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Ways of knowing: towards a historical sociology of science, technology and medicine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2009

John V. Pickstone
John V. Pickstone
Affiliation:
Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, and Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL.
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Extract

Among the many groups of scholars whose work now illuminates science, technology and medicine (STM), historians, it seems to me, have a key responsibility not just to elucidate change but to establish and explain variety. One of the big pictures we need is a model of the varieties of STM over time; one which does not presume the timeless existence of disciplines, or the distinctions between science, technology and medicine; a model which is both synchronic and diachronic, and both cognitive and social. To that end, this brief paper presents a historical typology of STM from about 1700 to the present by focusing on four ‘ideal’ socio-cognitive types – four knowledge structures which correspond to four sets of social relations. To some extent these are period specific, but they do not have to be – hence, one may hope, the flexibility and usefulness of the model.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal for the History of Science , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , December 1993 , pp. 433 - 458
Copyright
Copyright © British Society for the History of Science 1993

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References

I would like to thank Jim Secord for the invitation to speak at the Big Picture conference and for subsequent encouragement. I should mention that this paper was initially entitled ‘Models of medicine; medicine as model. Towards a historical sociology of science, technology and medicine’.

My Manchester colleagues, especially David Edgerton, Jonathan Harwood and Geof Bowker, helped greatly with comments and discussion. Other colleagues, notably Simon Schaffer, Crosbie Smith, Jack Morrell and Terry Shinn were predictably generous with suggestions and reassurance, as were Anna Guagnini, Yves Gingras, Jerry Ravetz and John Harley Warner. I am grateful; they are not culpable. My thanks also to Joan Mottram for her assistance. My apologies to those colleagues whose relevant works I have omitted to mention; in an essay of this scope, choice of reference is more than usually arbitrary.

1 In framing the big picture, one of our problems is linguistic: ‘science, technology and medicine’ is a clumsy expression, but reducing it to ‘science’ or to ‘science and technology’ is often misleading or apparently exclusive. Here I try the experiment of using the acronym STM, also now used by publishers and librarians.

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24 ‘Museological science?’. See note 8.

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71 See, for example, the essays in The Investigative Enterprise, op. cit. (6)Google Scholar, especially Tim Lenoir on Ludwig. These essays make a good case for differentiating two waves; I am suggesting ways of highlighting the corresponding cognitive differences, e.g. by stressing the place of microscopy and collections in early nineteenth-century programmes.

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80 Cardwell, D. S. L., The Organisation of Science in England, London, 1957Google Scholar. Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini have studied these relationships in several European countries: see their ‘Starry eyes and harsh realities. Education, research and the electrical engineer, 1880–1914’, forthcoming in Science and Industrial Technology (The Nature of Industrialisation, vol. 6) (ed. Mathias, P. and Davis, J. A.), forthcoming, Oxford, Blackwell, 1993Google Scholar, and Education, Technology and Industrial Performance in Europe, 1850–1939, Cambridge, 1993.Google Scholar

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84 See Bud, R., The Uses of Life. A History of Biotechnology, Cambridge, 1993.Google Scholar

85 See Hodgkin, L., ‘Politics and physical sciences’, Radical Science Journal (1976), 4, 29–60.Google Scholar

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88 Harwood, J., Styles of Scientific Thought: the German Genetics Community, 1900–1933, Chicago, 1992.Google Scholar

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90 Morantz-Sanchez, R. M., ‘Feminist theory and historical practice: rereading Elizabeth Blackwell’, History and Theory (1992), 31, 51–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I thank John Harley Warner for suggesting that I read this article.

91 Pernick, M., A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America, New York, 1985.Google Scholar

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