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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 September 2015
The late Professor Geoffrey Dickens in his book, The English Reformation, condemned the Marian church for ‘failing to discover’ the verve and creativity of the Counter-Reformation; on the other hand, Dr Lucy Wooding has praised the Marian church for its adherence to the views of the great religious reformer Erasmus and its insularity from the counter-reforming Catholicism of Europe in her book Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England. However, by studying the Latin and English catechetical, homiletic, devotional and controversial religious texts printed during the Catholic renewal in England in the reign of Mary Tudor (1553–58) and the decrees of Cardinal Reginald Pole's Legatine Synod in London (1555–56), a very different picture emerges. Rooted in the writings of St John Fisher—which also influenced the pivotal decrees of the Council of Trent (1545–63) on justification and the Eucharist—Marian authors presented a theological synthesis that concurred with Trent's determinations. This article will focus on three pivotal Reformation controversies: the intrepretation of scripture, justification, and the Eucharist.
1 Dickens, A. G., The English Reformation: Second Edition (University Park, PA, 1989), p. 311;Google Scholar Wooding, Lucy, Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England (Oxford, 2000),CrossRefGoogle Scholar passim. This paper was originally given under the title ‘Marian Catholicism Revisited’ at a Catholic Record Society Conference, Harvington Hall, Kidderminster. Sources for the article are printed in London unless otherwise stated.
2 Hogarde, Miles, A treatise entitled the Pathe waye to the tome of perfection, (1554), sig. E3r.Google Scholar
3 Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism, p. 243.
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5 Bonner et al., Homelies, fol. 32r.
6 Ibidem., fols. 37r–8v.
7 More, Responsio ad Lutherum, 2, 21, cited in Pelikan, Jaroslav, Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300–1700) (Chicago, 1984), p. 264;Google Scholar Rex, Richard, The Theology of John Fisher (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 107–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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10 Bonner et al, Homélies, fol. 19r.
11 Edgeworth, Roger, Sermons very fruitfull, godly and learned by Roger Edgeworth: Preaching in the Reformation c.1535–c. 1553, Wilson, Janet, ed. (1557; Cambridge, 1993), pp. 141, 191.Google Scholar
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19 Macek, Ellen, The Loyal Opposition: Tudor Traditionalist Polemics, 1535–1558 (New York, 1996), pp. 39, 42.Google Scholar
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21 Ibidem., pp. 154–64.
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24 Canons and Decrees of Trent, p. 35.
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26 Hogarde, Displaying of the Protestantes, fol. 39r.
27 More, Thomas, The Confutation of Tyndale's Answer in The Yale Edition of Complete Works of St. Thomas More, Martz, Louis, et al. eds., Vol. 8 (1973), pp. 401, 779;Google Scholar Gardiner, Stephen, A Declaration of the Deuils Sophistrie, wherwith he robbeth the vnlearned people, of the true byleef, of the most blessed Sacrament… (1546), sigs. 37r–9r.Google Scholar Wooding maintains that Gardiner's writings ‘incorporated these reformed ideas on faith and the diminished significance of good works’; Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism, p. 97. See also further references to Gardiner's Declaration below.
28 Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism, pp. 163, 212.
29 Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation II, 1536–1558, Frere, W. H. and Kennedy, W.M., eds. (1910), p. 349.Google Scholar
30 Ibidem., pp. 162–64.
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32 Bonner et al., Homelies, fol. 17r, cf. fol. 16v.
33 Ibidem., fol. 18r, cf. fol. 17v.
34 Ibidem., fols. 29r, 28v cf. fol. 30v.
35 Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism, p. 163.
36 Bonner, Profitable doctryne, sigs. B1v–4r, R1r.
37 Ibidem., sig. B4r; Fisher, John, A Sermon very notable… made at Paules Crosse in London… concerningthe Heresies of Martine Luther… (1554),Google Scholar sigs. C7r-D4r. Fisher cited Romans 2.13 and 8.13.
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43 Watson, Catholyke doctryne, fol. 12r; Redman, A compendious treatise called the complaint of Grace… containyng in it muche godly learnyng and veritie of matter… [1556?], sig. 12V.
44 Macek, Loyal Opposition, pp. 58–61; Canons and Decrees of Trent, p. 38; Cameron, European Reformation, pp. 125–28.
45 Watson, Catholyke doctryne, fols. 33r–4v.
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50 Watson, Catholyke doctryne, fols. 48r–9v, 61r'v.
51 Ibidem., fols. 61v.
52 Ibidem., fols. 53v–4r, 79r.
53 Evennett, Spirit of the Counter-Reformation, pp. 38–39; Taylor, Larissa, Heresy and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth-Century Paris: François Le Picart and the Beginnings of the Catholic Reformation (Leiden, 1999), p. 135.Google Scholar
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63 Evennett, Spirit of the Counter-Reformation, p. 38.
64 The Anglican Canons 1529–1947, Bray, Gerald, trans., ed. (Woodbridge, Suffolk), pp. 90–93;Google Scholar thetabernacle in Gloucester Cathedral served as a model for the rest of the diocese; See Visitation Articles II, p. 408; cf. p. 394.
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67 Watson continued to write on the eucharist while in prison under Elizabeth. See Smith, ‘An Unpublished Translation By Bishop Thomas Watson of a Spurious Sermon of St Cyprian of Carthage: Introduction and Text’, Recusant History Vol. 21 (1993), pp. 419–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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69 ‘Recalled to Life: the Theology and Spirituality of Mary Tudor's Church’, pp. 23–35.
70 Evennett, Spirit of the Counter-Reformation, p. 125.