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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 May 2017
‘Now at the word Order your pikes, you place the butt end of your pike by the outside of your right foot, your right hand holding it even with your eye and your thumb right up; then your left arm being set akimbo by your side you shall stand with a full body in a comely posture’. In this manner English soldiers of fortune, serving as pikemen in the wars of the Netherlands, were instructed in the art of war in the late sixteenth century. Musketeers were told that stray grains of powder disappeared at the command Blow off your loose corns, sometimes with a puff or two, sometimes with a ‘sudden strong blast’, but always in accordance with regulation. In general soldiers who wished to learn their profession had to look elsewhere than in England. In England no one could take them very seriously, not FalstafF the fraudulent Captain, not swaggering Pistol, nor Nym the impostor who affected military brevity. But those who did go abroad were equal to the best foreign professionals in experience and courage. Most of these English soldiers fought for the Dutch, on account of sympathy for them on religious grounds. But Elizabeth's aid was half-hearted and late in coming, for she despised the Dutch as rebels against their rightful, Spanish sovereign. This, together with the Earl of Leicester's mismanagement of his campaigns, were reasons why the English constantly deserted the Dutch to fight for Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, the best commander in that very war-torn century. From about 1598, however, the situation improved for the Dutch, who, having thrown off their dependence on England, converted the English soldiers into mercenaries, bound by an oath of allegiance to their Dutch paymasters.
I wish to acknowledge my debt to Father Francis Edwards, S.J., for many constructive criticisms and much useful information (especially references to three documents at Simancas) and to Dr Geoffrey Parker, Miss Penelope Renold and Mile Lucienne Van Meerbeeck for helping me to write this article. The errors are mine.
1 Henry Hexham, The Principles of the Art Militarie, 1637, quoted by Fortescue, J. W., A History of the British Army, 13 vols, London, 1899-1930, I 171 Google Scholar.
2 Geyl, P., The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609, London, 1932, p. 203 ffGoogle Scholar; Edmundson, G., Anglo-Dutch Rivalry during the First Half of the Seventeenth Century, Oxford, 1911, pp. 11–15 Google Scholar. On the organisation of the early Stuart army see Firth, C. H., Cromwell's Army, London, 1962, pp. 1–14 Google Scholar. This should be read together with Cruikshank, C. G., Elizabeth's Army, London, 1946 Google Scholar.
3 Davies, R. Trevor, The Golden Century of Spain, 1501-1621, London, 1937, pp. 22–24 Google Scholar; Fortescue, History of the British Army, 1,98-105; Van Meerbeeck, L., Les Sources de l'Histoire Administrative de l'Armée espagnole des Pays-Bas aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, Brussels, n.d., pp. 7–8.Google Scholar
4 For what follows see Loomie, A. J., The Spanish Elizabethans, London, 1965, pp. 132-77Google Scholar; Lechat, R., Les Réfugés Anglais dans les Pays-Bas espagnoles durant le règne d'Elizabeth, 1558-1603, Louvain, 1914, pp. 151-5Google Scholar; Willaert, L., ‘Négotiations politico-religieuses entre l'Angleterre et les Pays-Bas catholiques (1598-1625)’, Revue d'Histoire Ecclisiastique (=RHE) 7, 1906, 593–601 Google Scholar.
5 Mattingly, G., The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, London, 1959, p. 60.Google Scholar
6 Motley, J. L., History of the United Netherlands, 4 vols, London, 1869, IV 201-02Google Scholar.
7 The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. IV, 1970, ed. J. W. Cooper, pp. 363-71; Willson, D. H., King James VI and I, London, 1963, pp. 274-7Google Scholar; Gardiner, S. R., History of England from the Accession of James the First to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-42, 10 vols. London, 1883-84, I 101-04Google Scholar.
8 R. Winwood, Memorials of Affairs of State in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I, ed. E. Sawyer, 3 vols, London, 1725 (=Winwood) II, 6: Salisbury to Winwood, 3 October 1603; von Klarvill, V., ed. The Fugger Newsletters, trans. Byrne, L. S. R., London, 1926, pp. 336, 337, 342, 346Google Scholar.
9 Calendar of State Papers, Venetian (=CSP, Ven.) 1603-07, p. 209; Francesco Priuli, Venetian Ambassador in Spain, to the Doge and Senate, 14 January 1605.
10 Historical Manuscripts Commission 9, Calendar of the Manuscripts of … the Marquess of Salisbury (=HMC 9 Salisb.) part XVII, p. 197: Salisbury to Edmondes, 11 May 1605; Willaert, art. cit, RHE 7, 1906, 594.
11 CSP Ven., 1603-07, p. 224: Molin to the Doge and Senate, 1 June 1605; Archives Générates du Royaume, Brussels, Papiers d'État et d'Audience (=AGRB PÉA) 365/29: Hoboken to the Archduke, 15 July 1605; also printed in Birch, T., An Historical View of the Negotiations between the Courts of England, France and Brussels, 1592-1617, London, 1749 (=Birch), p. 224 Google Scholar; Lonchay, H., La Rivalité de la France et de l'Espagne aux Pays-Bas, 1635-1700, Brussels, 1896, p. 33 ffGoogle Scholar. For an idea of the full complement of the Regiment see Jennings, B., Wild Geese in Spanish Flanders, 1582-1700, Dublin, 1964, no. 842Google Scholar. Irish and Scottish Regiments were also recruited (AGRB PÉA 365/13: Hoboken to Albert, 30 April 1605).
12 Foley, H., Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, 7 vols, London, 1877-83 (=Foley) VII, 1149Google Scholar; Winwood II, 101: Cornwallis to Salisbury, 28 July 1605.
13 HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 640: Declaration of Henry Smithe [1605].
14 British Museum (=BM) Stowe 168/167 and Birch, pp. 231-2: Salisbury to Edmondes, 10 October 1605 (not in HMC).
15 Dasent, J. R., ed. Acts of the Privy Council, 37 vols, London, 1890-1964, vol. 31 (1601-04), pp. 488, 491, 492.Google Scholar
16 Edwards, F., Guy Fawkes. The Real Story of the Gunpowder Plot? London, 1969, pp. 124, 158, 172.Google Scholar
17 CSP Ven., 1603-07, pp. 348-9: Molin to the Doge and Senate, 15 June 1605; HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 254: Salisbury to Edmondes, 12 June 1605; Birch, pp. 222-3: Winwood to Edmondes, 27 July 1605; Public Records Office, State Papers Foreign, France (=PRO SP 94) 11/183, 212, 230: Taxis to Salisbury, 25 July, 7 and 31 August N.S. 1605.
18 For Thomas Edmondes, knighted in 1608, see DNB. See PRO SP 77 (Flanders) 7/133: his instructions.
19 Willaert, art. cit, p. 595; PRO SP 94/11/40, 69-70: Taxis to James, 7 and 12 May N.S. 1605.
20 Loomie, , The Spanish Elizabethans, pp. 93, 168-70.Google Scholar
21 Simancas, Estado 2584/20: Taxis to Philip III, 24 May 1605.
22 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic (=CSP Dom.) 1603-10, p. 215: grant of 4 May 1605. See Winwood II 111: Edmondes to Cornwallis, 22 August 1605; HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 365: Salisbury to Edmondes, 12 August 1605.
23 Gillow, J., Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics, 5 vols, London, 1885 f, I 71–72 Google Scholar; Oliver, G., Collections Illustrating the History of the Catholic Religion in the Counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts and Gloucester, London, 1857, p. 19 (no ref.)Google Scholar. He is not to be confused with Thomas, his son, who also served in the English Regiment. See Collins, A., The Peerage of England, 8 vols, London, 1779, VII 44-50Google Scholar.
24 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 277: Arundel to Salisbury, [c. 28 July 1606].
25 Archives of Wardour Castle, ‘Misc. MSS of special interest to the Arundell family’, no. 10: ‘Count Arundell's Apologie to the L. Treasurer Burleigh touching his title of Comes Imperii &c’. See also Arundell of Wardour, ‘Two Englishmen who served with distinction abroad in the cause of Christendom—Sir Edward Wydville and Sir Thomas Arundell’, Dublin Review 25, Jan.-April 1891, 14; E. D. Webb, Notes by the Twelfth Lord Arundell of Wardour on the Family History, London, 1916, Ch. IV.
26 Now in the possession of Mr John Arundell, to whom I am indebted for his courteous assistance.
27 Camden, W., The Historie of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princesse Elizabeth, Late Queene of England, London, 1630, pp. 99–100.Google Scholar
28 On Arundell's Catholicism: Hughes, T., The History of the Society of Jesus in North America, 4 vols, London, 1907-17, I 180n, 225 Google Scholar; HMC 9 Salisb. VII 194: R. Beale to Cecil, 9 May 1597. See also ibid. VI 43: Arundell to Cecil, 1 February 1595/6; ibid. 78-79: same to same, 3 March 1595/6; ibid. 105-06: same to same, 20 March 1595/6; 127-8: Arundell to Tilly, March [1596]; 128-9: Arundell to Cecil [March] 1596. For a later offer to Spain see Simancas, Estado 2583, unfoliated: Council to Philip III, 7 April 1609.
29 CSP Dom. Eliz., 1596-97, pp. 193-4: Arundell to Cecil, 27 March 1596.
30 HMC 9 Salisb. VI 129-30: the Queen to the Emperor [March], 1596; ibid., p. 145: Arundell to Cecil, 16 April 1596.
31 HMC 9 Salisb. VII 36,193,194, 228, 229,266, 276, 527; HMC 77, Report on the Manuscripts of Lord de l'Isle and Dudley, 6 vols, 1925-66 (=De L'Isle), II 271, 273-4: Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sydney, 27 and 30 April 1597; Oliver, op. cit., p. 19; HMC 9 Salisb. XV 216: information to Chief Justice Popham [July 1603].
32 HMC 9 Salisb. VIII 31-32, 475, 508; ibid. 418-19: to Lord Henry Howard, 1598; 528: to Cecil, 31 December 1598.
33 HMC 9 Salisb. IX 80, 130, 201, 337 (1599); X 11, 283 (1600); none for 1601. See XII 243-4. See also Stone, L., The Crisis of the Aristocracy, Oxford, 1965, p. 454 Google Scholar; Williams, J. A., Catholic Recusancy in Wiltshire, 1660-1791, Catholic Record Society (=CRS), Monograph I, 1968, p. 184 Google Scholar.
34 HMC 9 Salisb. XII 409-10: to Cecil, 30 September 1602.
35 Sprott, S. E., ‘Sir Edmund Baynham’, Recusant History (=RH) 10, 1969, 97 n. 33CrossRefGoogle Scholar: Camden, … epistolae, London, 1691, pp. 347-8. See also Camden's Elizabeth, 1630, p. 212, for an additional argument in favour of placing the letter in 1603.
36 Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy, pp. 66, 97-102, 192, 196; HMC 9 Salisb. XV 190-1: Arundell to Cecil [14 July 1603], (wrongly indexed).
37 Purchas, S., Purchas his Pilgrimes, 20 vols, Glasgow, 1905-07, XVIII 335-60Google Scholar; Hughes, T., The History of the Society of Jesus in North America, Documents, vol. I, pp. 3–5 Google Scholar: Persons to Winslade, 18 March 1605; Ives, J. M., The ‘Ark’ and the ‘Dove’, London, 1936, pp. 25–27 Google Scholar; Willson, D. H., King James VI and I, pp. 329-32Google Scholar; Stone The Crisis of the Aristocracy, p. 372; Strachey, W., The History of Travails into Virginia Britannia, ed. Major, R. H., Hakluyt Society, 1849, p. 159 Google Scholar. Arundell continued in Flanders to encourage the Virginia plan, though later he was not allowed to take part. See note 28 above.
38 F. Edwards, Guy Fawkes, pp. 93-98.
39 D. M. Lunn, ‘The Origins and Early Development of the Revived English Benedictine Congregation, 1588-1647’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 1970 (=Thesis), especially Chapters 1 and 3; E. Henson, ed. Registers of the English College at Valladolid, 1589-1862, CRS 30,1930, p. 40; J. McCann and R. H. Connolly, edd. Father Augustine Baker and English Benedictine Records, CRS 33, 1933, p. 245.
40 Monte Cassino Archives, Miscellanea Erudita 4, Capsula 43: ‘Constantini Gaetani—Fragmenta quaedam’ (=MC): Bradshaw to —, 1606, from Brussels. This is an Italian account, composed perhaps by Nicholas Fitzherbert, from more than one of Bradshaw's letters, excerpts from which are in the Archives of the Archbishopric of Westminster (=AAW) 8/481-2. Another version is in Connolly, R. H., ed. ‘ Responsio pro Monachis Anglis by Father Leander of S. Martin, 1607’, Downside Review 27, 1928, 144-57 (=DR 27)Google Scholar.
41 Archivium Romanum Societatis Iesu (=ARSI), Anglia 36/473: [Persons], ‘De discordia inter Patres Anglos O.S.B. et … S.J. in Anglicana missione versantes’ [January/March 16081.
42 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 376: Arundell to Salisbury, 1606; Calendar of the State Papers ?… of Milan, ed. A. B. Hinds, 1912 (=CSP Milan) 628-9: Arundell to Bradshaw, 14 June 1608.
43 D. H. Willson, King James VI and I, pp. 222-3.
44 D. M. Lunn, Thesis, pp. 76-80.
45 MC: Bradshaw to —, 1606.
46 The portrait reproduced in DR 1897, p. 85, is not authentic. See Mount Street Library, Trappes-Lomax index of priests, ‘Bradshaw’.
47 E. g. PRO SP 77/7/250: Edmondes to Salisbury, 9 October 1605.
48 Birch, p. 222: Winwood to Edmondes, 5 August 1605.
49 CSP Milan, pp. 628-9: Arundell to Bradshaw, 14 June 1608.
50 DR 27, 154.
51 MC: Bradshaw to —, 1606; DR 27,155; L. Van der Essen and A. Louant, edd. Correspondance d'O. M. Frangipani, 3 vols, Brussels, 1924-42 (=Frangipani correspondence) III 552-5, 565, 577: to Borghese 5 November and 13 Decemebr 1605 and 18 February 1606. For William Baldwin (1563-1632) and Thomas Worthington, later S.J. (c. 1550-1626) see Foley VII 42 and 866-7 and CRS 41, p. 129 n. 37. For John Wright (died c. 1608) see CRS 10, 87-88.
52 Constitutiones Societatis Jesu, Madrid, 1892, p. 198; Chronicles of the First Monastery founded for Benedictine Nuns, 1597, East Bergholt, 1898, p. 139.
53 Poncelet, A., Histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus dans les Anciens Pays-Bas, 2 vols, Brussels, 1926-28, II408Google Scholar. On the chaplaincies in general see L. Van der Essen, ‘Documents concernant le vicaire général Francisco de Umara et l'organisation religieuse de l'armée espagnole aux Pays-Bas pendant les guerres de Flandre (1579-99)’, Analectes pour servir a Vhistoire ecclésiastique de la Belgique 7, 1911, 6 ff; J. Lefevre, L'aumonerie militaire a l'époque de archiduc Albert (1598-1621)’, Revue beige de Philologie et d'Histoire, 1928, 113 ff.
54 Loomie, The Spanish Elizabethans, pp. 115, 145 (Henry Walpole), 184 (Joseph Cresswell, William Holt); CRS 4, 124-5 (William Watts, William Pullen); CRS 10, 33 (Roger Ridley). Others: Guilday, P., The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent, 1558-1795, London, 1914, pp. 379-80Google Scholar (John Fenn); Lechat, Les Réfugés Anglais, p. 152 (Archbishop of Tuam); G. Anstruther, The Seminary Priests, Ware-Ushaw [1969], p. 387 (Thomas Worthington).
55 F. Edwards, ‘The First Earl of Salisbury and Hugh Owen’, London Recusant 1, 1971, 13; HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 317: Edmondes to Salisbury, 10 July 1605.
56 HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 397: Arundell to Salisbury, Gravesend, 27 August 1605. See also Vatican Archives (=VA) Borghese I 966/288: ‘D'Inghilterra’ [c. September/October 1605].
57 HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 394-5, 379, 399 and 408: the Council to Sir Lewis Lewknor, 26 August; Arundell to Salisbury and Lewknor to Salisbury, 27 August; Lewknor to Salisbury, 31 August 1605.
58 CSP Dom., 1603-10, p. 232: Sir Thomas Fane, at Dover, to Salisbury, 2 September 1605; PRO SP 94/11/250-62: Taxis to Salisbury, James and the Council, 5 and 6 September N.S. 1605.
59 PRO SP 77/7/248: Arundell to Salisbury, Brussels, 4 October 1605; HMC 9 Salisbury XVII411-12 and 415-16: Sir William Monson, at Gravelines, to Salisbury, 3 and 6 September 1605; ibid. 442-3, 453 and 472-3: Bradgate appeals to Salisbury from prison, September, 14 October and [October]. He does not appear to have been reinstated.
60 HMC 9 Salisbury XVII 420-1: Salisbury to Edmondes, 12 September 1605; Winwood II 135: Salisbury to Cornwallis, 12 September 1605; CSP Ven., 1603-07: Molin to the Doge and Senate, 14 September 1605; HMC 77 De L'Isle III 198, 201-02 n: John Throckmorton at Flushing to Viscount Lisle, 12 and 17 September 1605.
61 PRO SP 77/7/230: Edmondes to Salisbury, 25 September 1605; BM Stowe 168/153: Richardot to Edmondes, 2 October 1605; CSP Ven., 1603-07, p. 282: Molin to the Doge and Senate, 26 October 1605; PRO SP 77/7/302: Edmondes to Salisbury, 5 December 1605; [R. F. Williams], The Court and Times of James the First, 2 vols, London, 1849,1 57: Henry, Earl of Northampton, to Edmondes, 2 March 1605/6.
62 PRO SP 77/7/227 and 226: Edmondes to Salisbury, 6 and [before 19] September 1605.
63 Mathias Van den Hove, Archbishop of Malines from 1595 until his death in 1620 (Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica, 3 vols, Muenster, 1910-23, III 256). In 1597 Clement VIII entrusted him with the appointment of chaplains to the forces in Flanders (J. Schoonjans, ‘Castra Dei’, Mélanges d'Histoire offerts à Léon Van der Essen, Brussels, 1947, I 553 n. 51).
64 MC: Bradshaw to —, 1606; DR 27, 155; AAW 8/482.
65 DR 34, 1935, 142: [Worthington and others], ‘Rationes quare non expediat Religiosos Anglos Ordinis Sti Benedicti Duaci residere’ [January 1607].
66 CSP Milan 627-8: Frangipani and Arundell to Bradshaw, 11 and 14 June 1608.
67 R. H. Connolly, Some Dates and Documents for the Early History of Our House [Worcester], 1930 ( =D & D) pp. 40-41: Henri [de Buzignies], Abbot of Grammont, to Bradshaw, 21 December 1604 [vere 1607].
68 MC: Bradshaw to —, 1606; DR 27, 155.
69 CRS 10, 70.
70 HMC 77 De L'Isle III 174, 176-84; ibid 9 Salisb. XVII, 342, 498, 554. J. L. Motley's account in United Netherlands IV, 215-25, should be read with caution.
71 PRO SP 77/7/254: Arundell to Salisbury, 12 October 1605; The Hague, Rijksarchief, Staaten Generaal 7472, Geintercipierde brieven (1590-1606): a bundle of letters from soldiers in the English Regiment, e.g. no. 15: J. Gifford to J. Broke, from Wachtendonck, 30 October 1605.
72 AGRB, Secrétairerie d'État et de Guerre (=SÉG) 54, no. 22: royal patent of 18 October 1605.
73 Frangipani correspondence III 547: to Borghese, 24 September 1605; ibid. p. 744: Borghese to Frangipani, 15 October 1605; VA Fiandra 136A/34v: Borghese to Frangipani, 12 November 1605.
74 PRO SP 77/7/250: Edmondes to Salisbury, 9/19 October 1605; MC: Bradshaw to —, 1606; Frangipani correspondence III 565: to Borghese, 13 December 1605.
75 PRO SP 77/7/230: Edmondes to Salisbury, 25 September 1605.
76 Birch, pp. 231-2 (not in HMC): Salisbury to Edmondes, 10 October 1605; PRO SP 77/7/256: Edmondes to Salisbury, 23 October 1605.
77 Cauchie, A. and Maere, R., Recueil des Instructions Générales aux Nonces de Flandre (1596-1635), Brussels, 1904 (=Cauchie-Maere), pp. xxiv–xxviii Google Scholar; Frangipani correspondence I xlvii-lii.
78 Frangipani correspondence III 275-301.
79 On two occasions he was deceived by his Secretaries: Garzadaro (Correspondence I xlviii-xlix) and Xandre (L. Hicks, “The exile of Dr William Gifford from Lille in 1606’, RH 7, 214, 238).
80 His dates are 1542/3-1612. See his correspondence III 552-5 and Cauchie-Maere, p. xxvii.
81 PRO SP 77/7/256: Edmondes to Salisbury, 23 October 1605.
82 PRO SP 77/7/227: Edmondes to Salisbury, 6 September 1605; ibid. 248,254,267: Arundell to Salisbury, 4, 12 and 30 October 1605.
83 HMC 77 De L'Isle III 48: Sir William Browne, at Flushing, to Lord Sydney, 10 August 1603. See ibid. II550; III 53; HMC 76, Report on the Manuscripts of the Marquess of Downshire, 5 vols, 1924-40 (=Downshire) IV 181.
84 HMC 77 De L'Isle III 169,182: Sir W. Browne to Viscount Lisle, 9 June and 15 July 1605.
85 ARSI Anglia 36/473: [Persons], ‘De discordia … ’.
86 DNB; HMC 9 Salisb. XVI, 256: Markham to Cecil [before 20 August 1604]; ibid. XVIII, 46, 63, 183, 207: Edmondes to Salisbury, 7 and 16 February, 28 June and [22 July] 1606; ibid. 232: Markham to Salisbury, 15 October 1606. See CSP Dom., 1603-10, pp. 278 and 280: Lady Markham to Salisbury and reply, 3 and 15 January 1606. Markham had to leave Flanders and join the Archduke's enemies in 1610 (Winwood II, 142: Trumbull to Win wood, 2 March 1610).
87 HMC 9 Salisb. XXI, 167-8: Markham to Salisbury, 11 December 1609.
88 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII, 64 and 71-72: Edmondes to Salisbury [February?], and 7 March 1605/6.
89 PRO SP 77/7/248: Arundell to Salisbury, 4 October 1605.
90 HMC 77 De L'Isle III 217: J. Throckmorton to Viscount Lisle, 14 October 1605.
91 Frangipani correspondence III 552-5: to Borghese, 5 November 1605; ibid. 746: Borghese to Frangipani, 26 November 1605, enclosing a letter from Aquaviva.
92 F. Edwards, Guy Fawkes, especially chapters 6 and 22.
93 HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 546: Edmondes to Salisbury, 5 December 1605; [R. F. Williams], The Court and Times of James the First I 57: Clement Edmondes to Thomas Edmondes, 6 March 1605/6.
94 PRO 77/7/250: Edmondes to Salisbury, 9 October 1605; Winwood II 144: Edmondes to Cornwallis, 31 October 1605; Birch, pp. 231-2: Salisbury to Edmondes, 10 October 1605.
95 Edwards, F., Guy Fawkes, pp. 26–29 Google Scholar.
96 Winter's confession in Gardiner, S. R., What the Gunpowder Plot Was, London, 1897, pp. 60–61 Google Scholar. See Gerard, J., What Was the Gunpowder Plot? London, 1897, p. 167 ffGoogle Scholar.
97 BM Stowe 168/276: Edmondes to Salisbury, 20 December 1605; HMC 9 Salisb. XVI11 1, 28, 81: Salisbury to Edmondes, 1 and 22 January and 21 March 1605/6; Foley VII 52.
98 Frangipani correspondence HI 565: to Borghese, 13 December 1605; MC: Bradshaw to —, 1606.
99 PRO SP 77/8/25: Edmondes to Salisbury, 6/16 February 1605/6.
100 PRO SP 77/7/329: English gentlemen serving with the Archduke; ibid. 77/8/109: Edmondes a list of companies cast and those left standing [June 1606].
101 Winwood II235, 286,290: Edmondes to Cornwallis, 22 June 1606, Cornwallis to Salisbury and Salisbury to Cornwallis, 4 February 1605/6.
102 HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 640: Declaration of H. Smithe [1605].
103 CSP Ven., 1603-07, p. 306: Molin to the Doge and Senate, 22 December 1605.
104 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 31, 46: Edmondes to Salisbury, 23 January and 6 February 1605/6. See B. Jennings, Wild Geese in Spanish Flanders, no. 186; and HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 7: Arundel), permission for William (vere Roland?) Stanley to go to England, 15 January 1606.
105 HMC 77 De L'Isle III 244: Browne to Lisle, 1 February 1605/6.
106 PRO SP 77/8/6: Edmondes to Salisbury, 6 January 1605/6; DR 27, 153-4.
107 Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 25, pp. 175, 178.
108 P. M. Handover, The Second Cecil, London, 1959, ch. 29.
109 DR 1934, pp. 125-6: Bradshaw to N. Fitzherbert, 16 or 26 March 1607.
110 AAW 8/481: Bradshaw to Fitzherbert, 21 January 1606.
111 DR 27, 151.
112 PRO SP 77/7/329: English gentlemen serving with the Archduke, 1605.
113 HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 640: Declaration of H. Smithe [1605]; ibid. 546: Edmondes to Salisbury, 5 December 1605; BM Stowe 168/301: Salisbury to Edmondes, 22 January 1605/6: ibid. 351: Markham to Edmondes, 1 March 1606. Sir William Windsor, who was accused with him, returned to England (Hicks, art. cit., RH 7, 235 n. 36).
114 PRO SP 77/8/109: Edmondes, list of companies cast and those left standing, [June 1606].
115 CRS 10, 24. He is not the Alexander Butler of H.N. Birt, Obit Book of the English Benedictines, Edinburgh, 1913, p. 296. See Anstruther, The Seminary Pruests, s.v.
116 CRS 10, 33, 37, 40. CRS 33, 238, identifies him with Bartholomew Ridley, O.S.B.
117 CSP Dom., 1603-10, p. 234: Declaration of Captain W. Newce, July 1606; PRO SP 77/8/70: J. Norton to Studder, 18 April 1606; Downside Abbey Archives, ‘Liver Graduum Conventus S. Gregorii Duaci … ’ (=LG) p. 2.
118 CRS 10, 70 and 74; HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 551; CRS 53, 165; AGRB PEA 365/121v; R. Mathias, Whitsun Riot, London, 1963, p. 53 (a garbled account).
119 PRO SP 14/1/15: Justice Grange to Salisbury, 5 November 1605.
120 CSP Dom., 1603-10, p. 324: Declaration of Capt. W. Newce, July 1606.
121 ARSI Anglia 36/473: [Persons], ‘De discordia … ’.
122 AAW 13/443: Bradshaw to T. More, 12 August 1614.
123 L. Hicks, art. cit., RH 7, 214-38.
124 VA Borghese IV 56/21-22: Gifford, ‘De Statu Angliae’, 15 October 1605.
126 AGRB PÉA 365/120: Hoboken to Albert, 3 May 1606; PRO SP 77/8/134-5 and DR 1935, 430-3: Gifford to Edmondes, [June/July 1606].
126 Edmund Bishop, ‘The beginning of Douay Convent’, DR 16,1897, 31; and Hugh Connolly D & D, p. 8.
127 P R O SP 77/8/32-33: Richard Stampart, at Brussels, to —, 25 February 1606.
128 PRO SP 14/20/25: descriptions of priests, April 1606.
129 BM Stowe 168/347: Salisbury to Edmondes, 27 February 1605/6.
130 Statutes of the Realm, 3 Jac. I, c. 4: 27 May 1606. For further restrictive measures see Winwood II 216, 219, 233: Neville to Winwood and Salisbury to the same, 14 June 1606, and Edmondes to Cornwallis, 2 July 1606.
131 Frangipani correspondence III 757: Borghese to Frangipani, 20 May 1606; VA Borghese II 489/56v: same to same, 27 May 1606; VA Fiandra 136A/66: same to same; Frangipani correspondence III 614-15: to Borghese, 30 September 1606.
132 Ibid. 757: Borghese to Frangipani, 20 May 1606; Winwood II 234: Edmondes to Cornwallis, 22 June 1606; AGRB PÉA 441/97 and 161: H. Ortemberg to Albert and reply, 20 May and 23 June 1606. See Hicks, art. cit., RH 7, 236, n. 46.
133 Frangipani correspondence HI 762: Borghese to Frangipani, 21 October 1606. To Caraffa, Frangipani's successor, Borghese could be more explicit: he must avoid Edmondes and ensure the faithfulness of his servants (Cauchie-Maere, pp. 17-18 and 26: 2 July 1606).
134 PRO SP 77/8/80: Edmondes to Salisbury, 12 April 1606; ibid. 82: Arundell to Salisbury 15 April [1606]; ibid. 202: clothing for the Archduke's forces, n.d.
135 Ibid. 93 and 101: Edmondes to Salisbury, 23 April and 8 May 1606; 70: J. Norton to Studder, 18 April 1606; HMC 77 De L'Isle III 270: Browne to Lisle, 11 May 1606.
136 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 141: Edmondes to Salisbury, 21 May 1606.
137 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 152: Edmondes to Salisbury, 29 May 1606; ibid. 77 De L'Isle III 267, 268: Browne to Lisle, 23 April and 2 May 1606.
138 AGRB SÉG, registre 23/302v-303: Act of 3 June 1606; HMC 76 Downshire II 7-8: J. Beaulieu, Brussels, to W. Trumbull, 28 May 1606; ibid. 9 Salisb. XVIII 376 and 377: Arundell to Salisbury, two letters of 1606; CSP Ven., 1603-07, p. 354: Z. Giustinian to the Doge and Senate, 31 May 1606; DR 27, 155.
139 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 152: Edmondes to Salisbury, 29 May 1606; PRO SP 77/8/109: Edmondes, companies cast and those left standing; HMC 76 Downshire II9 and 10: Beaulieu to Trumbull, 15 and 18 June 1606 and a Valentine to commemorate the event.
140 HMC 76 Downshire II 9: Beaulieu to Trumbull, 15 June 1606.
141 He did not, however, offer his services to the States General. The signature to the document to this effect, which is reproduced in F. Edwards, Guy Fawkes, facing p. 144, is substantially different from genuine examples in PRO SP 77/7/248 and 77/8/50. But see Simancas Estado 2585/31: Pedro de Cuñiga, London, to Philip III, (received) 27 April 1606, for the Spanish opinion that Arundell really wanted the Dutch to win.
142 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 71-72: Edmondes to Salisbury, 23 January 1605/6; CSP Dom., 1603-10, p. 470: Capt. Orme receives an order in council in his favour, 27 November 1608.
143 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 71-72: Edmondes to Salisbury, 7 March 1605/6; but also ibid. XVII 640: Declaration of H. Smithe [1605], that Parham was a militant Catholic. He was allowed to stay in Spanish Flanders (ibid. 76 Downshire IV 272, 333, 350) so his dismissal may have been a formality, like Studder's.
144 Lonchay, H. and Cuvelier, J., edd. Correspondance de la cow d'Espagne sur les Affaires des Pays-Bas au XVIIe Siécle, Brussels, 1923, pp. 225-7Google Scholar: Philip III to Spinola, secret instructions, 16 April 1606.
145 HMC 9 Salisb. XVII 268-9: Capt. Ogle to Salisbury, 11 May 1605.
146 Lynch, J., Spain under the Habsburgs, 2 vols, Oxford, 1965-69, II 41Google Scholar; Geyl, , The Revolt of the Netherlands, p. 250 Google Scholar.
147 Frangipani correspondence III 749: Borghese to Frangipani, 7 January 1606; VA Borghese II 489/27-28: same to same, 14 January 1606.
148 Ibid. 750: Borghese to Frangipani, 21 January 1606.
149 VA Fiandra 136A/49: same to same, 11 March 1606.
150 Frangipani correspondence HI 577: to Borghese, 18 February 1606: ‘il pensiero su li sacerdoti confessori Inglesi usci dalla pietà di S. A.’
151 ARSI Belgium I/981 and 985: Aquaviva to Baldwin, 18 February 1606; to Conyers, 18 March 1606. See PRO SP 77/8/34: G. Schondonck to Baldwin, 27 February 1606.
152 ARSI Belgium 1/988: Aquaviva to F. Flerontino, 1 April 1606; PRO SP 77/8/103: Edmondes to Salisbury, 21 May 1606.
153 F. Edwards, Guy Fawkes, pp. 193-5.
154 Persons, at least, did not claim this monopoly (English College, Valladolid, Series II, iegajo 2: to Philip HI, 16 May 1605).
155 D. M. Lunn, Thesis, pp. 108-58.
156 AGRB SÉG, registre 23/377v: Act of 12 July 1606; HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 218: Arundell, at Brussels, to Salisbury, 31 July 1606.
157 HMC 9 Salisb. XVIII 183, 200; Edmondes to Salisbury, 28 June 1606, and Salisbury to Edmondes, 12 July 1606.
158 CSP Dom., 1603-10, p. 390: grant of 23 December 1607.