Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T00:34:52.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The current state of Newman scholarship

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2020

Peter B. Nockles
Peter B. Nockles*
Affiliation:
Honorary Research Fellow, Religions & Theology, Samuel Alexander Building, School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL. Email: peternockles@hotmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review Article
Information
British Catholic History , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , May 2020 , pp. 105 - 127
Copyright
© Trustees of the Catholic Record Society 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Ker, Ian, John Henry Newman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar; Gilley, Sheridan, Newman and His Age (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1990)Google Scholar, John Henry Cardinal Newman 1801-1890, Louvain Studies 15:2-3 (1990); Merrigan, Terrence, Clear Heads and Holy Hearts: the religious and theological ideal of John Henry Newman (Louvain: Peeters Press, 1991)Google Scholar; Ker, Ian and Hill, Alan G. eds. Newman after a hundred years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)Google Scholar; Brown, David ed. Newman: a man for our time (London: SPCK, 1990)Google Scholar, The ‘Via Media’ of the Anglican Church, ed. H.D. Weidner (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), Newsome, David, The Convert Cardinals: John Henry Newman and Henry Edward Manning (London: John Murray, 1993)Google Scholar.

2 Nicholls, David and Kerr, Fergus, O.P. eds. John Henry Newman: Reason, Rhetoric and Romanticism (Bristol: The Bristol Press, 1991)Google Scholar, see especially, ‘Introduction’, 1-12 at 4, and Valerie Pitt, ‘Demythologising Newman’, 13-27. This reviewer has to admit to being part of that company of contributors but he never accepted the presumptuous debunking of Newman claim made by the editors on behalf of them.

3 Newman: the Pillar of the Cloud (London: Macmillan & Co. 1962) and Newman: Light in Winter (London: Macmillan & Co. 1962). The volumes were critically, if not unsympathetically reviewed by David Newsome under the amusingly appropriate title ‘Newmania’ in the Journal of Theological Studies, 14 (Jan 1, 1963), 420-429.

4 Coulson, J. and Allchin, A. M. eds. The Rediscovery of Newman: an Oxford Symposium (London: SPCK, 1967)Google Scholar. This followed an earlier work of Newman rediscovery by the same authors. See Coulson, J., Allchin, A.M. and Trevor, M., Newman: A Portrait Restored: An Ecumenical Revaluation (London: Sheed and Ward, 1965)Google Scholar.

5 Biemer, Günter, Newman on Tradition (London: Burns and Oates, 1967)Google Scholar; Svaglic, Martin J. ed. Apologia pro vita su (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967)Google Scholar; Hollis, Christopher, Newman and the modern world (London: Hollis and Carter, 1967)Google Scholar.

6 Coulson, John, Newman and the Common Tradition: a study in the language of Church and society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1970)Google Scholar; Lash, Nicholas, Newman on Development: the search for an explanation in history (London: Sheed and Ward, 1975)Google Scholar; Misner, Paul, Papacy and Development: Newman and the primacy of the Papacy (Leiden: Brill, 1976)Google Scholar; Newman, John Henry, The Idea of a University, ed. Ker, I. T. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976)Google Scholar; Newman, John Henry, An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Ascent, ed. Lash, Nicholas (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979)Google Scholar.

7 Cross, Frank Leslie, John Henry Newman (London: P. Allan, 1933)Google Scholar.

8 For a classic statement of this viewpoint, see B.C. Butler, ‘Newman and the Second Vatican Council’, in Coulson and Alchin eds. The Rediscovery of Newman, 235-46.

9 Nicholas Lash, however, cites several examples where Newman was quoted in Council sessions. See Lash, N., ‘Newman since Vatican II’, in Ker, and Hill, , eds. Newman after a hundred years, 447–64Google Scholar at 449-50.

10 See above, n. 1.

11 Ker, Ian and Merrigan, Terrence eds. The Cambridge Companion to John Henry Newman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Aquino, Frederick D. and King, Benjamin J. eds. The Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Aquino, Frederick D. and King, Benjamin J. eds. Receptions of Newman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Aquino and King eds. The Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman, 2.

14 Dessain, Charles. S., John Henry Newman (London: Thomas Nelson, 1966), 1–14Google Scholar (out of 169). Ward’s two-volume biography published in 1912 devotes only 118 pages (out of more than 1100) to the first half of Newman’s life. The ratio is similar in Ker, Ian, John Henry Newman: A Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 1–53Google Scholar (out of 745), though is more evenly balanced in Meriol Trevor’s biography. My attention was drawn to these imbalances in relative coverage by Gerard Zuijdwegt. It is also significant that in 1961 when the editors based at the Birmingham Oratory undertook publication of The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman they commenced at volume 11 with the letters composed on the day of his reception into the Catholic Church.

15 Richard W. Church, ‘Newman’s Apologia’ [Guardian, 22 June 1864], Occasional Papers selected from ‘The Guardian’, ‘The Times’, and the ‘Saturday Review’, 1846-1890, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1897), 2:385.

16 The Via Media of the Anglican Church by John Henry Newman, ed. Halbert D. Weidner (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), J.G. Elamparayil, ‘John Henry Newman’s Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church: A Contextual History and Ecclesiological Analysis’ (PhD diss., Catholic University of America, Washington DC, 2012).

17 Essays Critical and Historical by John Henry Cardinal Newman. Volume 1, ed. Andrew Nash (Leominster: Gracewing, 2019).

18 Meynell, Wilfrid, John Henry Newman: the founder of modern Anglicanism and a Cardinal of the Roman Church (London: Kegan Paul, 1890)Google Scholar.

19 Essay Critical and Historical, viii-ix.

20 Cross, Newman; Cross, F.L. and More, Paul Elmer, eds. Anglicanism: the thought and practice of the Church of England, illustrated from the religious literature of the seventeenth century (London: S.P.C.K., 1935)Google Scholar; Rowell, Geoffrey, The Vision Glorious: themes and personalities of the Catholic Revival in Anglicanism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chadwick, Owen, Newman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983)Google Scholar. For an earlier appraisal of the then state of scholarship on the Anglican Newman, see Nockles, Peter B., ‘The Anglican Newman: A Reappraisal’, Anglican and Episcopal History, 63:1 (March 1994), 73–86Google Scholar. Benjamin J. King and Mark D. Chapman are two outstanding current exponents of an Anglican understanding of Newman.

21 Lash, Nicholas, ‘Was Newman a Theologian?’, Heythrop Journal, 17 (1976): 322–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cf. Merrigan, Terrence, ‘Newman the Theologian’, Louvain Studies 15:2 (1990), 103–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Gerard. J. Zuijdwegt, ‘An Evangelical Adrift: the Making of John Henry Newman’s Theology’, (PhD diss., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2019). Of course the late David Newsome and, more recently, Gareth Atkins have given rounded portraits of the Evangelical Newman. See n. 85.

23 Cornwell, John, Newman’s Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint (London: Continuum, 2010)Google Scholar.

24 Duffy, Eamon, John Henry Newman: a very brief history (London: SPCK, 2019), 3Google Scholar.

25 Pattison, Robert, The Great Dissent: John Henry Newman and the Liberal Heresy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Short, Edward, Newman and his Contemporaries (London: T&T Clark, 2011)Google Scholar, Newman and his Family (London: T&T Clark, 2013), and Newman and History (Leominster: Gracewing, 2017). See also Barron, Robert, ‘“A Great Mischief”: Newman on Liberalism in Religion’, in Lefebvre, Philippe and Mason, Colin, eds. John Henry Newman: Doctor of the Church, (Oxford: Family Publications, 2007), 99–114Google Scholar.

26 Jaki, Stanley L., Newman’s Challenge (Grand Rapids, Mich: William B. Eerdmans, 2000)Google Scholar; Jaki, Stanley L., Newman to Converts: An Existential Ecclesiology (Pinckney, Mich: Real View Books, 2001)Google Scholar; Jaki, Stanley L., The Church of England as viewed by Newman (Pinkney, Mich: Real View Books, 2004)Google Scholar. This is only a selection of works by the late Fr Jacki on Newman.

27 Cyril O’Regan, ‘Reception of Newman the Saint: An Analysis and Critique’, in Aquino and King eds. Receptions of Newman, 214-32 at 214.

28 Stephen Morgan, ‘The Search for Continuity in the face of Change in the Anglican Writings of John Henry Newman’, (D.Phil diss., University of Oxford, 2013), v.

29 Parker, Kenneth L., ‘Re-visioning the Past and Re-sourcing the Future: the Unsolved Historiographical Struggle in Roman Catholic Scholarship and Authoritative Teaching’, in Clarke, Peter D. and Methuen, Charlotte eds. The Church on its Past, Studies in Church History 49 (2013): 389–416Google Scholar.

30 Blehr, Vincent Ferrer, Pilgrim Journey: John Henry Newman 1801-1845 (London: Burns and Oates, 2001)Google Scholar; Spiritual Writings: John Henry Newman, ed. John T. Ford (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2012); Ker, Ian ed. The Genius of John Henry Newman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989 and 2012)Google Scholar; Blehl, Vincent Ferrer, ‘The Importance of the “Real” for the Interpretation of Newman’s Spirituality and Holiness’, Louvain Studies 15:2-3 (1990), 226–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Weidner, Halbert D., Praying with John Cardinal Newman: Companions for the Journey (Winona, Minn: St Mary’s Press, 1997)Google Scholar.

31 Newman: Sermons, eds. Placid Murray, Vincent Blehl and Francis McGrath (Oxford: Clarendon Press (1991-2012); John Henry Newman: Fifteen Sermons Preached before the University of Oxford, eds. James David Ernest and Gerard Tracey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

32 Ker, Ian ed. Newman and Conversion (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1997)Google Scholar, Ker, Ian, The Achievement of John Henry Newman (London: Collins, 1991)Google Scholar; Dulles, Avery, Newman (London: Continuum, 2009)Google Scholar; Strange, Roderick, John Henry Newman: A Mind Alive (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 2008)Google Scholar; Chisnall, Peter, John Henry Newman: A Very English Saint (Leominster: Gracewing, first edition 2001; second edition 2010)Google Scholar; Mockler, Anthony, John Henry Newman: Fighter, Convert and Cardinal (Oxford: Signal Books, 2010)Google Scholar; Mansfield, Dermot, Heart Speaks to Heart: The Story of the Blessed John Henry Newman (Dublin: Veritas, 2010)Google Scholar; Norris, Thomas J., Cardinal Newman for Today (Blackrock: Columba Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

33 , Lawrence Poston, The Antagonist Principle: John Henry Newman and the Paradox of Personality (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016)Google Scholar. For an earlier example of this romantic literary theory methodology, see Goslee, David, Romanticism and the Anglican Newman (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1996), and for a more recent one, see Bernard Dive, John Henry Newman and the Imagination (London: T & T Clark, 2018)Google Scholar.

34 See Hill, A.G., ‘Originality and Realism in Newman’s Novels’, in Ker, and Hill, , eds. Newman after a hundred years, 21–42Google Scholar; Ian Ker, ‘Newman the Satirist’, in Ibid., 1-20; Mary C. Frank, ‘The Literary Stylist’, in Aquino and King, eds. The Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman, 475-94; Stephen Prickett, ‘Literary Legacy’, in Aquino and King, eds. The Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman, 578-96; Sugg, Joyce, ‘Newman the letter writer’, in Lefebvre, Philippe and Mason, Colin eds. John Henry Newman in his Time (Oxford: Family Publications, 2007)Google Scholar; Griffiths, Eric, ‘Newman: The Foolishness of Preaching’, in Ker, and Hill, , eds. Newman after a hundred years, 63–92Google Scholar; Withey, Donald A., John Henry Newman: The Liturgy and the Breviary: Their influence on his life as an Anglican (London: Sheed and Ward, 1992)Google Scholar; Young, Percy M., Elgar, Newman and the Dream of Gerontius in the Tradition of English Catholicism (Aldershot: Scholar Press, 1995)Google Scholar; Sheridan Gilley, ‘Newman’s Poetry’, Etudes Newmaniennes: Actes du Colloque de 2011: Newman et la civilisation britannique, no. 28-32 (2012), 61-82; Whyte, William, Unlocking the Church: the lost secrets of Victorian sacred space (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 31–39Google Scholar; Nicholls, Guy, Unearthly Beauty: The Aesthetic of St John Henry Newman (Leominster: Gracewing, 2019)Google Scholar; Duffy, Eamon, ‘The Anglican Parish Sermons’, in Aquino, and King, , eds. The Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman, 221–42Google Scholar.

35 Sidenvall, Erik, Change and Identity: Protestant English interpretations of John Henry Newman’s secession, 1845-1864 (Lund: Lunds Universitets Kyrkohistoriska Arkiv, 2002)Google Scholar; and After anti-Catholicism: John Henry Newman and Protestant Britain (London: T&T Clark International, 2005). For a contemporary Evangelical critique of the Tractarian Anglican Newman on Justification, see McGrath, Alister E., ‘Newman on Justification: An Evangelical Anglican Evaluation’, in Merrigan, Terrence and Ker, Ian, eds. Newman and the Word, Louvain Theological & Pastoral Monographs: 27 (Louvain: Peeters Press/W.B. Eerdmans. 2000), 91–108Google Scholar.

36 Keith Beaumont, ‘The Reception of Newman in France at the Time of the Modernist Crisis’, in Aquino and King, eds. Receptions of Newman, 156-76.

37 Claus Arnold, ‘Newman’s Reception in Germany. From Dollinger to Ratzinger’, The Newman Lecture 2011, Oriel College.

38 Armstrong, David, The Quotable Newman: A Definitive Guide to his Central Thoughts and Ideas (Manchester, NH: Sophia Institute Press, 2012)Google Scholar; John Henry Newman: A Portrait in Letters, ed. Roderick Strange (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). See also Strange, Roderick, Newman: The Heart of Holiness (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2019)Google Scholar.

39 Nicholls and Kerr eds. John Henry Newman, 4. See also the late William Oddie’s comment in 1993: ‘The nearer Newman approaches beatification, the greater the risk that he will become an unreal and somewhat anaemic “plaster saint” in the modern imagination’. John Henry Newman: Apologia pro vita sua, ed. William Oddie (London: J M Dent, 1993), xxiv.

40 Newsome, ‘Newmania’, 421.

41 Cyril O’Regan, ‘Reception of Newman the Saint’, 215.

42 Short, Edward, Newman and History (Leominster: Gracewing, 2017), 125Google Scholar.

43 https://digitalcollections.newmanstudies.org/. Last accessed 18 January 2020.

44 https://newmanstudies.org/journal. Last accessed 18 January 2020. The current managing editor is Dr Elizabeth A. Huddleston.

45 King, Benjamin J., Newman and the Alexandrian Fathers: Shaping Doctrine in Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shea, Charles Michael, Newman’s Early Roman Catholic Legacy 1845-1854 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Marr, Ryan J., To be Perfect is to have Changed Often: the Development of John Henry Newman’s ecclesiological Outlook, 1845-1877 (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2018)Google Scholar; Michael Pahls, ‘Newman’s Schola Theologorum’(PhD diss., St Louis University, 2015); Matthew Muller, ’The Inspired Bible in the Anglican Career of John Henry Newman’ (PhD diss., St Louis University, 2017).

46 King, Newman and the Alexandrian Fathers, 251.

47 King, Benjamin J., ‘John Henry Newman and the Church Fathers: Writing History in the First Person’, Irish Theological Quarterly, 78/2 (2013): 149–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 Rowan Williams, ‘Newman’s Arians and the Question of Method in Doctrinal History’, in Ker and Hill, eds. Newman after a hundred years, 263-86.

49 The Arians of the Fourth Century. By John Henry Cardinal Newman, introduction and notes by Rowan Williams (Leominster: Gracewing, 2001), xix-xlvii. For an analysis of how Newman related his understanding of the ‘Elect Sect’ and ‘Eclectic Heresy’ in his Arians to his view of contemporary liberalism at Oxford in the 1830s, see Griffin, J.R., ‘Cardinal Newman and the Eclectic Heresy’, Heythrop Journal, 52 (2011): 411–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

50 Marr, To be Perfect, 129-30.

51 The classic work in this field from an earlier continental scholarly generation is Walgrave, Jan Hendrik, Newman the Theologian: the nature of belief and doctrine in his life and work trans. Littledale, A.V. (London: Chapman, 1960)Google Scholar.

52 See Pereiro, James S., At the Heart of Tractarianism. Ethos and the Oxford Movement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 171CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pereiro, James S., Theories of Development in the Oxford Movement (Leominster: Gracewing, 2015)Google Scholar, esp. 81-104; Pereiro, James S., ‘S.F. Wood and an Early Theory of Development in the Oxford Movement’, Recusant History 20 (1991): 540–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Peteburs, Michael, ‘The Development of Doctrine’, in By Whose Authority? Newman, Manning and the Magisterium, McClelland, V. Alan ed. (Bath: Downside Abbey, 1996), 49–78Google Scholar; An Essay on The Development of Christian Doctrine by John Henry Newman. With an Introduction, Notes and Textual Appendices by James Tolhurst DD. Newman Millenium Edition. Volume XII (Leominster: Gracewing, 2018), xxii.

53 Chadwick, Owen, From Bossuet to Newman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 1987), 102CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 111, 119-21.

54 Morgan, ‘The Search for Continuity’, especially 215; Imberg, Rune, In Quest of Authority: The ‘Tracts for the Times’ and the Development of the Tractarian Leaders 1833-1841 (Lund: Lund University Press, 1987), 124–25Google Scholar; Ker, John Henry Newman. A Biography, 105.

55 For example, see Shea, Charles M., ‘Father Giovanni Perrone and Doctrinal Development in Rome: an overlooked legacy of Newman’s Essay on Development’, Journal for the History of Modern Theology 20:1, (2013): 85–116Google Scholar.

56 See Kenneth L. Parker and Charles M. Shea, ‘The Roman Catholic Reception of the Essay on Development’, in Aquino and King eds. Receptions of Newman, 30-49.

57 See above, n. 46.

58 Muller, ‘The Inspired Bible’, 39.

59 See above n. 20, and below n. 86. Another outstanding and highly original recent doctoral dissertation on Newman deserves notice: Damon McGraw, ‘Apocalyptic thought in John Henry Newman: Discerning Antichrist in Modernity’, (PhD diss. University of Notre Dame, 2014).

60 Turner, Frank M., John Henry Newman: the Challenge to Evangelical Religion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002)Google Scholar. The phrase ‘the Newman of history’ repeatedly crops up in Turner’s ‘Introduction’ to his edition of John Henry Cardinal Newman. Apologia & Six Sermons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

61 Marr, To Be Perfect, xx.

62 Abbott, Edwin, The Anglican Career of Cardinal Newman (London: Macmillan, 1892)Google Scholar; Faber, Geoffrey Cust, Oxford Apostles: a character study of the Oxford Movement (London: Faber, 1933)Google Scholar. See especially P. J. FitzPatrick, ‘Newman and Kingsley’, and ‘Newman’s Grammar and the Church Today’, in Nicholls and Kerr eds. John Henry Newman, 109-34, 135-52. Fr Fitzpatrick’s Apologia Pro Charles Kingsley had been published pseudonymously under the name ‘G. Egner’ (German, ‘opponent’). It should be noted, however, that FitzPatrick did not question the honesty of Newman’s delineation of his religious journey to Rome but only took issue with whether Newman had actually answered Kingsley’s specific charges made in his original review article which triggered Newman to write the Apologia in the first place. FitzPatrick, ‘Newman and Kingsley’, 89.

63 Edward Short is only slightly exaggerating when he states that ‘the book met with total oblivion’. Short, Newman and History, 129. However, for a critical engagement with the Nicholls and Kerr volume, especially Pitt’s essay, see Goslee, Romanticism and the Anglican Newman.

64 Valerie Pitt, ‘Demythologising Newman’, 25.

65 David Nicholls, ‘Individualism and the Appeal to Authority’, in Nicholls and Kerr eds. John Henry Newman, 195-96.

66 Peter, B. Nockles, ‘Turner’s Newman’, Albion, xxxv. (Winter, 2004): 669–73Google Scholar.

67 Skinner, Simon, ‘History versus Hagiography: The Reception of Turner’s Newman’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History (hereafter JEH) 61.4 (2010): 764–781CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 769.

68 Duffy, Eamon, ‘The reception of Turner’s Newman: A reply to Simon Skinner’, JEH 63 (July 2012): 534–68Google Scholar.

69 Skinner, Simon, ‘A response to Eamon Duffy’, JEH 63 (July 2012): 549–67Google Scholar.

70 Zuijdwegt, ‘An Evangelical Adrift’, 5.

71 O’Regan, ‘Reception of Newman the Saint’, 221.

72 Svaglic, Martin J., ‘Newman and the Oriel Fellowship’, Publications of the Modern Language Association, 70/5, (Dec 1955): 1014–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 1020.

73 Simon Skinner, ‘Newman, the Tractarians, and the British Critic’, JEH, vol. 50, no. 4 (October 1999): 716-59.

74 Newman, John Henry Cardinal. Apologia pro vita sua & Six Sermons ed. Turner, Frank M. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008)Google Scholar, 14n.

75 Peter. B. Nockles, ‘Oxford, Tract 90 and the bishops’, in Nicholls and Kerr eds. John Henry Newman, 28-87.

76 Turner, ed. Apologia pro vita sua & Six Sermons, 3-4.

77 Duffy, John Henry Newman, 100-101.

78 Svaglic, Apologia, 108; E. Jay, ‘Newman’s Mid-Victorian Dream’, in Nicholls and Kerr eds. John Henry Newman, 215.

79 J.H. Newman to W. J. Copeland, 19 April 1864, Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, xxi, eds. C. S. Dessain & E. Kelly (London: Nelson, 1971), 97. See also his comment: ‘I am not writing a history of the Movement, nor arguing out statements’. J. H. Newman to R.W. Church, 26 April 1864, Letters and Diaries, xxi, 102.

80 See Dublin Review, 3 (July, 1864), ‘Newman’s Apologia pro vita sua’, 157. See also Jan Walgrave’s comment that, had Newman written a real autobiography, ‘he would probably have planned it on quite different lines’. J. H. Walgrave, Newman the Theologian, 313. See also for a similar nuanced treatment of the Apologia, Svaglic, M. J., ‘The structure of Newman’s Apologia’, Proceedings of the Modern Language Association, 66 (January 1, 1951): 138–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chadwick, Owen, ‘A Consideration of Newman’s Apologia pro via sua’, in Vaiss, Paul ed. Newman: From Oxford to the People (Leominster: Gracewing, 1996), 163–85Google Scholar. See also William Oddie’s comment that the Apologia ‘stubbornly resists classification’ and that ’as an autobiography it is notably deficient in the usual biographical details’. John Henry Newman. Apologia pro vita sua. ed. William Oddie, xv.

81 Walgrave criticises Houghton, W., The Art of Newman’s ‘Apologia’ (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945)Google Scholar on precisely this ground. See Walgrave, Newman the Theologian, 317. For classic critiques of the Apologia for historical unreliability, see Abbott, The Anglican Career of Cardinal Newman, and Egner, G., Apologia Pro Charles Kingsley (London: Sheed & Ward, 1969)Google Scholar.

82 See ‘Editor’s Introduction: The Newman of the Apologia and the Newman of History’, Turner, ed. Apologia pro vita sua & Six Sermons, 1-115 at 1-6.

83 Edward Short misrepresents Professor O’Regan as one of the ‘disciples of Turner’ and quite unfairly and misleadingly asserts that O’Regan in discussing the Apologia wishes ‘to claim that Newman’s account is nothing more than a tissue of self-serving lies’. Short, Newman and History, 127. For O’Regan’s actual subtle and nuanced but admiring treatment of the Apologia, see O’Regan, Cyril, ‘Newman’s Rhetoric in the Apologia pro vita sua’. Lonergan Review 3:1 (November 2011), 88–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Zuijdwegt, ‘An Evangelical Adrift’, 5.

85 See David Newsome, ‘The Evangelical Sources of Newman’s Power’, in Coulson and Allchin eds. Rediscovery of Newman, 25. See Gareth Atkins, ‘Evangelicals’, in Aquino and King eds. The Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman, 173-95.

86 Colin Gunton, ‘Newman’s Seventy-Third Tract’, in Newman after a hundred years, 309-22 at 317.

87 Zuijdwegt, ‘An Evangelical Adrift’, 283.

88 Duffy, John Henry Newman, 109.

89 Nash, ‘Editor’s Introduction’, Essays Critical and Historical, xlv.

90 Conn, Walter E., ‘Newman versus Subjectivism: The Context of Liberalism, Evangelicalism, and Rationalism’, Newman Studies Journal, 4/2 (Fall, 2007): 83–86Google Scholar.

91 Turner, John Henry Newman, 275.

92 Griffin, John R., ‘Cardinal Newman and the Origins of Victorian Scepticism’, Heythrop Journal, 49:6 (October, 2008): 980–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Zuijdwegt, G., ‘Scepticism and Credulity: Victorian critiques of John Henry Newman’s Religious Apologetic, Journal of Modern History, 20:1 (2013): 61–89Google Scholar. Both Wilfrid Ward and the Unitarian Richard Holt Hutton had defended Newman at the end of his life against the twin charges of credulity and scepticism. See Sheridan Gilley, ‘Newman, Hutton and Unitarianism’, in Merrigan and Ker, eds. Newman and the Word, 109-36 at 135-36. For Newman, doubt and scepticism were not to be conflated. See Meriol Trevor and Louise Caldecott, John Henry Newman: Apostle of the Doubtful (London: Catholic Truth Society, 2001).

93 Muller, ‘The Inspired Bible in the Anglican Career of John Henry Newman’, 21-22.

94 For examples, see Merrigan, Terrence, ‘Newman’s progress towards Rome: A Psychological Consideration of his Conversion to Catholicism’, Downside Review, 104 (April, 1986): 105–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Robert Christie privileges the role of the heart, family dynamics and interpersonal relationships in shaping Newman’s theological development. See Robert Christie, ‘The Logic of Conversion: the harmony of heart, will, mind, and imagination in John Henry Newman’ (PhD diss., Fordham University, 1997; Christie, Robert, ‘Newman’s Spirituality in relation to his Conversion Experiences’, in Lefebvre, Philippe and Mason, Colin eds. John Henry Newman in his Time, 223–42Google Scholar, especially at 233 where Christie even regards Mary’s death as having provided the ‘spiritual medicine’ which ‘checked the influence of liberalism’.

95 Morgan, ‘Search for Continuity’, 13.

96 Turner, John Henry Newman, 632-34.

97 M. Katherine Tillman, ‘Philosophy of Education’, in Aquino and King eds. Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman, 416-33.

98 Nockles, Peter B., ‘Oriel and the Making of John Henry Newman – his Mission as College Tutor’, Recusant History, 29:3 (May, 2009): 411–421Google Scholar; Nockles, Peter B., ‘Newman and Oxford’, in Lefebvre, Philippe and Mason, Colin eds., Newman in his Time, 21–46Google Scholar; Nockles, Peter B., ‘An Academic Counter-Revolution: Newman and Tractarian Oxford’s Idea of a University’, History of Universities, x (1991):137–97Google Scholar.

99 Delio, David P., ‘An Aristocracy of Exalted Spirits’: The Idea of the Church in Newman’s Tamworth Reading Room (Leominster: Gracewing, 2016)Google Scholar.

100 Culler, Dwight, The Imperial Intellect: A Study of Newman’s Educational Ideal (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955)Google Scholar.

101 Colin Barr, ‘Historical (Mis) understandings of The Idea of a University’, in Aquino and King eds. Receptions of Newman, 114-33 at 128-9.

102 Chadwick, Owen, The Spirit of the Oxford Movement: Tractarian Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 99Google Scholar.

103 Shrimpton, Paul, ‘The Making of Men’: The Idea and Reality of Newman’s University in Oxford and Ireland (Leominster: Gracewing, 2014)Google Scholar. For Newman’s other great educational interest, the Oratory School, see Shrimpton, Paul, A Catholic Eton? Newman’s Oratory School (Leominster: Gracewing, 2005)Google Scholar.

104 See Barr, Colin, Paul Cullen, John Henry Newman and the Catholic University of Ireland 1845-1865 (Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 2003)Google Scholar. Only V. A. McClelland deviated from this line. See McClelland, V. Alan, English Roman Catholics and higher Education, 1830-1903 (London: Oxford University Press, 1972)Google Scholar.

105 Colin Barr, ‘Ireland’, in Aquino and and King eds. Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman, 48-69 at 60. Cf. O’Connell, Marvin R., ‘Newman and the Bishops’, Newman Studies Journal, 13/2 (Fall, 2016): 8–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 22-23.

106 Barr, ‘Historical (Mis)understandings’, 133.

107 Barr, ‘Ireland’, 48.

108 DeLaura, David J., ‘Newman’s Apologia as Prophecy’ in Apologia pro vita sua, ed. DeLaura, David J. (New York: Norton, 1968), 492–503Google Scholar at 498.