Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:00:35.863Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of essential:total nitrogen ratio on protein utilization in the growing pig

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Jaroslav Heger ,
Samson Mengesha  and
David Vodehnal
Jaroslav Heger*
Affiliation:
Biofaktory Praha s.r.o., Research Centre of Feed Additives, Na Chvalce 2049, 193 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic
Samson Mengesha
Affiliation:
Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture, Czech Agricultural University, Praha, Czech Republic
David Vodehnal
Affiliation:
Biofaktory Praha s.r.o., Research Centre of Feed Additives, Na Chvalce 2049, 193 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic
*
*Dr Jaroslav Heger, present address: Biofaktory Praha s.r.o., Generala Piky 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, fax +42 05 510 0329, email biohp@traveller.cz
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Two N balance experiments using growing pigs were conducted to study the effect of essential:total (E:T) N ratio on N retention and utilization. Purified diets contained casein and crystalline amino acids as the sole sources of N. E:T values ranged from 0·25 to 0·86 while either the concentration of total N (Expt. 1) or essential N (Expt 2) was kept constant. At a constant concentration of total dietary N, N retention and total N utilization were maximized with an E:T value of approximately 0·6, while essential N utilization gradually decreased as E:T increased. At a constant level of essential N, N retention remained unchanged until the E:T value reached 0·48 and then decreased. In Expt 2, maximum total N utilization was attained with an E:T value of 0·66 while N excretion and essential N utilization decreased with increased E:T value. These results suggest that under conditions of optimal protein utilization, essential amino acids are partially degraded and used for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids.

Keywords

Amino acidsProtein utilizationPigs
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 80 , Issue 6 , December 1998 , pp. 537 - 544
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Adkins, JS, Wertz, JM & Hove, EL (1966) Influence of nonessential l-amino acids on growth of rats fed high levels of essential amino acids. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 122, 519–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agricultural Research Council (1981) The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. Slough: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Allen, NK & Baker, DH (1974) Quantitative evaluation of nonspecific nitrogen sources for the growing chick. Poultry Science 53, 258–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aqvist, SEG (1951) Metabolic interrelationships among amino acids studied with isotopic nitrogen. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 5, 1046–1064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1984) Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Google Scholar
Baker, DH (1997) Ideal Amino Acid Profiles for Swine and Poultry and their Applications in Feed Formulation. BioKyowa Technical Review no. 9. St. Louis, MO: Nutri-Quest, Inc.Google Scholar
Ball, RD, Atkinson, JL & Bayley, HS (1986) Proline as an essential amino acid for the young pig. British Journal of Nutrition 55, 659–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bedford, MR & Summers, JD (1985) Influence of the ratio of essential to non essential amino acids on performance and carcase composition of the broiler chick. British Poultry Science 26, 483–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bikker, P, Verstegen, MWA & Bosch, M (1994) Amino acid composition of growing pigs is affected by protein and energy intake. Journal of Nutrition 124, 1961–1969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, TK & Baker, DH (1992) Ideal amino acid pattern for 10-kilogram pigs. Journal of Animal Science 70, 3102–3111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, TK & Baker, DH (1993) A note on the dispensability of proline for weanling pigs. Animal Production 56, 407–408.Google Scholar
Cieslak, DG & Benevenga, NJ (1984a) The effect of amino acid excess on utilization by the rat of the limiting amino acid – lysine. Journal of Nutrition 114, 1863–1870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cieslak, DG & Benevenga, NJ (1984b) The effect of amino acid excess on utilization by the rat of the limiting amino acid – lysine and threonine at equalized food intakes. Journal of Nutrition 114, 1878–1883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, DJA & Van, Lunen TA (1994) Ideal amino acid patterns. In Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, pp. 99–112 [D'Mello, JPF, editor]. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
D'Mello, JPF (1994) Amino acid imbalances, antagonisms and toxicities. In Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, pp. 63–97 [D'Mello, JPF, editor]. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Fan, MA, Sauer, WC & Lien, KA (1994) Effect of dietary amino acid level on the determination of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in pigs. In Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs, pp. 25–27 [WB, Souffrant and H, Hagemeister, Editors]. Dummerstorf: Forschungsinstitut fur die Biologie Landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere.Google Scholar
Featherstone, WR (1976) Adequacy of glutamic acid synthesis by the chick for maximal growth. Poultry Science 55, 2479–2480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, H, Griminger, P, Leveille, GA & Shapiro, R (1960) Quantitative aspects of lysine deficiency and amino acid imbalance. Journal of Nutrition 71, 213–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, DV & Sandy, HR (1951) Utilization of non-specific nitrogen sources by the adult protein-depleted rat. Journal of Biological Chemistry 189, 249–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, MF (1994) Amino acid requirements for maintenance, body protein accretion and reproduction in pigs. In Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, pp. 155–184 [D'Mello, JPF, editor]. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Fuller, MF, McWilliam, R, Wang, TC & Giles, LR (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 2. Requirements for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion. British Journal of Nutrition 62, 255–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, AE (1974) “Nonessential” amino acids. Journal of Nutrition 104, 965–967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, AE & Benjamin, E (1984) Relationship between intake and rate of oxidation of leucine and α-isocaproate in vivo in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 114, 431–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heger, J (1990) Non-essential nitrogen and protein utilization in the growing rat. British Journal of Nutrition 64, 653–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heger, J & Frydrych, Z (1989) Efficiency of utilization of amino acids. In Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids, pp. 31–56 [Friedman, M, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Heger, J, Frydrych, Z & Fronek, P (1987) The effect of nonessential nitrogen on the utilization of dietary protein in the growing rat. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 57, 130–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heger, J, Mengesha, S, Blaha, J & Koch, F (1997) Estimation of minimum crude protein levels in diets for high-lean growth pigs. Agribiological Research 50, 64–77.Google Scholar
Kang-Lee, YA & Harper, AE (1978) Effect of histidine intake and hepatic histidase activity on the metabolism of histidine in vivo. Journal of Nutrition 107, 1427–1443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, BJ & Easter, RA (1995) Effect of feeding reduced protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen and energy balance in grower pigs. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3000–3008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, BJ, McKeith, FK & Easter, RA (1995) Effect on performance and carcass characteristics of nursery to finisher pigs fed reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. Journal of Animal Science 73, 433–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyriazakis, I, Emmans, GC & McDaniel, R (1993) Whole body amino acid composition of the growing pig. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 62, 29–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenis, NP, van Diepen, JTM, Bakker, JGM & Jongbloed, R (1996) Utilization of nitrogen and amino acids in growing pigs as affected by the ratio between essential and nonessential amino acids in the diet. Journal of Animal Science 74, Suppl. 1, 172.Google Scholar
Llames, C & Fontaine, J (1994) Determination of amino acids in feeds: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 77, 1362–1402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, JR, Becker, DE, Harmon, G, Norton, HW & Jensen, AH (1968) Some amino acid needs of young pigs, fed on semi-purified and semisynthetic diet. Journal of Animal Science 27, 1322–1326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, TR (1989) The interpretation of response data from animal feeding trials. In Recent Developments in Poultry Nutrition, pp. 1–11 [Cole, DJA and Haresign, W, editors]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Munro, HN (1964) General aspects of the regulation of protein metabolism by diet and hormones. In Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. I, pp. 382–481 [Munro, HN and Allison, JB, editors]. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Noblet, J (1996) Digestive and metabolic utilization of dietary energy in pig feeds: comparison of energy systems. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition 1996, pp. 207–231 [PCGarns-worthy, J Garns-worthy, J, Wiseman, and W Haresign, editors]. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press.Google Scholar
Noblet, J, Henry, Y & Dubois, S (1987) Effect of protein and lysine levels in the diet on body gain composition and energy utilization in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 65, 717–726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petry, H & Rapp, W (1970/71) Zur Problematik der Chromoxid-Bestimmung in Verdauungsversuchen (Determination of chromic oxide in digestibility experiments). Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie, Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 27, 171–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, KR, Norton, HW & Baker, DH (1979) Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. Journal of Nutrition 109, 1710–1714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, FX, Fickler, J & Kirchgessner, M (1994a) N-Bilanz von Ferkeln bei vollstandigem Fehlen von einzelnen nichtessentiellen Aminosauren im Futter. 2. Mitteilung zur Bedeutung nicht-essentieller Aminosauren fur den Proteinansatz (N balance of piglets as related to the omission of individual non-essential amino acids from the diet. 2. Communication on the importance of non-essential amino acids for protein retention). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 72, 215–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, FX, Markert, W & Kirchgessner, M (1994b) Zum Einfluss der Supplementierung von Niedrig-Protein-Rationen mit nichtessentiellen Aminosauren auf die N-Bilanz von Mastschweinen 3. Mitteilung uber Bilanzstudien zur Reduzierung der N-Ausscheidung (Effects of adding non-essential amino acids to low-protein diets for growing pigs on N balance. 3. Communication on balance studies to reduce N excretion). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 71, 76–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, WC, Oesterling, MJ & Womack, M (1948) Comparative growth on diets containing ten and nineteen amino acids, with further observations upon the role of glutamic and aspartic acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry 176, 753–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Said, AK & Hegsted, DM (1970) Response of adult rats to low dietary levels of essential amino acids. Journal of Nutrition 100, 1363–1375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, R & Fisher, H (1962) Protein reserves: relationship of dietary essential and nonessential amino acids to formation maintenance in the fowl. Journal of Nutrition 76, 106–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southern, LL & Baker, DH (1983) Arginine requirement of the young pig. Journal of Animal Science 57, 402–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steel, RGD & Torrie, JH (1980) Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach, 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.Google Scholar
Stucki, WP & Harper, AE (1961) Importance of dispensable amino acids for normal growth of chicks. Journal of Nutrition 74, 377–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, WP & Harper, AE (1962) Effects of altering the ratio of indispensable to dispensable amino acids in diets for rats. Journal of Nutrition 78, 278–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugahara, M & Ariyoshi, S (1968) The role of dispensable amino acids for the maximum growth of chicks. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 32, 153–160.Google Scholar
Tanaka, H, Shibata, K, Mori, M & Ogura, M (1995) Metabolism of essential amino acids in growing rats at graded levels of soybean protein isolate. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 41, 433–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, TP, Morris, JG, Willits, NH & Rogers, QR (1996) Optimizing the pattern of essential amino acids as a sole source of dietary nitrogen supports near-maximal growth in kittens. Journal of Nutrition 126, 2243–2252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, TC & Fuller, MF (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion. British Journal of Nutrition 62, 77–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Diepen, JTH, Lenis, NP, Klok, G, Kogut, J, van der, Meulen J & Bakker, JGM (1995) Nitrogen and Amino Acid Utilization in Growing Pigs Fed Diets with Different Ratios of Essential to Non-essential Amino Acids. Report no. 284. Lelystad: DLO-Institute for Animal Science and Health.Google Scholar
Yamashita, K & Ashida, K (1969) Lysine metabolism in rats fed lysine-free diet. Journal of Nutrition 99, 267–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed