Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T05:12:47.511Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Use of Utility Functions for Investment Channel Choice in Defined Contribution Retirement Funds. II: A Proposed System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2011

R. J. Thomson
Affiliation:
School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa., Tel: +27-(0)11-646-5332, Fax: +27-(0)11-717-6285, Email: rthomson@icon.co.za

Abstract

In this paper a system for recommending investment channel choices to members of defined contribution retirement funds is proposed. The system is interactive, using a member's answers to a series of questions to derive a utility function. The observed values are interpolated by means of appropriate formulae to produce a smooth utility function over the whole positive range of benefits at retirement. The resulting function, together with stochastic models of the returns on the available channels and of the annuity factor at exit, is then used to recommend an optimum apportionment of the member's investment. The proposed system is applied to the observed values of utility functions of post-retirement income elicited from members of retirement funds. Difficulties in the application are discussed and the results are analysed. The sensitivity of the recommendations to the parameters of the stochastic model is discussed.

Type
Sessional meetings: papers and abstracts of discussions
Copyright
Copyright © Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, W.H. (1994). A problem-solving approach to pension funding and valuation. Actex, Winstead.Google Scholar
Anderson, J.R., Dillon, J.L. & Hardaker, B. (1977). Agricultural decision analysis. Iowa State University Press, Ames; cited in Farquhar (1984).Google Scholar
Asher, A. (1999). Loading retirement fund members with investment channel choice. Journal of Pensions Management, 5 (1), 7684.Google Scholar
Bell, D.E., Raiffa, H. & Tversky, A. (Eds.) (1988). Decision making: descriptive, normative and prescriptive interactions. Cambridge. Cited in French & Xie (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicksler, J.L. (1974). Theory of portfolio choice and capital market behavior: an introductory survey. In Bicksler & Samuelson (1974), 125.Google Scholar
Bicksler, J.L. & Samuelson, P.A. (Eds.) (1974). Investment portfolio decision-making. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass.Google Scholar
Blake, D., Cairns, A.J.G. & Dowd, K. (2001). Pensionmetrics: stochastic pension plan design and value-at-risk during the accumulation phase. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 29, 187215.Google Scholar
Booth, P.M. (1995). The management of investment risk for defined contribution pension schemes. Transactions of the International Congress of Actuaries, 25(3), 105122.Google Scholar
Booth, P.M. & Ong, A.S.K. (1994). A simulation based approach to asset allocation. Proceedings of the 4th AFIR International Colloquium, 1, 217239.Google Scholar
Booth, P. & Yakoubov, Y. (2000). Investment policy for defined contribution pension scheme members close to retirement: an analysis of the ‘lifestyle' concept. North American Actuarial Journal, 4 (2), 119.Google Scholar
Boulier, J.-F., Huang, S.-J. & Taillard, G. (1999). Optimal management under stochastic interest rates: the case of a protected pension fund. Proceedings of the 3rd IME Conference, London, 2, 123.Google Scholar
Boulier, J.-F., Michel, S. & Wisnia, V. (1996). Optimizing investment and contributions policies of a defined benefit pension fund. Proceedings of the 6th AFIR International Colloquium, 1, 593607.Google Scholar
Boulier, J.-F., Trussant, E. & Florens, D. (1995). A dynamic model for pension funds management. Proceedings of the 5th AFIR International Colloquium, 1, 361384.Google Scholar
Bowers, N.L., Gerber, H.U., Hickman, J.J., Jones, D.A. & Nesbitt, C.J. (1986). Actuarial mathematics. Society of Actuaries, Itasca.Google Scholar
Cairns, A.J.G. (1995). Pension funding in a stochastic environment: the role of objectives in selecting an asset-allocation strategy. Proceedings of the 5th AFIR International Colloquium, 1, 429453.Google Scholar
Cairns, A.J.G. (1996). Continuous-time stochastic pension fund modelling. Proceedings of the 6th International AFIR Colloquium, 1, 609624.Google Scholar
Cairns, A.J.G. (1997). A comparison of optimal and dynamic control strategies for continuous-time pension fund models. Proceedings of the 7th AFIR International Colloquium.Google Scholar
Cairns, A.J.G., Blake, D. & Dowd, K. (2000). Optimal dynamic asset allocation for defined-contribution pension plans. Proceedings of the 10th AFIR International Colloquium, Tromso, 131154.Google Scholar
Cairns, A.J.G. & Parker, G. (1997). Stochastic pension fund modelling. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 21, 4379.Google Scholar
Chang, S.-C. (1999). Optimal pension funding through dynamic simulations: the case of Taiwan public employees retirement system. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 24, 187199.Google Scholar
Cox, J.C. & Huang, C.-F. (1989). Optimum consumption and portfolio policies when asset prices follow a diffusion process. Journal of Economic Theory, 49, 3383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deelstra, G., Grasselli, M. & Koehl, P.-F. (1999). Optimal investment strategies in a CIR framework. Cited as preprint in Cairns, Blake & Dowd (2000).Google Scholar
Eskow, E. & Schnabel, R.B. (1991). Algorithm 695: software for a new modified Cholesky factorization. ACM Trans. Math. Software, 17, 306312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exley, C.J., Mehta, S.J.B. & Smith, A.D. (1997). The financial theory of defined benefit pension schemes. British Actuarial Journal, 3, 835966.Google Scholar
Faculty & Institute of Actuaries (2001). Core reading: subject 109, financial economics. Faculty & Institute of Actuaries.Google Scholar
Farquhar, P.H. (1984). Utility assessment methods. Management Science, 30, 12831294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, S. (1986). Decision theory: an introduction to the mathematics of rationality. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
French, S. (unpublished). Correspondence with the author 5/7/1998.Google Scholar
French, S., Allatt, P., Slater, J.B., Vassiloglou, M. & Willmot, A.S. (1992). Implementation of a decision analytic aid to support examiners judgements in aggregating components. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45, 7591.Google Scholar
French, S. & Xie, Z. (1994). A perspective on recent developments in utility theory. In Rios (1994).Google Scholar
Friedman, M. & Savage, L.J. (1948). The utility analysis of choices involving risk. Journal of Political Economy, 56, 279304.Google Scholar
Gerber, H.U. & Shiu, E.S.W. (2000). Investing for retirement: optimal capital growth and dynamic asset allocation. North American Actuarial Journal, 4 (2), 4262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haberman, S. & Sung, J.-H. (1994). Dynamic approaches to pension funding. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 15, 151162.Google Scholar
Hakansson, N.H. (1969). Optimal investment and consumption strategies under risk, an uncertain lifetime, and insurance. International Economic Review, 10 (3), 443466.Google Scholar
Hakansson, N.H. (1970). Optimal investment and consumption strategies under risk for a class of utility functions. Econometrica, 38, 587607.Google Scholar
Hershey, J.C., Kunreuther, H.C. & Schoemaker, P.J.H. (1982). Sources of bias in assessment procedures for utility functions. Management Science, 28, 936954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingersoll, J.E. (1987). Theory of financial decision making. Rowman & Littlefield, Savage, Maryland.Google Scholar
Josa-Fombellida, R. & Rincon-Zapatero, J. (2001). Minimization of risks in pension funding by means of pension contributions and portfolio selection. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 29, 3545.Google Scholar
Karmarkar, U.S. (1978). Subjective weighted utility: a descriptive extension of the expected utility model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 21, 6172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeney, R.L. & Raiffa, H. (1976). Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Khorasanee, M.Z. (1995). Simulation of investment returns for a money purchase fund. Journal of Actuarial Pratice, 3 (1), 93115.Google Scholar
Khorasanee, M.Z. & Smith, D.A. (1997). A utility maximisation approach to individual investment choices in a money purchase pension scheme. Proceedings of the 1997 Investment Conference, 2, 261289.Google Scholar
Knox, D.M. (1993). A critique of defined contribution plans using a simulation approach, Journal of Actuarial Pratice, 1 (2), 4966.Google Scholar
Krzysztofowicz, R. & Duckstein, L. (1980). Assessment errors in multiattribute utility functions. Organizational Behvior and Human Performance, 26, 326348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludvik, P.M. (1994). Investment strategy for defined contribution plans. Proceedings of the 4th AFIR International Colloquium, 3, 13891400.Google Scholar
Markowitz, H.M. (1952). Portfolio selection. Journal of Finance, 7, 7791.Google Scholar
Merton, R.C. (1969). Lifetime portfolio selection under uncertainty: the continuous-time case. Review of Economics and Statistics, 51, 247257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, R.C. (1971). Optimal consumption and portfolio rules in a continuous-time model. Journal of Economic Theory, 3, 373413.Google Scholar
Mossin, J. (1968). Optimal multiperiod portfolio policies. Journal of Business, 41, 215229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosteller, F. & Nogee, P. (1951). An experimental measure of utility. Journal of Political Economy, 59, 371404.Google Scholar
Novick, M.R., Dekeyrel, D.F. & Chuang, D.T. (1981). Local and regional coherence utility assessment procedures. Bayesian Statistics, Proceedings of the First International Meeting, University Press, Valencia, 557568.Google Scholar
O'Brien, T. (1986). A stochastic-dynamic approach to pension funding. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 5, 141146.Google Scholar
O'Brien, T. (1987). A two-parameter family of pension contribution functions and stochastic optimization. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 6, 129134.Google Scholar
Phelps, E.S. (1962). The accumulation of risky capital: a sequential utility analysis. Econometrica, 30, 729743.Google Scholar
Pratt, J.W. (1964). Risk aversion in the small and in the large. Econometrica, 32, 122136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quiggin, J. (1993). Generalized expected utility theory. Kluwer, Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richard, S.F. (1975). Optimal consumption, portfolio and life insurance rules for an uncertain lived individual in a continuous time model. Journal of Financial Economics, 2, 187203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rios, S. (ed.) (1994). Decision theory and decision analysis: trends and challenges. Kluwer, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Samuelson, P.A. (1969). Lifetime portfolio selection by dynamic stochastic programming. Review of Economics and Statistics, 51, 239246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage, L.J. (1954). The foundations of statistics. Wiley; 2nd ed., Dover, New York (1972).Google Scholar
Schlaifer, R.O. (1969). Analysis of decisions under uncertainty. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Schoemaker, P.J.H. (1980). Experiments on decisions under risk: the expected utility hypothesis. Nijhoff, Boston.Google Scholar
Sharpe, W.F. & Tint, L.G. (1990). Liabilities: a new approach. Journal of Portfolio Management, 510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherris, M. (1992). Portfolio selection and matching: a synthesis. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 119, 87105.Google Scholar
Siegmann, A.H. & Lucas, A. (1999). Continuous-time dynamic programming for ALM with risk-averse loss functions. Proceedings of the 9th AFIR International Colloquium, 2, 183193.Google Scholar
Thomson, R.J. (1999). Non-parametric likelihood enhancements to parametric graduations. British Actuarial Journal, 5, 197236.Google Scholar
Thomson, R.J. (2000). An analysis of the utility functions of members of retirement funds. Proceedings of the 10th AFIR International Colloquium, 615630.Google Scholar
Thomson, R.J. (2003). The use of utility functions for investment channel choice in defined contribution retirement funds: part I. British Actuarial Journal, 9, 653709.Google Scholar
Van Dam, C. (1973). Beslissen in onsekerheid. Stenfert Kroese, Leiden.Google Scholar
Vigna, E. & Haberman, S. (2001). Optimal investment strategy for defined contribution pension schemes. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 28, 233–62.Google Scholar
Von Neumann, J. & Morgenstern, O. (1947) Theory of games and economic behaviour, 2nd ed.Princeton.Google Scholar
Wilkie, A.D. (1985). Portfolio selection in the presence of fixed liabilities: a comment on ‘the matching of assets to liabilities’. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 112, 229278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkie, A.D. (1986). A stochastic investment model for actuarial use. Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries, 39, 341403.Google Scholar
Winkler, R.L. (1967). The quantification of judgment: some methodological suggestions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62, 1105–20. Reprinted as Chap. 9 in Bicksler & Samuelson (1974).Google Scholar
Wise, A.J. (1984a). A theoretical analysis of the matching of assets to liabilities. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 111, 375402.Google Scholar
Wise, A.J. (1984b). The matching of assets to liabilities. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 111, 445502.Google Scholar
Wise, A.J. (1987a). Matching and portfolio selection: part 1. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 114, 113133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wise, A.J. (1987b). Matching and portfolio selection: part 2. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 114, 551568.Google Scholar
Ziemba, W.T. & Mulvey, J.M. (eds.) (1998). Worldwide asset and liability modeling. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar