Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 November 2011
So said Eric Birley in 1952. Since then, two major works by Callies and Baatz have appeared with relevance to numeri, but there has been no general article in English incorporating the discussion in these and previous publications. Speidel's article on ethnic troops filled the gap to a certain extent but he concentrated mainly on Moorish units.
1 Birley, E., Actes du 2e Congrès International d'Épigraphie Grecque et Latine, Paris, 1952 (1953), 226–38Google Scholar; esp. 228.
2 Callies, H., ‘Die Fremden Truppen in Römischen Heer des Prinzipats und die sogenannten Nationalen Numeri’, BRGK xlv (1964), 130–227.Google Scholar
3 Baatz, D., Kastell Hesselbach und andere Forschungen am Odenwaldlimes, Limesforschungen 12 (1973).Google Scholar
4 Speidel, M.P.ANRW II, 3 (1975), 202–31.Google Scholar
5 Mommsen, T., Hermes xix (1884), 219–34.Google Scholar The title De Munitionibus Castrorum has been amended in Grillone's edition to De Metatione Castrorum.
6 von Domaszewski, A., Die Rangordnung des Römischen Heeres, BJ Beiheft 117 (1908), 59–61Google Scholar ; rev. ed. B. Dobson (1967).
7 ORL A II. 1. Die Wetteraulinie, 49.
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11 W. Wagner, Dislokation der Römischen Auxiliarformationen in den Provinzen Noricum, Pannonien, Moesien und Dakien von Augustus bis Gallienus (1938).
12 Rowell, H.T., Yale Classical Studies vi (1939), 73–108.Google Scholar
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15 Mann, J.C. in Roxan, M., Roman Military Diplomas 1978–1984 (1985), 217–9.Google Scholar
16 op. cit. (note 2).
17 op. cit. (note 3).
18 op. cit. (note 8), 84.
19 Rowell, op. cit. (note 10), 1328.
20 Oxyrh. Pap. 7, 1022, 6; Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 176–7.
21 Gilliam, J.F., Eos 48 (1975), 207–16Google Scholar , esp. 209–12.
22 Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 177. Rowell, op. cit. (note 10), 1328 concluded from these examples that centuries and turmae were called numeri, but ‘on the strength’ seems a better interpretation. ‘It is perfectly reasonable for ‘in numeros’ to have a distinct sense in official documents which is not to be identified with the use of numerus as part of a title for a unit’ (B. Dobson, pers. comm.)
23 Rowell, op. cit. (note 10), 1328 suggested that numeri here refers more specifically to legionary cohorts, but this is perhaps unlikely. The officer in question had been centurion in three separate legions, and centurion then primus pilus in Leg. I Adiutrix, so Rowell assumed that in this instance the troops referred to must be legionaries too, but this is by no means certain.
24 op. Cit. (note 5), 220.
25 Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 178.
26 Ritterling, , JRS xvii (1927), 31Google Scholar ; it was thought that qui a Moesia(e) inf(erioris) Monlan(ensi) praesidio numerum in Asia perduxit referred to a cavalry detachment raised in Moesia Inferior and sent to reinforce the Eastern army (JRS xvi (1926), 77–8). But Ritterling said that numerus ‘denotes in a quite general way the body of troops previously named’, i.e. Cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum.
27 Speidel, M.P., TAPA cvi (1976), 339–48Google Scholar , esp. 347.
28 Speidel, M.P., TAPA cxii (1982), 209–14.Google Scholar
29 CIL vi 3341, Vet(eranus) ex num(ero) frum(entariorum) leg. IIII Flaviae; CIL vi 31139, ex numer(o) eq(uitum) sing(ularium) Aug(usli). See also AE 1983, 69.
30 Mommsen, T., Hermes xxii (1887), 547–58.Google Scholar
31 Mommsen, op. cit. (note 5), 222 n.2; 226 n.3; 229. He had been careful to note that singulares were not ‘true’ numeri but he made an exception for the Britannici.
32 Stein, op. cit. (note 9), 234.
33 Schallmayer, E., Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg 9 (1984), 435–71Google Scholar , esp. 451–5.
34 Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 181–3.
35 CIL xiii 6471, from Böckingen, which is not on the Murr. But CIL xiii 6454 from Benningen mentions the vicani Murrenses and this fort is opposite the Murr. The usual explanation is that the numerus was originally at Benningen whence it derived its name, but later went on to Boekingen where the inscription was set up, and the original unit name remained unchanged.
36 CIL xiii 6490; 6498; and see note 33.
37 The name Malvensis depends on a re-reading of CIL viii 9381 = ILS 2763, previously read as Mevensis; cf. Speidel, Dacia xvii (1973), 169–177, esp. 172, where he argues that the name derives from Malva in Dacia. But see also Speidel, Ant. Afr. xi (1977), 167–173, esp. 173 n.1 and 2 for the river Malva. This river is a very long distance from Numerus Syrorum, where the numerus was presumably based, but it is the longest and most important.
38 An inscription found in Africa records a man who at some stage in his career was praef(ectus) n. Mauret. Tibiscensium (CIL viii 9368 = 20944). Rowell, op. cit. (note 10), 2544 argued contra Wagner that despite this inscription, numerus Maurorum and not Mauretanorum was the preferred reading for the Dacian units. Stein, op. cit. (note 9), 240 n.43 suggested that the units on CIL iii 1149 N.M. Hisp, and iii 1294 N. Maur. Hisp, would perhaps be better interpreted as numerus Maurorum Tibiscensium.
39 Stein, op. cit. (note 9), 256.
40 Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 186, quoting CIL xvi 108 and AE 1958, 30. He suggests one unit of Palmyrenes and one of Moors both later split up, and distinguished by additional titles. He does not seem to have considered the arrival of fresh units at a slightly later date.
41 Speidel, op. cit. (note 4), 205, n.17.
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44 Speidel, op. cit. (note 4), 211 n.36.
45 Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 143–5.
46 ibid., 164.
47 ibid., 156; 166–7.
48 E. Birley, Antiquitas, Reihe 4, Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung Band 12 (1976), 65–73.
49 op. cit. (note 30).
50 Raeticae alae cohorlesque et ipsorum Raetorum iuventus sueta armis et more militia exercita, ‘the Raetian horse and foot and the young men of Raetia itself who were accustomed to arms and trained in warfare’. They were called out in A.D. 69 by Caecina against the Helvetii.
51 Birley made this connection: TCWAAS xxxv (1935), 56–60, esp. 59 note; Festschrift für Rudolph Eggers: Beiträge zur älteren ëuropäischen Kulturgeschichte 1 (1952), 175–88, esp. 183.
52 Stein, op. cit. (note 9). 243–5. The Raeti who came to Manchester were probably not irregulars: Birley, op. cit. (note 51) (1952). 183. Davies, R.W., Klio lx (1978), 363–70Google Scholar , esp. 367–8.
53 Frere thinks it is Flavian: Britannia xi (1980), 51–60; Domaszewski dated it to the reign of Trajan in his 1887 edition of Hyginus: Birley argued for Marcus Aurelius' Danube wars. op. cit. (note 48), 67, and Corolla Memoriae Erich Swoboda Dedicata (1966). 54–67. esp. 57 n.6; Watson favoured a third-century date, see Oxford Classical Dictionary, article on Hyginus.
54 Stein, op. cit. (note 9), 235, argued that they were unrelated; Rowell, op. cit. (note 10), 1330. thought that they were the same kind of troops. See also Cambridge Ancient History XI. 497 for the view that nationes and symmachiarii were synonymous terms and that they were the forerunners of the numeri.
55 op. cit. (note 4). 207–8.
56 op. cit. (note 30), 550–2.
57 Rowell. op. cit. (note 10). 1330.
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59 Dobson, B.. Epigraphische Studien 8 (1969). 122–4.Google Scholar but it could still be Trajanic as previously interpreted: B. Dobson, pers. comm. See AE 1985, 719. where it is redated to Trajan's Second Dacian War.
60 Birley, op. cit. (note 48). 68.
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64 Rowell, op. cit. (note 10). 1339.
65 Callies. op. cit. (note 2). 165; 199 n. 396.
66 CIL xvi 68; M. Roxan. Roman Military Diplomas 1954–1977 (1978). nos. 17. 27. 28.
67 Mann. op. cit. (note 15), 217–9. esp. 219 no. 10.
68 Callies, op. cit. (note 2). 182. Speidel, op. cit. (note 4). 210. says that place names do not necessarily denote association with that particular location; see also note 35.
69 Rowell, op. cit. (note 10), 2546.
70 From Optatiana: Aelius Bolhas. CIL iii 907 = 7963; P. Aelius Septimius Audeo, CIL iii 1471. From Tibiscum: Aelius Habibis, CIL iii 7999; Aelius Boraeas, CIL iii 14206. From Porolissum: Aelius Them(arsa?). AE 1979. 495. No unit is named on this last example, but it is probable that it was the numerus Palmyrenorum Porolissensium.
71 Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 191.
72 Mann, op. cit. (note 15), 217. See also Kennedy, D., Limes: Akten des XI Int. Limeskongresses 1976 (1977), 521–31. esp. 527, for Parthian regiments, where local recruitment seems to be the normal pattern.Google Scholar
73 Pius: Albertini, E., Revue Africaine lxxv (1934). 37Google Scholar ; Commodus: Carcopino, J., Syria vi (1925), 122Google Scholar ; Severas: Picard, G.C., Castellum Dimmidi (1944), 104.Google Scholar
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76 Callies, op. cit. (note 2), 201 n.407. It is possible that the Palmyrenes arrived along with the oriental auxiliaries who came to Africa during the Moorish revolt. In A.D. 145 a vexillation of Legio VI Ferrata from Syria, or possibly from Judaea, built a road across the Aurès behind Lambaesis (ILS 2479), and Palmyrenes may have arrived with the legionaries. It is sometimes argued that they must have arrived by AD 150 because a Palmyrene, Mocimus, son of Simon, died at Lambaesis in that year (CIL viii 3917 = 18202). but his gravestone merely quotes his name and no military unit is mentioned. He may have been a civilian, perhaps a trader.
77 Libyca ii (1954), 178–81. I am grateful to Alan Rushworth for this reference. See also AE 1980. 954 = AE 1941, 156.
78 Albertini, op. cit. (note 73), 30. It is probable that the centurion was indeed praepositus numeri (though the inscription does not actually say so); the dating is dependent upon a restoration of the name A. Iulius Piso, who was legate in A.D. 177–8. See also AE 1980, 953.
79 Carcopino. op. cit. (note 73). 123.
80 Picard, op. cit. (note 73), 105 n.57; 199 no. 23.
81 Maximus Zabdibolus CIL viii 2505; Suricus Rubatis viii 2515; Heranus = Hairan viii 2510 = 18006; 2511; 2512; and Albertini, , Revue Africaine lxxii (1931), 213Google Scholar no. 18. Bilingual inscriptions: CIL viii 2515; and Albertini, 220 no. 29.
82 Mann. op. cit. (note 14), 505 NO. 1 says that the Palmyrenes at El Kantara ‘seem to have formed a hereditary and mainly non-Roman group’.
83 Picard, op. cit. (note 73), 110. contra Cagnat, op. cit. (note 75), 206, who had said that there was no African element in the numerus.
84 Rowell. op. cit. (note 10). 2550.
85 Speidel, op. cit. (note 4). 210; and see Mommsen, op. cit. (note 5), 228. n. 1.
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91 Wagner, op. cit. (note 11), 207.
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98 op. Cit. (note 4), 206–7; 211.
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140 Baatz, op. cit. (note 3), 74 n.189. Graffiti were found at Arzbach. Ems, Kernel. Heftrich. Feldberg. Kapersburg, Inheiden, Altenstadt, Walldürn. It should be noted that numeri are not definitely attested in all of these so-called ‘numerus’ forts.
141 Mann, op. cit. (note 14), 502 n.15.
142 Albertini, op. cit. (note 81), 212. no.17.
143 ibid., 214, and see Mann's comments, op. cit. (note 82).
144 Speidel. op. cit. (note 4), 208 n.30; Wagner, op. cit. (note 11). 167.
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157 Mann, op. cit. (note 15), 217.
158 Albertini, op. cit. (note 81), 213 no. 18; 214 no. 19.
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160 ibid., 505.
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