Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:42:01.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Cost of Capital for Financial Firms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2011

C. J. Exley
Affiliation:
Barclays Capital, 5 The North Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London E14 4BB, U.K., Email: Jon.Exley@barclayscapital.com
A. D. Smith
Affiliation:
Deloitte & Touche LLP, Stonecutter Court, 1 Stonecutter Street, London EC4A 4TR, U.K., Email: andrewdsmith8@deloitte.co.uk

Abstract

Most businesses have assets financed by capital providers. The cost of capital is a measure of the returns required by those capital providers. Its main use is to set a target for the profits, which must be achieved on the firm's assets in order to satisfy equity and bond holders.

This paper describes the classical theory of the cost of capital, and then applies it to the special case of banking and insurance firms. We develop implications for product pricing, performance measurement and capital structure optimisation.

Type
Sessional meetings: papers and abstracts of discussions
Copyright
Copyright © Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, M.A., Bulmer, J.R., Clark, P.K., Collins, J.A., Fulcher, G., Lualdi, M., Robinson, E.J.A., Sayers, J.E., Spence, A.C. & Walker, S.R. (1997). The securitisation of insurance risk. General Insurance Convention.Google Scholar
Artzner, P., Delbaen, F., Eber, J.-M. & Heath, D. (1999). Coherent measures of risk. Mathematical Finance, 9(3), 203228.Google Scholar
Blake, D., Cairns, A.J.G. & Dowd, K. (2006). Living with mortality: longevity bonds and other mortality-linked securities. British Actuarial Journal, 12, 153228.Google Scholar
Bohn, J. & Crosbie, P. (2003). Modelling default risk. Moody's KMV. Downloadable at http://www.moodyskmv.com/research/files/wp/ModelingDefaultRisk.pdfGoogle Scholar
Borch, K. (1969). The optimal reinsurance treaty. The ASTIN Bulletin, V(2), 1620.Google Scholar
Borch, K. (1982). Additive insurance premiums: a note. Journal of Finance, 37, 12951298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulton, R., Roberts, D., Smith, A.D. & White, M. (2002). Investment strategies for general insurers. General Insurance Convention, Institute of Actuaries.Google Scholar
Brealey, R.A. & Myers, S. (1983). Principles of corporate finance, 8th edition (2005). McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Burrows, R.P. & Lang, J. (1997). Risk discount rates for actuarial appraisal values of life insurance companies. 7th AFIR International Colloquium, 1.Google Scholar
Burrows, R.P. & Whitehead, G.H. (1987). The determination of life office appraisal values. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 114, 411465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butsic, R., Cummins, D., Derrig, R. & Phillips, R. (2000). The risk premium project. Phase I and II Report. CAS Website, http://casact.org/cotor/rppreport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Christofides, S. & Smith, A.D. (2001). DFA The value of risk. CAS Spring Forum, Casualty Actuarial Society. http://casact.org/pubs/forum/01spforum/01spf153.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cumberworth, M., Hitchcox, A., McConnell, W. & Smith, A. (2000). Corporate decisions in general insurance: beyond the frontier. British Actuarial Journal, 6, 259296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, J.D. (1990). Multi-period discounted cash flow models in property-liability insurance. Journal of Risk and Insurance.Google Scholar
Cummins, J.D., Phillips, R.D., Butsic, R.P. & Derrig, R.A. (2000). The risk premium project. Phase I and II Report. Casualty Actuarial Society. http://www.casact.org/pubs/forum/00fforum/00ff165.pdfGoogle Scholar
Dimson, E., Marsh, P. & Stanton, M. (2002). Triumph of the optimists. 101 years of global investment returns. Princeton.Google Scholar
Doherty, N. (1997). Financial innovation in the management of catastrophe risk. Proceedings of the 28th Astin Colloquium/7th AFIR Colloquium. Institute of Actuaries of Australia.Google Scholar
Duffie, D. (1996). Dynamic asset pricing theory. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Exley, C.J. & Smith, A.D. (2003). The cost of capital for financial firms. Finance and Investment Conference.Google Scholar
Fama, E.F. & French, K.R. (1988). The corporate cost of capital and the return on corporate investment. CRSP working paper. http://ssrn.com/abstract=75999Google Scholar
Froot, K. & Stein, J. (1998). Risk management, capital budgeting and capital structure policy for financial institutions, an integrated approach. Journal of Financial Economics, 47, 5582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, J., Huber, P. & Koch, P. (2001). The economics of insurance — how insurers create value for shareholders. Swiss Re Technical Publishing.Google Scholar
Hare, D. & King, D. (2005). Capital allocation and performance measurement: a case study. Life Convention.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: managerial behaviour, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305340.Google Scholar
Merton, R. & Perold, A. (1999). Theory of risk capital in financial firms. In Chew, D. (ed.), The new corporate finance: where theory meets practice. Boston: Irwin — McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Miller, M. (1999). Does M&M apply to banks? In Merton Miller on Derivatives, Princeton.Google Scholar
Modigliani, F. & Miller, M. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. American Economic Review, 48, 261297.Google Scholar
Modigliani, F. & Miller, M. (1963). Corporate income taxes and the cost of capital. American Economic Review, 433443.Google Scholar
Moran, I.R., Smith, A.D. & Walczak, D. (2003). Why financial firms can charge for diversifiable risk. Bowles Symposium, Society of Actuaries.Google Scholar
Myers, S.C. & Cohn, R.A. (1987). A discounted cash flow approach to property-liability insurance rate regulation, fair rate of return in property-liability insurance. Kluwer-Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Ng, H.M. & Varnell, E.M. (2003). Frictional costs. Paper presented to the Staple Inn Actuarial Society.Google Scholar
O'Keeffe, P.J.L., Desai, A.J., Foroughi, K., Hibbett, G.J., Maxwell, A.F., Sharp, A.C., Taverner, N.H., Ward, M.B. & Willis, F.J.P. (2005). Current developments in embedded value reporting. British Actuarial Journal, 11, 407496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogier, T., Rugman, J. & Spicer, L. (2004). The real cost of capital — a business field guide to better financial decisions. Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Perold, A.F. (2001). Capital allocation in financial firms (2001). Harvard Business School No. 98-072. http://ssrn.com/abstract=267282Google Scholar
Scotti, V. (2005). Insurers' cost of capital and economic value creation: principles and practical implications. Sigma 2005, 3. Swiss Re publications.Google Scholar
Sheldon, T.J. & Smith, A.D. (2004). Realistic valuation of life insurance business. British Actuarial Journal, 10, 543626.Google Scholar
Sherris, M. (2002). Economic valuation: something old, something new. Australian Actuarial Journal, 9(4).Google Scholar
Solomon, E. & Laya, J.C. (1967). Measurement of company profitability: some systematic errors in the accounting rate of return. Financial research and management decisions. (Rominchek, A.A., ed.) John Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Taylor, G. (1994). Fair premium rating methods and the relations between them. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 61(4), 592615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S. (2002). A universal framework for pricing financial and insurance risks. SCOR working paper.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S., Young, V. & Panjer, H. (1997). Axiomatic characterisation of insurance prices. Insurance Mathematics and Economics, 21, 173182.Google Scholar