Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T14:12:41.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2007

G.C. Emmans
G.C. Emmans
Affiliation:
GeneticsandBehaviouralSciencesDepartment, Scottish Agricultural College, BushEstate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26OQE
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

An energy system is described in which, in both single-stomachedand ruminant animals, the heat increment of feeding is considered to be linearly related to five measurable quantities. For both kinds of animals there of the quantities, with their heat increments in parentheses, are urinary N(wu;kJ/g),faec alorganic matter (wd; kJ/g) and positive protein retention (wp; kJ/g). Inruminants the other two, with their heat increments in parentheses, are CH4energy (wm; kJ/kJ) and positive lipid retention (w1;kJ/g); in single-stomached animals they are positive lipid retention from feed lipid (wu; kJ/g), and positive lipid retention not from feed lipid (w1; kJ/g). Data from suitable experiments on steers, pig sandchickens were used to test the system and to estimatewu29·2, wd3·80, wp36.5, wm0·616, w116·4 and w114·4. The values for wu, wd, wm and (wI–wII) allow an energy scale, called effective energy, to be defined for both single-stomached animals and ruminants. On this energy scale the values of wp and w1, to gether with the heats of combustion of protein and lipid of 23·8 and 39·6 kJ/g respectively, allow the energyr equirement to be expressed as (MH+ 50 PR+56 LR) for both kinds of animal, where PR and LR are the rates of positive protein an lipid retention (g/d), and MH is the maintenance heat production (kJ/d) which can be estimated as 0·96 of the fast in gheat production. The effective energy (EE) yielded toaruminant animal by a feeding redient can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg organic matter)=1·15 ME–3·84–4·67 DCP, where ME is the metabolizable energy value (MJ/kg organic matter)and DCP is the digested crude protein content (kg/kg organic matter) with both measured at maintenance. Alternatively, EE can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg)=GE (d–0·228)–4·67 DCP, where GE is the gross energy (MJ/kg)and d is the energy digestibility (MJ/MJ) also measured at maintenance. The EE yielded to a single-stomached animal can be estimated as EE(kJ/g)=1·17 ME–4·2 CP–2·44, where ME(kJ/g)is measured at, orcorrected to, zero N-retention and CP (g/g)is the crude protein (N×6·25) content of the feeding redient. The system is simpler for ruminants, and more accurate for both kind soft animal, than those no win use. As effective energy values can be tabulated foring redients, and are additivet othe extent that ME values are additive, they can be used to formul at ediet susing line ar programming.

Keywords

Effective energyMetabolizable energyRuminantsSingle-stomached animals
Type
Concepts of energy utilization
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 71 , Issue 6 , June 1994 , pp. 801 - 821
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1994

References

Agricultural Research Council (1980). The Nutrient Requirements ofRuminant Livestock. Slough: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Agricultural Research Council (1981). The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. Slough: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Armsby, H. P. (1903). The Principles of Animal Nutrition. New York: John Wiley and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armsby, H. P. & Fries, J. A. (1915). Net energy values of feeding-stuffs for cattle. Journal of Agricultura1 Research 3, 435–491.Google Scholar
Armsby, H. P. & Fries, J. A. (1917). Influence of the degree of fatness of cattle upon their utilisation of feed. Journal of Agricultural Research 11, 451–472.Google Scholar
Armsby, H. P. & Fries, J. A. (1918). Net energy values of alfalfa hay and of starch. Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 269–286.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. (1964). The evaluation of artificially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep. 11. The energy value of cocksfoot, timothy and strains of ryegrass at varying stages of maturity. Journal of Agricultural Research, Cambridge 62, 399–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. (1989). Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. & Boyne, A. W. (1978). The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 90, 47–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaxter, K. L., Clapperton, J. L. & Wainman, F. W. (1966). Utilisation of the energy and protein of the same diet by cattle of different ages. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 67, 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. & Graham, N. McC. (1955). Plane of nutrition and starch equivalents. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 46, 292–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. & Wainman, F. W. (1961). The utilisation of food by sheep and cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 57, 419–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. & Wainman, F. W. (1966). The fasting metabolism of cattle. British Journal of Nutrition 20, 103–1ll.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czerkawski, J. W., Blaxter, K. L. & Wainman, F. W. (1966). The metabolism of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids by sheep with reference to their effects on methane production. British Journal of Nutrition 20 349–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diggs, B. G., Becker, D. E., Jensen, A. H. & Norton, H. W. (1965). Energy values of various feeds for the young pig. Journal of Animal Science 24, 555–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmans, G. C. & Fisher, C. (1986). Problems of nutritional theory. In Nutritional Requirements and Nutritional Theory, pp. 9–57 [Fisher, C. and Boorman, K. N., editors]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Feedingstuffs Evaluation Unit (1975). Feedingstuffs Evaluation Unit Report no. 1. Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen and Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Feedingstuffs Evaluation Unit (1978). Feedingstuffs Evaluation Unit Report no. 2. Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen and Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Feedingstuffs Evaluation Unit (1984). Feedingstuffs Evaluation Unit Report no. 4. Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen and Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Fingerling, G. (1933 a). Der Nahrwert von Kartoffelflocken und Kartoffelschitzeln (The nutritional value of potato flakes and chips). Landwirtschaff Versuchsrationen 114, 1–112.Google Scholar
Fingerling, G.. (1933 b). Der Starkewert des Gerstenschrotes (The starch equivalent of ground barley). Landwirtschaft Versuchstationen 116, 1–63.Google Scholar
Fingerling, G.. (1936). Aufschliessen des Strohes ohne Chemikalien (Increasing straw availability without using chemicals). Landwirtschaft Versuchstationen 125, 17–300.Google Scholar
Fingerling, G.. (1944). Der Nahrwert der Kakaoschalen (The nutritional value of cocoa husks). Zeitschrft für Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 8, 25–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fingerling, G., Eisenkolbe, P., Heintzsch, B., Just, M.. & Knauth, G. . (1938). Untersuchungen uber den Stoff- und Energie-umsatz wachsender Schweine (Investigations into the material and energy metabolism of growing pigs). Landwirtschaft Versuchstationen 129, 193–234.Google Scholar
Fingerling, G., Eisenkolbe, P., Heintzsch, B., Just, M.. & Knauth, G.. (1938 b). Untersuchungen uber den Stoff- und Energie-umsatz wachsender Schweine (Investigations into the material and energy metabolism of growing pigs). Zeitschrqt fur Tierernahrung und Futtermittelkunde 1, 193–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, E. B., Braman, W. W. & Kriss, M.. (1928). The energy metabolism of cattle in relation to the plane of nutrition. Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 253–300.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. B., Braman, W. W. & Kriss, M.. (1930). Further studies of the energy metabolism of cattle in relation to the plane of nutrition. Journal of Agricultural Research 40, 37–78.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. B., Braman, W. W., Kriss, M.. & Swift, R. W. (1931 a). The fasting metabolism of cattle as a base value of heat production in the determination of the net energy of feeding stuffs. Journal ofAgricultura1 Research 43, 1003–1014.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. B., Braman, W. W., Kriss, M.. & Swift, R. W. (1931 b). The metabolisable energy and net energy values of corn meal when fed exclusively and in combination with alfalfa hay. Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1015–1026.Google Scholar
Graham, N. McC. (1969). The net energy value of artificially dried subterranean clover harvested before flowering. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 365–373.Google Scholar
Hakansson, J., Eriksson, S.. & Svensson, S. A. (1978 a). The infruence of Feed Energy Level of Feed Consumption Growth. and Development of Different Organs of Chickens. Swedish University of Agricultural Science Department. of dnimal Husbandry Report no. 57. Uppsala Sweden: Sveriges Lautbruksuniversitel.Google Scholar
Hakansson, J., Eriksson, S.. & Svensson, S. A. (1978 b). The influence of Feed Energy Level on Chemical Composition of Tissues and on the Energy and Protein Utilisation of Broiler Chicks. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Department of Animal Husbandry Report. no. 59.Google Scholar
Hartel, H. (1977). Beziehungen zwischen der N-korrigierten umsetzbaren Energie und den Nahrstoffgehalten des Futters beim Huhn (The inter-relationship between metabolisable energy corrected for N retention and the nutrient contents of foods in hens). Archiv für Gefugelkunde 41. 152–181.Google Scholar
Kellner, O.. (1912). Die Ernahrung der Landwirtschaflifhen Nutztiere (The Nutrition of Farm Animals). Berlin: Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Kellner, O.. (1915). The Scientific Feeding of Animals. London: Butterworth & Co.Google Scholar
Kellner, O.. & Kohler, A.. (1900). Untersuchungen iiber den Stoff- und energieumsatz volljahrigen Ochsen bei Erhaltungsfutter (Investigations into the material and energy exchanges in mature oxen fed production rations). Landwirtschufr Versuchstationen 47, 1–474.Google Scholar
Kielauowski, J.. (1965). Estimates of the energy cost of protein deposition in growing animals. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Energy Metabolism. European Association of Animal Production Publication no. 11, pp. 13–20 [Blaxter, k. L. editor.]. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Nehring, K., Schiemann, R.. & Hoffman, L.. (1961). Die Verwertung der Futterenergie in Abhangigkeit vom Ernihrungsniveau (The utilization of food energy in relation to the plane of nutrition). Archiv für Tierernährung 11, 158–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullar, J. D. & Webster, A. J. F. (1977). The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 37, 355–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vercoe, J. E. (1970). The fasting metabolism of Brahman Africander and Hereford x Shorthorn cattle. British Journal of Nutrition 24, 599–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wainman, F. W., Blaxter, K. L. & Pullar, J. D. (1970). The nutritive value for ruminants of a complete processed diet based on barley straw. Journal of Agricultural Science Cambridge. 74, 311–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, A. J. F., Osuji, P. O., White, F.. & Ingram, J. F. (1975). The influence of food intake on portal blood flow and heat production in the digestive tract of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 34, 125–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittemore, C. T. (1983). Development of recommended energy and protein allowances for growing pigs. Agricultural Systems 11, 159–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittemore, C. T. & Fawcett, R. H. (1976). Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to simulate protein and lipid growth in pigs. Animal Production 22, 87–96.Google Scholar