Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:25:34.769Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrient adequacy in Spanish children and adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Lluís Serra-Majem ,
Lourdes Ribas-Barba ,
Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo  and
Javier Aranceta Bartrina
Lluís Serra-Majem*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, PO Box 550, E-35080 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Community Nutrition Research Center, Science Park of the University of Barcelona, Spain
Lourdes Ribas-Barba
Affiliation:
Community Nutrition Research Center, Science Park of the University of Barcelona, Spain
Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo
Affiliation:
Community Nutrition Unit, Municipality of Bilbao, Spain
Javier Aranceta Bartrina
Affiliation:
Community Nutrition Unit, Municipality of Bilbao, Spain
*
*Corresponding author: Professor Lluís Serra-Majem, fax +34 928 453475, email lserra@dcc.ulpgc.es
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The nutritional intakes of the Spanish child and adolescent population are presented, as well as the population at risk of inadequate nutrient status. A random sample of 3534 people aged 2–24 years were interviewed between 1998 and 2000. Interviews included two 24 h recalls and a general questionnaire and anthropometric evaluations for the entire sample. After excluding under-reporters (18·7 %), the final sample was 2855 individuals (1348 males and 1507 females). The average intake of energy was 9543 kJ in males and 7804 kJ in females, with important variations seen by age group. Energy intake increased with age in both sexes until 14–17 years, which also applied to almost all of the nutrients studied, with the exception of vitamin C. A decreasing trend in the percentage of energy from carbohydrates was seen in both sexes. At the low socioeconomic level, it was observed that all nutrient intakes were less favourable when compared with higher socioeconomic levels. Nutrients with associated intakes below one-third of the Spanish recommended nutrient intake (RNI) included vitamin D (42 % of the sample) and folate (10 % of females), and the percentages falling below two-thirds of the RNI corresponded to: vitamin D (97 %), vitamin A (60 %), vitamin E (54 %), folate (58 % of females), Fe (23 % of females), vitamin C (8 %), Mg (4·5 %), Ca (5 % of females) and vitamin B6 (5 % of females). Adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years was the group with the highest nutritional risk, especially among girls. Nutritional adequacy in Spanish children was, in general, adequate, although it is necessary to analyse the implications of high inadequate intakes of vitamins D, E and A, which means that the current recommended intakes should be reconsidered. It should be noted that folate levels should be doubled in the near future.

Keywords

Nutrient adequacyRecommended nutrient intakeChildrenAdolescentsNutrition surveySpain
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 96 , Issue S1 , August 2006 , pp. S49 - S57
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Agencia Española, de Seguridad Alimentaria (2005) Estrategia NAOS. Spanish Strategy for Nutrition, Physical Activity and Prevention of Obesity. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo.Google Scholar
Álvarez Dardet, C, Alonso, J, Domingo, A, & Regidor, E (1995) La Medición de la Clase Social en Ciencias de la Salud. Barcelona: SG-Sociedad Española de Epidemiología.Google Scholar
Aranceta, J, Pérez Rodrigo, C, Ribas, L, & Serra-Majem, Ll (2003) Sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of food patterns in Spanish children and adolescents: the enKid study. Eur J Clin Nutr 57, Suppl. 1, S40–S44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aranceta, J, Serra Majem, L, Ortega, R, Entrada, A, & Gil, A (2000) Las Vitaminas en la Alimentación de los Españoles. Estudio Eve. Madrid: Editorial Medica Panamericana.Google Scholar
Aranceta, J, Serra-Majem, L, Ribas, L, Pérez-Rodrigo, C (2001) Breakfast consumption in Spanish children and young people. Public Health Nutr 4, 1439–1444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaton, GH, Milner, J, McGuire, V, Feather, TE & Little, JA (1983) Sources of variance in 24-hour recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Carbohydrate sources, vitamins and minerals. Am J Clin Nutr 37, 986–995.Google ScholarPubMed
Bengoa, JM (2000) Hambre Cuando Hay Pan Para Todos. Caracas: Fundación Cavendes-Editorial Exlibris.Google Scholar
Carriquiry, AL (1999) Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Public Health Nutr 2, 23–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Consejo Superior, de Investigaciones Científicas (1994) Tablas de Ingestas Recomendadas en Energía y Nutrientes Para la Población Española. Madrid: Instituto de Nutrición, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Google Scholar
Favier, JC, Ireland-Ripert, J, Toque, C & Feinberg, M (1995) Repertoire Général des Aliments. Table de Composition. Paris: Lavoisier Tec+Doc.Google Scholar
Gibson, RS (1990) Evaluation of nutrient intake data Principles of Nutritional Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, GR, Black, AE, Jebb, SA, Cole, TJ, Murgatroyd, PR, Coward, WA & Prentice, AM (1991) Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology. 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording. Eur J Clin Nutr 45, 469–481.Google ScholarPubMed
Henríquez, Sánchez, P, Díaz, Romero, C, Rodríguez, Rodríguez, E, López, Blanco, F, Alvarez, Leon, E, Díaz, Cremades, J, Pastor, Ferrer, MC, Serra & Majem, L (2000) Evaluación bioquímica del estado nutricional de la población canaria (1997–98). Arch Latinoam Nutr 50, Suppl. 1. 43–54.Google Scholar
Holland, B, Welch, AA, Unwin, ID, Buss, DH, Paul, AA & Southgate, DAT (1991) McCance and Widdowson's: The Composition of Foods, 5th revised and extended edition. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (2000) Specific applications: assessing nutrient intakes of groups using the dietary reference intakes. In Dietary Reference Intakes. Applications in Dietary Assessment, 127–144Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Lambert, J, Agostoni, C, Elmadfa, I, Hulshof, K, Krause, E, Livingstone, B, Socha, P, Pannemans, D & Samartin, S (2004) Dietary intake and nutritional status of children and adolescents in Europe. Br J Nutr 92, Suppl. 2. S147–S211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, K, Stamler, J, Dyer, A, McKeever, J & McKeever, P (1978) Statistical methods to assess and minimize the role of intraindividual variability in obscuring the relationship between dietary lipids and serum cholesterol. J Chronic Dis 31, 399–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix Verdú, J & Mañas Almendros, MTabla de Composición de Alimentos Españoles, 3a edición Corregida y aumentada, p. 993. Granada: Universidad de GranadaGoogle Scholar
Pérez Rodrigo, C, Ribas, L, Serra-Majem, Ll, & Aranceta, J (2003) Food preferences of Spanish children and young people: the enKid study. Eur J Clin Nutr 57, Suppl. 1. S45–S48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra Majem, L (2004) Requerimientos nutricionales e ingestas recomendadas. Objetivos nutricionales y guías alimentarias. In Medicina Interna, 15a edición pp. 1981–1986 [Farreras-Rozman, editor]. Barcelona: Mosby/Doyma libros.Google Scholar
Serra Majem, L, Aranceta, J (eds) (2000) Desayuno y Equilibrio Alimentario. Estudio enKid. Barcelona: Masson.Google Scholar
Serra Majem, L, & Aranceta Bartrina, J. (eds) (2001) Obesidad Infantil y Juvenil. Estudio enKid, Vol. 2. Barcelona: Masson.Google Scholar
Serra Majem, L, Aranceta Bartrina, J (eds) (2002) Alimentación Infantil y Juvenil. Estudio enKid, Vol. 3. Barcelona: Masson.Google Scholar
Serra Majem, L, Aranceta Bartrina, JRodríguez Santos, F (eds) (2003a) Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Estudio enKid. Krece Plus, Vol. 4 Barcelona: Masson.Google Scholar
Serra-Majem, L, García-Closas, R, Ribas, L, Pérez-Rodrigo, C & Aranceta, J (2001) Food patterns of Spanish schoolchildren and adolescent. The enKid study. Public Health Nutr 4, 1433–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serra Majem, L, Ribas, L, Ngo, J, Ortega, R, García, A, Pérez, C, Aranceta, J (2004) Food, youth and the Mediterranean diet in Spain. Development of KIDMED, Mediterranean diet quality index in children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr 7, 931–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serra-Majem, Ll, Ribas, L, García, A, Pérez-Rodrigo, C & Aranceta, J (2003 d) Nutrient adequacy and Mediterranean diet in Spanish schoolchildren and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 57, Suppl. 1, S35–S39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra-Majem, LI, Ribas, L, Pérez-Rodrigo, C, García-Closas, R, Peña-Quintana, L & Aranceta, J (2002) Determinats of nutrient intake among children and adolescents: results from the enKid study. Ann Nutr Metab 46, Suppl. 1, 31–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra, Majem, Ll, Ribas, Barba, L, Aranceta, Bartrina, J, Pérez, Rodrigo, C, Saavedra, Santana, P, Peña & Quintana, L (2003 b) Obesidad infantil y juvenil en España. Resultados del estudio enKid (1998–2000). Med Clin (Barc) 121, 725–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra, Majem, Ll, Ribas, Barba, L, Pérez, Rodrigo, C, Roman, Viñas, B, Aranceta Bartrina, J (2003 c) Hábitos alimentarios y consumo de alimentos en la población infantil y juvenil española (1998–2000): variables socioeconómicas y geográficas. Med Clin (Barc) 121, 126–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar