Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T00:30:46.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Thomas A.B. Sanders ,
Kelly Gleason ,
Bruce Griffin  and
George J. Miller
Thomas A.B. Sanders*
Affiliation:
Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NHUK
Kelly Gleason
Affiliation:
Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NHUK
Bruce Griffin
Affiliation:
University of SurreyCentre for Nutrition & Food Safety, School of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Guildford, SurreyUK
George J. Miller
Affiliation:
Wolfson InstituteRoyal London & St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, LondonUK
*
*Corresponding author: fax +44 20 7848 4171, fax Tom.Sanders@kcl.ac.uk
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA, including DHA (22:6n-3), is associated with a reduced risk of CVD. Schizochytrium sp. are an important primary source of DHA in the marine food chain but they also provide substantial quantities of the n-6 PUFA docosapentaenoic acid n-6; DPA). The effect of this oil on cardiovascular risk factors was evaluated using a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled parallel-design trial in thirty-nine men and forty women. Subjects received 4g oil/d for 4 weeks; the active treatment provided 1·5g DHA and 0·6g DPA. Active treatment increased plasma concentrations of arachidonic acid, adrenic acid, DPA and DHA by 21, 11, 11 and 88mg/l respectively and the proportions of DPA and DHA in erythrocyte phospholipids by 78 and 27% respectively. Serum total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol increased by 0·33mmol/l (7·3%), 0·26mmol/l (10·4%) and 0·14mmol/l (9·0%) compared with placebo (all p≤0·001). Factor VII (FVII) coagulant activity increased by 12% following active treatment (P=0·006). There were no significant differences between treatments in LDL size, blood pressure, plasma glucose, serum C-reactive protein, plasma FVII antigen, FVII activated, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tocopherol or carotenoid concentrations, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, creatine kinase or troponin-I activities, haematology or liver function tests or self-reported adverse effects. Overall, the oil was well tolerated and did not adversely affect cardiovascular risk.

Keywords

Docosahexaenoic acidDocosapentaenoic acidLipidsHaemostasisC-reactive protein
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 95 , Issue 3 , March 2006 , pp. 525 - 531
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Albert, CM, Hennekens, CH, O'Donnell, CJ, Ajani, UA, Carey, VJ, Willett, WC, Ruskin, JN & Manson, JE 1998 Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA 279 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
British Nutrition Foundation Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Nutritional and Physiological Significance: The Report of the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force. London: Chapman and Hall 1992Google Scholar
Bucher, HC, Hengstler, P, Schindler, C & Meier, G 2002 n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 112 298–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, JA, Miller, GJ, Bauer, KA, Morrissey, JH, Meade, TW, Howarth, DJ, Barzegar, S, Mitchell, JP & Rosenberg, RD 2000 Comparison of novel hemostatic factors and conventional risk factors for prediction of coronary heart disease. Circulation 102 2816–2822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, MH, Maki, KC, Kalkowski, J, Schaefer, EJ, Torri, SA & Drennan, KB 1997 Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Nutr 16 236–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, IG, Graham, JM & Griffin, BA 2003 Rapid separation of LDL subclasses by iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation. Clin Chem 49 1865–1872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finnegan, YE, Minihane, AM, Leigh-Firbank, ECKew, S, Meijer, GW, Muggli, R, Calder, PC & Williams, CMPlant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2003 77 783–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedewald, WT, Levi, RI & Fredrickson, DSEstimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972 18 499–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geleijnse, JM, Giltay, EJ, Grobbee, DE, Donders, AR & Kok, FJ 2002 Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens 20 1493–1499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, WS 1997 n-3 Fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65 Suppl.S1645–S1654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, FB, Bronner, L, Willett, WC, Stampfer, MJ, Rexrode, KM, Albert, CM, Hunter, D & Manson, JE 2002 Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 287 1815–1821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makrides, M, Neumann, MA, Jeffrey, B, Lien, EL & Gibson, RA 2000 A randomized trial of different ratios of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid in the diet of term infants: effects on visual function and growth. Am J Clin Nutr 71 120–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchioli, R, Barzi, F, Bomba, E et al. 2002 Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 105 1897–1903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meade, TW, Ruddock, V, Stirling, Y, Chakrabarti, R & Miller, GJ 1993 Fibrinolytic activity, clotting factors, and long-term incidence of ischaemic heart disease in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 342 1076–1079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metz, JG, Roessler, P, Facciotti, D, Levering, C, Dittrich, F, Lassner, M, Valentine, R, Lardizabal, K, Domergue, F, Yamada, A, Yazawa, K, Knauf, V & Browse, J 2001 Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by polyketide synthases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Science 293 290–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minihane, AM, Khan, S, Leigh-Firbank, EC, Talmud, P, Wright, JW, Murphy, MC, Griffin, BA & Williams, CM 2000 ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 1990–1997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mori, TA, Burke, V, Puddey, IBWatts, GF, O'Neal, DN, Best, JD & Beilin, LJ 2000 Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 71 1085–1094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozaffarian, D, Longstreth, WT Jr, Lemaitre, RN, Manolio, TA, Kuller, LH, Burke, GL & Siscovick, DS 2005 Fish consumption and stroke risk in elderly individuals: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 165 200–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridker, PM, Hennekens, CH, Buring, JE & Rifai, N 2000 C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Eng J Med 342 836–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosell, MS, Lloyd-Wright, Z, Appleby, PN, Sanders, TA, Allen, NE & Key, TJ 2005 Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men. Am J Clin Nutr 82 327–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, TA & Hinds, A 1992 The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. Br J Nutr 68 163–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, TA, Oakley, FR, Cooper, JA & Miller, GJ 2001 Influence of a stearic acid-rich structured triacylglycerol on postprandial lipemia, factor VII concentrations, and fibrinolytic activity in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 73 715–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, TA, Oakley, FR, Miller, GJ, Mitropoulos, KA, Crook, D & Oliver, MF 1997 Influence of n-6 versus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and hemostatic factors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 3449–3460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, TA, Vickers, M & Haines, APEffect on blood lipids and haemostasis of a supplement of cod-liver oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, in healthy young men. Clin Sci (Lond) 1981 61 317–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlenk, H, Sand, DM & Gellerman, JL 1969 Retroconversion of docosahexaenoic acid in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 187 201–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, DR, Sanders, TA, Trayner, IM & Thompson, GR 1986 Paradoxical elevation of LDL apoprotein B levels in hypertriglyceridaemic patients and normal subjects ingesting fish oil. Atherosclerosis 61 129–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theobald, HE, Chowienczyk, PJ, Whittall, R, Humphries, SE & Sanders, TA 2004 LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 79 558–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, SG, Kienast, J, Pyke, SD, Haverkate, F & van de Loo, JCHemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995 332 635–641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thurnham, DI, Smith, E & Flora, PSConcurrent liquid-chromatographic assay of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin in plasma, with tocopherol acetate as internal standard. Clin Chem 1988 34 377–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tontonoz, P & Mangelsdorf, DJ 2003 Liver X receptor signalling pathways in cardiovascular disease. Mol Endocrinol 17 985–993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshikawa, T, Shimano, H & Yahagi, N et al. 2002 Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c promoter activity by inhibition of liver X receptor (LXR) binding to LXR response elements. J Biol Chem 277 1705–1711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed