Celtic and Classical Traditions (1996), 201Google Scholar; Chapman, E., A Catalogue of Roman Military Equipment in the National Museum of Wales, BAR British Series 388 (2008), 138, no. Tg07Google Scholar.

23 Found by S. Sunter. Recorded by A. Downes.

24 Ars Amatoria: the Haddad Family Collection of Erotic Art Sale 9050 http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=1404030

25 Eckardt, H., Illuminating Roman Britain (2002), 376, fig. 132, no. 1323Google Scholar.

26 Johns, C. in Frere, S.S., Verulamium Excavations Vol. III (1984), 58–9Google Scholar, fig. 23, pl. 3.

27 Worrell, S., ‘Roman Britain in 2007 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 39 (2008), 358–9Google Scholar, no. 8, fig. 12.

28 Found by M. Andrusyk. Recorded by A. Downes and S. Worrell.

29 e.g. Deschler-Erb, E., Ad arma! Römisches Militär des 1. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. in Augusta Raurica (1999)Google Scholar, Tafel 22, nos 438–44; Webster, G., ‘Gazetteer of military objects from Cirencester’, in Wacher, J.S. and McWhirr, A.D., Early Roman Occupation at Cirencester, Cirencester Excavations I (1982), 109, nos 100–1, fig. 36Google Scholar.

30 Found by D. Wilson. Recorded by K. Leahy.

31 Worrell, S., ‘Enamelled vessels and related objects reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme 1997–2010’, in Breeze, D.J. (ed.), Enamelled Vessels from Hadrian's Wall Google Scholar, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Tract Series 23 (forthcoming).

32 Cool, H.E.M. and Philo, C., Roman Castleford Excavations 1974–1985. Volume 1: The Small Finds (1998), 219, no. 474, fig. 95Google Scholar.

33 Found by T. Camm. Recorded by A. Daubney and J. Pearce.

34 Worrell, op. cit. (note 1), 317–18, no. 12, fig. 13. Further figural examples recorded by the PAS include BH-9A1197 (Herts.); BERK-34F754 (Berks.); HAMP-079895 (Hants.); BH-C53040 (Herts.); NARC-8D6343 (Northants.); NCL-CF6F62 (East Riding of Yorks.).

35 Getty Museum 96.AC.156 http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=35604

36 Himmelmann, N., Realistische Themen in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit (1994), 89–122 Google Scholar; Garland, R., The Eye of the Beholder: Deformity and Disability in the Graeco-Roman World (1995), 105–22Google Scholar.

37 Uhlenbrock, J.P., The Coroplast's Art, Greek Terracottas of the Hellenistic World (1990), 149, no. 36Google Scholar.

38 Eckardt, H., ‘The Colchester “child's grave”’, Britannia 30 (1999), 57–90 Google Scholar.

39 Found by J. Nugent. Identified by A. Daubney and S. Worrell. Sold by auction at Christie's April 2011, Sale 6060, lot 265: http://m.christies.com/sale/lot/sale/23214/lot/5425434/p/5/from//?KSID=0096c52c32f48d5ba4f4c2974dd5ce04

40 Walters, B. and Henig, M., ‘Two busts from Littlecote’, Britannia 19 (1988), 407–10Google Scholar.

41 Worrell, op. cit. (note 27), 363–4, no. 13, fig. 17; ESS-B39770.

42 Identified by W. Scott, S. Worrell and J. Pearce.

43 Worrell, op. cit. (note 15), 291, no. 7; Worrell and Pearce, op. cit. (note 6), 410–12, no. 6.

44 Worrell, S., ‘Roman Britain in 2004 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 36 (2005), 456–7Google Scholar, no. 7.

45 Wendy Scott, pers. comm.

46 Found by W. French. Identified by R. Jackson. Recorded by C. Burrill.

47 Found by A. Jones. Identified by M. Henig. Recorded by J. Watters.

48 Pitts, L., Roman Bronze Figurines from the Civitates of the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes, BAR British Series 60 (1979), 68–9, pl. 18, no. 92Google Scholar.

49 Henig, M. in Leach, R., ‘The excavation of a Romano-Celtic temple and later cemetery on Lamyatt Beacon, Somerset’, Britannia 17 (1986), 277Google Scholar, pl. xxiv, fig. 16, no. 7; Kaufmann-Heinimann, A., Götter und Lararien aus Augusta Raurica (1998)Google Scholar, 229; Durham, E., ‘Depicting the gods: metal figurines in Roman Britain’, Internet Archaeology 31 http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue31/durham_toc.html (2012)Google Scholar, 3.9.

50 Recorded by J. Watters.

51 Examples are noted above in the discussion of the Osbournby weight, No. 8, LIN-1213A7.

52 Found by B. Taylor. Recorded by D. Williams and S. Worrell.

53 Leibendgut, A., Die römischen Bronzen der Schweiz III. Westschweiz, Bern und Wallis (1980), 119, no. 150, Tafel 151Google Scholar.

54 Found by R. Smith. Recorded by A. Byard and J. Pearce.

55 Worrell, op. cit. (note 19), 439–40, no. 7, fig. 8; Worrell, S., ‘Roman Britain in 2009 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 41 (2010), 433–4Google Scholar, no. 17; Schuster, J., ‘Springhead metalwork’, in Biddulph, E., Smith, R. Seager and Schuster, J., Settling the Ebbsfleet Valley. High Speed I Excavations at Springhead and Northfleet, Kent. The Late Iron Age, Roman, Saxon, and Medieval Landscape (2011), 264–5, no. 281Google Scholar.

56 Examples include ESS-BE2B07, ESS-683963 and HAMP-452878.

57 Found by A. Forster. Identified by M. Henig. Recorded by A. Byard.

58 Vermaseren, M.J., Cybele and Attis. The Myth and the Cult (1977)Google Scholar.

59 M. Henig, pers. comm.

60 Durham, op. cit. (note 49), 3.4.

61 Found by R. Steanson. Identified by L. Smith. Recorded by A. Byard.

62 Lee, R., Production, Use and Disposal of Romano-British Pewter Tableware, BAR British Series 478 (2009), 180, fig. 82Google Scholar.

63 ibid., 180.

64 ibid., 180.

65 ibid., 174, fig. 75.

66 ibid., 207, fig. 98; Peal, C.A., ‘Romano-British pewter plates and dishes’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 60 (1967), 19–37 Google Scholar.

67 Lee, op. cit. (note 62), 77–81.

68 Found by D. Attenborough. Recorded by D. Williams and S. Worrell.

69 Nicolay, J., Armed Batavians. Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horsegear from Non-Military Contexts in the Rhine Delta (50 BC to AD 410) (2007), 221–3Google Scholar.

70 Found by D. Clarke. Identified by A. Marsden.

71 Durham, op. cit. (note 49).

72 Found by K. Hillier. Recorded by E. Darch.

73 Crummy, N., The Roman Small Finds from Excavations in Colchester 1971–9, Colchester Archaeological Report 2 (1983), 50–1Google Scholar; Plouviez, J., ‘Whose good luck? Roman phallic ornaments from Suffolk’, in Crummy, N. (ed.), Image, Craft and the Classical World. Essays in Honour of Donald Bailey and Catherine Johns (2005), 157–64Google Scholar.

74 Found by M. Seager. Identified by F. Minter. Recorded by A. Brown.

75 Plouviez, op. cit. (note 73).

76 Found by M. Cuddeford. Identified by L. McLean and S. Worrell.

77 Hattatt, R., Brooches of Antiquity (1987), 246, nos 1200 and 1203Google Scholar; Mills, N., Celtic and Roman Artefacts (2000), 60, R155Google Scholar.

78 Found by a Mr Hammond in the early 1960s during works on Colchester High Street and brought into Colchester Castle Museum in May 1965. Recorded by L. McLean.

79 Though identified at the time by R. Higgins as an earlier Greek example, a possibility reiterated by M. Henig (pers. comm.), the findspot and parallels support a Roman period attribution.

80 van Boekel, G.M.E.C., Roman Terracotta Figurines and Masks from the Netherlands (1987)Google Scholar, 33, as noted by N. Crummy (pers. comm.).

81 Bémont, C., Jeanlin, M. and Lahanier, C., Les figurines en terre cuite gallo-romaines (1993)Google Scholar, 232, fig. 101, no. 25, cf. p. 235, as noted by M. Henig (pers. comm.).

82 Durham, op. cit. (note 49), 3.26.

83 Found by D. Hill. Identified by R. Jackson and M. Henig. Recorded by S. Smith.

84 Cruse, A., Roman Medicine (2004), 114–15Google Scholar, figs 52 and 53, 130–1; Jackson, R., Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire (1988), 91Google Scholar, fig. 22.

85 PAS BERK-0B6771, Tomlin, R., ‘Roman Britain in 2008 III. Inscriptions’, Britannia 40 (2009), 353–4, no. 97Google Scholar.

86 Found by S. Owens. Recorded by L. Ellis, R. Webley and S. Worrell.

87 Eckardt, op. cit. (note 25), 224, fig. 99, including no. 1260 from Colchester.

88 Found by A. Muller. Recorded by R. Webley.

89 Derks, T. and Roymans, N., ‘Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta’, in Cooley, A.E. (ed.), Becoming Roman, Writing Latin? Literacy and Epigraphy in the Roman West, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 48 (2002)Google Scholar, figs 9.8, 9.10, 21.2 and 137.2; Furger, A., Wartmann, M. and Riha, E., Die römischen Siegelkapseln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst (2009), 54–5, Abb. 32Google Scholar.

90 Found by T. Hayward. Identified by J. Schuster. Recorded by F. Basford and P. Walton.

91 Schuster, op. cit. (note 55), 254–5, fig. 111, nos 220–2.

92 Worrell, op. cit. (note 19), 446–7, no. 14, fig. 15.

93 Found by P. Lewis. Recorded by F. Basford.

94 Ettlinger, E., Die römischen Fibeln in der Schweiz (1973), 126–7, Taf. 14.22Google Scholar.

95 Found by J. Earley. Recorded by C. Hayward Trevarthen, P. Walton and J. Pearce.

96 The detail at the base of the figure seems more likely to represent the leaves of a calyx.

97 Crosby Garrett: Worrell and Pearce, op. cit. (note 6), 402–7, no. 1; Ilam: Worrell, S., ‘Roman Britain in 2003 II. Finds reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, Britannia 35 (2004), 326, no. 8Google Scholar; Tomlin, R., ‘Roman Britain in 2003 III. Inscriptions’, Britannia 35 (2004), 344–5, no. 24Google Scholar; near Scarborough: PAS YORYM-67D811.

98 Worrell, op. cit. (note 55), 435–6, no. 20.

99 Worrell, op. cit. (note 15), 288, no. 5.

100 Worrell, op. cit. (note 55), 416–17, no. 1, fig. 3.

101 PAS CAM-A831D3.

102 PAS DENO-F2DA54, Chapman, op. cit. (note 22), 94–5.

103 James, S., ‘Writing the legions: the development and future of Roman military studies in Britain’, Archaeological Journal 159 (2002), 1–58; Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69)Google Scholar.

104 This overview is the first stage in a wider study by the authors of this now very substantial body of data.

105 e.g. Bishop, M., ‘Cavalry equipment of the Roman army in the first century AD’, in Coulston, J.C. (ed.), Military Equipment and the Identity of Roman Soldiers. Proceedings of the Fourth Roman Military Equipment Conference, BAR International Series S394 (1988), 67–195 Google Scholar; Bishop, M. and Coulston, J., Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome (2006)Google Scholar; Chapman, op. cit. (note 22); Feugère, M., Weapons of the Romans (2002)Google Scholar; Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69); Oldenstein, J., ‘Zur Ausrüstung römischer Auxiliareinheiten. Studien zu Beschlägen und Zierat an der Ausrüstung der römischen Auxiliareinheiten des obergermanisch-raetischen Limesgebietes aus dem zweiten und dritten Jahrhundert n. Chr.’, Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 57 (1976), 49–366 Google Scholar.

106 e.g. Allason-Jones, L. and Miket, R.F., Catalogue of Small Finds from South Shields Roman Fort (1984)Google Scholar; Bishop, M., Finds from Roman Aldborough (1996)Google Scholar; Cool and Philo, op. cit. (note 32); Wilson, P. (ed.), Cataractonium: Roman Catterick Part 2 (2002)Google Scholar; Crummy, op. cit. (note 73); Cool, H. and Mason, D. (eds), Roman Piercebridge. Excavations by D.W. Harding and Peter Scott 1969–81 (2008)Google Scholar.

107 Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 207–36.

108 Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 54–5.

109 Webster, G., ‘The Roman military advance under Ostorius Scapula’, Archaeological Journal 115 (1958), 75Google Scholar.

110 The mounts include seven examples identified as coming from the military apron.

111 This type is described by Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 54. His analysis puts greater emphasis on this category than do other studies of Roman military metalwork.

112 Late Roman spurs have been recently reviewed elsewhere: Cool, H.E.M., ‘Spurs’, in Booth, P. et al., The Late Roman Cemetery at Lankhills, Excavations 2000–2005 (2010), 290–1Google Scholar.

113 Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 9; Oldenstein op. cit. (note 105).

114 Worrell, op. cit. (note 27), 341–7.

115 Webster, op. cit. (note 109), 75.

116 Swift's analysis, made before the PAS, exploits 108 examples from Britain, see Swift, E., Regionality in Dress Accessories in the Late Roman West (2000), 27Google Scholar.

117 cf. Leahy, K., ‘Soldiers and settlers in Britain, fourth to fifth century – revisited’, in Henig, M. and Smith, T.J. (eds), Collectanea Antiqua. Essays in Memory of Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, BAR International Series S1673 (2007), 137Google Scholar, fig. 7.

118 Bishop, M., ‘Weaponry and military equipment’, in Allason-Jones, L. (ed.), Artefacts in Roman Britain. Their Purpose and Use (2011), 114–32Google Scholar.

119 e.g. compare Chapman, op. cit. (note 22), 195.

120 P. Walton, ‘The finds from the river’, in Cool and Mason, op. cit. (note 106), 286–93.

121 Objects of this type, often fragmentary or corroded, are infrequently seen by Finds Liaison Officers amongst the artefacts of all periods that they are called on to identify.

122 Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 66–7, 70–1, fig. 3.3, 228–30, figs 6.8, 6.10.

123 Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 69–70, fig. 3.3.

124 See note 2 above.

125 Moorhead and Walton, op. cit. (note 5), 435–6, table 2.

126 The maps were prepared by S. Brookes, Institute of Archaeology, University College London.

127 Leahy, op. cit. (note 117); Coulston, J., ‘Military equipment of the “long” 4th century AD on Hadrian's Wall’, in Allason-Jones, L. and Collins, R. (eds), Finds from the Frontier (2010), 54Google Scholar; Laycock, S., Britannia – The Failed State: Tribal Conflict and the End of Roman Britain (2008), 115–21Google Scholar.

128 Worrell, op. cit. (note 27), 341–7.

129 Worrell, op. cit. (note 15), 288.

130 T. Brindle, The Portable Antiquities Scheme and Roman Britain: An Evaluation of the Potential for Using Amateur Metal Detector Data as an Archaeological Resource, unpub. Ph.D. thesis, King's College, London (2011); Jude Plouviez and Andrew Rogerson (pers. comm.) and the first author make similar observations on objects associated with the Roman army in relation to Suffolk, Norfolk and Hampshire respectively.

131 Brindle, op. cit. (note 130).

132 Bishop, M.C., ‘Soldiers and military equipment in the towns of Roman Britain’, in Maxfield, V.A. and Dobson, M.J. (eds), Roman Frontier Studies 1989 (1991), 21–7Google Scholar.

133 Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 173–206.

134 Nicolay, op. cit. (note 69), 11.