Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:22:45.001Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of energy source and feeding level on the hormones of the entero-insular axis and plasma glucose in the growing pig

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

A. A. Ponter ,
D. N. Salter ,
L. M. Morgan  and
P. R. Flatt
A. A. Ponter
Affiliation:
Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Church Lane, Shinfield, Berkshire RG2 9AQ
D. N. Salter
Affiliation:
Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Church Lane, Shinfield, Berkshire RG2 9AQ
L. M. Morgan
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH
P. R. Flatt
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The aim of the experiment was to test the theory that accustoming pigs to a high-fat diet causes exaggerated gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion in response to a high-fat meal, and to determine whether hypersecretion of GIP could be related to an increase in the GIP content of the small intestine. Twenty-four pigs were fed one of three dietary regimens for 11 weeks: a high-carbohydrate diet (CL), or a high-fat diet (FL), both fed at 1.46 MJ gross energy (GE)/kg live weight0.75 per d, or a high-fat diet (FH) fed at 2.10 MJ GE/kg live weight0.75 per d. At the end of the period two acute tests were performed. For acute test 1 the accustomed meal (diets CL FL and FH) and for acute test 2 a standard high-fat meal (diet FL) were given; blood samples were taken during the next 5 h and analysed for GIP, insulin and glucose. Integrated increases in hormone and glucose levels were compared by analysis of variance (0–300 min). In acute test 1 there were significantly different plasma GIP concentrations between groups (CL > FH > FL; P < 0.05). Plasma insulin concentrations were significantly higher in group CL compared with groups FL and FH (P < 0.002). There were no differences in glucose levels. In acute test 2 integrated increases in plasma GIP (0–300 min) concentrations were not significantly different; however, GIP (0–45 min) concentrations were significantly higher in group FH than in groups CL and FL (P < 0.05). There were no differences in plasma insulin concentrations. Plasma glucose (0–300 min) concentrations were significantly higher in groups FL and FH compared with group CL (P < 0.05). The GIP content of tissue samples taken at the end of the experiment from the duodenum, jejunum, upper and lower ileum decreased significantly in a proximal to distal direction (P < 0.001). Diet FH significantly increased the average GIP content of the small intestine compared with diets CL and FL (P < 0.05). It is concluded that fat meal-stimulated GIP secretion was enhanced by increased feeding level during a pre-treatment phase, possibly due to an increase in GIP synthesis in the small intestine. The high-fat diet caused glucose intolerance after a high-fat meal. This may be due in part to the action of dietary fat on glucose transport and metabolism.

Keywords

Entero-insular axisHigh-fat dietsPigs
Type
Growth and Development
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 66 , Issue 2 , September 1991 , pp. 187 - 197
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1991

References

REFERENCES

Beck, B. & Max, J. -P. (1986 a). Direct metabolic effects of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP): dissociation at physiological levels of effects on insulin-stimulated fatty acid and glucose incorporation in rat adipose tissue. Diabetologia 29, 68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, B. & Max, J. -P. (1986 b). Increased effect of GIP on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gastrointestinal Hormones, p. 53. Vancouver, BC and Ottawa: National Research Council of Canadian Research Journals.Google Scholar
Bloom, S. R. & Polak, J. M. (1978). Gut hormones overview. In Gut Hormones, pp. 3–18 [Bloom, S. R., editor]. Edinburgh, London and New York: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Brown, J. C., Dryburgh, J. R., Ross, S. E. & Dupré, J. (1975). Identification and actions of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 32, 487–532.Google Scholar
Bunnett, N. W. & Harrison, F. A. (1986). Immunological localisation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon in the alimentary tract of ruminants. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 71, 433–441.Google Scholar
Creutzfeldt, W. (1979). The incretin concept today. Diabetologia 16, 75–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Department of Health and Social Security (1984). Diet and Cardiovascular Disease. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Report of the Panel on Diet in relation to Cardiovascular Disease. Report on health and social subjects no. 28. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Ebert, R. & Creutzfeldt, W. (1982). Influence of gastric inhibitory polypeptide antiserum on glucose-induced insulin secretion in rats. Endocrinology 111, 1601–1606.Google Scholar
Ebert, R., Willms, B., Brown, J. C. & Creutzfeldt, C. (1976). Serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels in obese subjects and after weight reduction. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 6, 327A.Google Scholar
Eckel, R. H., Fujimoto, W. Y. & Brunzell, J. D. (1979). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide enhanced lipoprotein lipase activity in cultured preadipocytes. Diabetes 8, 1141–1142.Google Scholar
Flatt, P. R., Bailey, C. J., Kwasowski, P., Swanston-Flatt, S. K. & Marks, V. (1983). Abnormalities of GIP in spontaneous syndromes of obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 32, 433–435.Google Scholar
Gerich, J. E., Charles, M. A. & Grodsky, G. M. (1976). Regulation of pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion. Annual Review of Physiology 38, 353–388.Google Scholar
Hampton, S. M., Kwasowski, P., Tan, K., Morgan, L. M. & Marks, V. (1983). Effect of pretreatment with a high- fat diet on the gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin responses to oral triolein and glucose in rats. Diabetologia 24, 278–281.Google Scholar
Jones, I. R., Owens, D. R., Luzio, S. D. & Hayes, T. M. (1989). Obesity is associated with increased post-prandial GIP levels which are not reduced by dietary restriction and weight loss. Diabète et Métabolisme 15, 11–22.Google Scholar
Lawes Agricultural Trust (1990). Genstat V. Rothamsted: Rothamsted Experimental Station.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. M., Flatt, P. R. & Marks, V. (1988 a). Nutrient regulation of the entero-insular axis and insulin secretion. Nutrition Research Reviews 1, 79–97.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. M., Hampton, S. M., Tredger, J. A., Cramb, R. & Marks, V. (1988 b). Modifications of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion in man by a high-fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition 59, 373–380.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. M., Morris, B. A. & Marks, V. (1978). Radioimmunoassay of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 15, 172–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, L. M., Tredger, J. A., Hampton, S. M., French, A. P., Peake, J. C. F. & Marks, V. (1988 c). The effect of dietary modification and hyperglycaemia on gastric emptying and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion. British Journal of Nutrition 60, 29–37.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. M., Tredger, J. A., Hampton, S. M., Kwasowski, P., Wright, J., Dunn, M. & Marks, V. (1983). Effect of diet upon response to oral fat and glucose in man: modification in control of the enteroinsular axis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 18, suppl. 87, 99–101.Google Scholar
O'Dorisio, T. M., Cataland, S., Stevenson, M. & Mazzaferri, E. L. (1976). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Intestinal distribution and stimulation by amino acids and medium-chain triglycerides. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 21, 761–765.Google Scholar
O'Dorisio, T. M., Sirinek, K. R., Mazzaferri, E. L. & Cataland, S. (1977). Renal effects on serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Metabolism 26, 651–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olefsky, J. M. & Saekow, M. (1978). The effects of dietary carbohydrate content on insulin binding and glucose metabolism by isolated rat adipocytes. Endocrinology 103, 2252–2263.Google Scholar
Penman, E., Wass, J. A. H., Medback, S., Morgan, L. M., Lewis, J., Besser, G. M. & Rees, L. H. (1981). Response of circulating somatostatin to nutritional stimuli in normal subjects. Gastroenterology 81, 692–699.Google Scholar
Polak, J. M., Bloom, S. R., Kuzio, M., Brown, J. C. & Pearse, A. G. E. (1973). Cellular localisation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in the duodenum and jejunum. Gut 14, 284–288.Google Scholar
Ponter, A. A., Salter, D. N., Morgan, L. M. & Flatt, P. R. (1990). The effect of high-fat diets on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin in growing pigs. Animal Production 50, 571A.Google Scholar
Ross, G. J. S. (1980). Maximum likelihood programme (MLP). Rothamsted: Rothamsted Experimental Station.Google Scholar
Service, F. J., Rizza, R. A., Westland, R. E., Hall, L. D., Gerich, J. E. & Go, V. L. W. (1984). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 58, 1133–1140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, J. V., Teppermam, H. M. & Tepperman, J. (1977). A comparison of insulin binding by liver plasma membrane of rats fed a high glucose diet or a high fat diet. Journal of Lipid Research 18, 533–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sykes, S., Morgan, L. M., English, J. & Marks, V. (1980). Evidence for preferential stimulation of GIP secretion in the rat by actively transported carbohydrates and their analogues. Journal of Endocrinology 85, 201–207.Google Scholar
Tan, K. S., Kwasowski, P. & Marks, V. (1987). Effects of high-fat cafeteria diet on plasma insulin (IRI) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) response to a glucose load in the rat. Clinical Science 73, Suppl. 17, 57P.Google Scholar
Thomas, F. B., Sinar, D., Mazzaferri, E. L., Cataland, S., Mekhjian, H. S., Caldwell, J. H. & Fromkes, J. J. (1978). Selective release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide by intraduodenal amino acid perfusion in man. Gastroenterology 74, 1261–1265.Google Scholar
Williams, R. H., May, J. M. & Biesbroeck, J. B. (1981). Determinants of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin secretion. Metabolism 30, 36–40.Google Scholar