Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T07:33:26.382Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Activism within music education: working towards inclusion and policy change in the Finnish music school context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2016

Tuulikki Laes
Affiliation:
University of the Arts Helsinki, Sibelius Academy, Faculty of Music Education, Jazz and Folk Music/MuTri Doctoral School, PO Box 30, FI-00097 Uniarts, Finlandtuulikki.laes@uniarts.fi
Patrick Schmidt
Affiliation:
2391 Yellowbirch Ct., London, ON, N6G 0L2, CanadaPatrick.schmidt@uwo.ca

Abstract

This study examines how interactions between policy, institutions and individuals that reinforce inclusive music education can be framed from an activist standpoint. Resonaari, one among many music schools in Finland, provides an illustrative case of rather uncommonly inclusive practices among students with special educational needs. By exploring this case, contextualised within the Finnish music school system, we identify the challenges and opportunities for activism on micro, meso and macro levels. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that Resonaari's teachers are proactive because, within an inclusive teaching and learning structure, they act in anticipation of future needs and policy changes, engaging in what we call teacher activism. We claim that this type of activism is key for inclusive practices and policy disposition in music education.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ALLSUP, R. (2010) On pluralism, inclusion, and musical citizenship. Nordic Research in Music Education Yearbook, 12, 930.Google Scholar
ALVESSON, M. & SKÖLDBERG, M. (2009) Reflexive Methodology. New Vistas for Qualitative Research. London: Sage.Google Scholar
ANTTILA, M. (2010) Problems with school music in Finland. British Journal of Music Education, 27, 241253.Google Scholar
BALL, S. (1990) Politics and Policymaking in Education: Explorations in Policy Sociology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
BALL, S. (2003) The teacher's soul and the terrors of performativity. Journal of Educational Policy, 18, 215228.Google Scholar
BARRETT, M. & MILLS, J. (2009) The inter-reflexive possibilities of dual observations: an account from and through experience. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 22, 417429.Google Scholar
BARTON, L. (1997) Inclusive education: romantic, subversive or realistic? International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1, 231242.Google Scholar
BERGER, P. L. & LUCKMANN, T. (1967) The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
BIESTA, G. (2011) Learner, student, speaker: why it matters how we call those we teach. In Simons, M. & Masschelein, J. (Eds), Rancière, Public Education and the Taming of Democracy (pp. 3142). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
BLACKBURN, R. (2008) What is social inequality? International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 28, 250259.Google Scholar
BOOTH, T. & AINSCOW, M. (2000) The Index for Inclusion. Bristol: Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education.Google Scholar
BOTTERY, M. & BARNETT, R. (1996) The challenge to professionals from the new public management: implications for the teaching profession. Oxford Review of Education, 22 (2), 119.Google Scholar
CARR, W. & KEMMIS, S. (1986) Becoming Critical. Education, Knowledge and Action Research. London: The Falmer Press.Google Scholar
DELPIT, L. (1995) Other People's Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom. New York, NY: The New Press.Google Scholar
DROR, Y. (2006) Training for policy makers. In Moran, M., Rein, M. & Goodin, R. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy (pp. 81105). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DRYZEK, J. (2006) Policy analysis as critique. In Moran, M., Rein, M. & Goodin, R. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy (pp. 190206). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
FREIRE, P. (2006) Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum.Google Scholar
FUNG, A. (2003) Recipes for public sphere: eight institutional design choices and their consequences. Journal of Political Philosophy, 11, 338367.Google Scholar
GALE, T. (2001) Critical policy sociology: historiography, archaeology, and genealogy as methods of policy analysis. Journal of Education Policy, 16, 379393.Google Scholar
GIBSON, S. (2006) Beyond a ‘culture of silence’: inclusive education and the liberation of voice. Disability & Society, 21, 315329.Google Scholar
HAMMERNESS, K. & SHULMAN, L. (2006) Seeing Through Teachers’ Eyes: Professional Ideals and Classroom Practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
HEIMONEN, M. (2002) Music Education and Law. Regulation as Instrument. Helsinki: Sibelius Academy, Studia Musica 17.Google Scholar
IKÄHEIMO, H. (2009) Personhood and the social inclusion of people with disabilities: a recognition-theoretical approach. In Kristiansen, K., Vehmas, S. & Shakespeare, T. (Eds), Arguing About Disability. Philosophical Perspectives. (pp. 7792). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
KAIKKONEN, M. & UUSITALO, K. (2005) Soita mitä näet. Kuvionuotit opetuksessa ja terapiassa [Play What You See. Figurenotes in Music Education and in Therapy]. Helsinki: Opike.Google Scholar
KARLSEN, S. (2011) Music Education in Multicultural Schools. Report from the Nordic Research Project ‘Exploring Democracy: Conceptions of Immigrant Students’ Development of Musical Agency’. Oslo: Konsis Grafisk.Google Scholar
KENWORTH, J. & WHITTAKER, J. (2000) Anything to declare? The struggle for inclusive education and children's rights. Disability and Society, 15, 219231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KORAMO, M. (2009) Taiteen perusopetus 2008. Selvitys taiteen perusopetuksen järjestämisestä 2007–2008. [Basic Arts Education 2008. A Report on the Organisation of Basic Arts Education 2007–2008]. Helsinki: Opetushallitus.Google Scholar
LAES, T. (2015) Empowering later adulthood music education. A case study of a rock band for third-age learners. International Journal of Music Education, 33 (1), 5165.Google Scholar
LIASIDOU, A. (2012) Inclusive Education, Politics and Policymaking. New York, NY: Continuum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LINDBLOM, C. (1990) Inquiry and Change: The Troubled Attempt to Understand and Shape Society. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
MAJONE, G. & WILDAVSKY, A. (1979) Implementation as evolution. In Pressman, L. & Wildavsky, A. (Eds), Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland (pp. 163180). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND EDUCATION (2012) Education and Research 2011–2016. A Development Plan. Reports of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland, 3.Google Scholar
MORRIS, J. (1997) Care or empowerment? A disability rights perspective. Social Policy and Administration, 31, 5460.Google Scholar
NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION (2002) National Core Curriculum for Basic Education in the Arts. (Unofficial translation). Helsinki: Opetushallitus.Google Scholar
NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION (2004) National Core Curriculum for Basic Education. National Core Curriculum for Basic Education Intended for Students in Compulsory Education. Helsinki: Opetushallitus.Google Scholar
NATIONAL BOARD OF GENERAL EDUCATION (1985) National Core Curriculum for Basic Education. Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus.Google Scholar
OECD (2004) Learning for Tomorrow's World: First Results from PISA 2003. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OLIVER, M. (1996) Understanding Disability. From Theory to Practice. New York, NY: Palgrave.Google Scholar
O’REAGAN, T. (1992) (Mis)taking policy notes on the cultural policy debate. Cultural Studies, 6, 409423.Google Scholar
OZGA, J. (1990) Policy research and policy theory: a comment on Fitz and Halpin. Journal of Education Policy, 5, 359362.Google Scholar
ROE, E. (1994) Narrative Policy Analysis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
SACHS, J. (2003) The Activist Teaching Profession. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar
SAHLBERG, P. (2010) Finnish Lessons. What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? New York, NY: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
SCHMIDT, P. (2013) Cosmopolitanism and policy. A pedagogical framework for global issues in music education. Arts Education Policy Review, 114 (3), 103111.Google Scholar
SCHÖN, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. How Professionals Think in Action. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
SLEE, R. (2008) Beyond special and regular schooling? An inclusive education reform agenda. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 18, 99116.Google Scholar
THE PUNK SYNDROME (2012) Directed: Kärkkäinen, J. & Passi, J-P. Premiered 4 May 2012. Produced: S. Jahnukainen/Mouka-Filmi.Google Scholar
VÄKEVÄ, L. (2006) Teaching popular music in Finland: what's up, what's ahead? International Journal of Music Education, 24, 119125.Google Scholar
WESTERLUND, H. & VÄKEVÄ, L. (2010) Onko demokraattinen musiikkikasvatus mahdollista 2010-luvun Helsingissä [Is democratic music education possible in the 2010s Helsinki] In Koskinen, T., Mustonen, P. & Sariola, R. (Eds), Taidekasvatuksen Helsinki. Lasten ja nuorten taide- ja kulttuurikasvatus [Arts education in Helsinki. Arts and culture education of children and youth] (pp. 150157). Helsinki: Tietokeskus.Google Scholar
YANOW, D. (1996) How Does a Policy Mean? Interpreting Policy and Organizational Actions. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar