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Terror, Hate and the Demands of Counter-Speech

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2019

Jeffrey W. Howard Open the ORCID record for Jeffrey W. Howard [Opens in a new window]
Jeffrey W. Howard*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University College London
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: jeffrey.howard@ucl.ac.uk
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Abstract

It is a familiar mantra of American politics that the best response to dangerous speech that incites violence and spreads hate is ‘more speech’. Yet the principle obscures at least three crucial questions. Who, in particular, is to undertake the counter-speech that the doctrine recommends? What, exactly, are they required to do? And why is it morally justified to demand that they do it? This article argues that if citizens are to rely on counter-speech to defuse the dangers of dangerous expression, it is not enough to cheerlead its abstract importance and then sit back and hope for the best. Someone needs to do the work, and do it well. The article defends the thesis that all citizens have a moral duty to engage in counter-speech against dangerous expression. Focusing on counter-speech against expression that implicitly or explicitly advocates wrongful criminal violence, it argues that these duties can be derived from a much more basic normative source: the samaritan obligation, held by all moral agents, to rescue others from risks of harm. The specification of these duties' content, however, depends upon interdisciplinary work that integrates normative theory with social scientific research on human communication.

Keywords

free speechhate speechdangerous speechcounter-speechsamaritanismcivic duties
Type
Article
Information
British Journal of Political Science , Volume 51 , Issue 3 , July 2021 , pp. 924 - 939
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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