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Acute, sublethal and combination effects of azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis toxins on Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2007

G. Singh ,
P. J. Rup  and
Opender Koul
G. Singh
Affiliation:
Insect Biopesticide Research Centre, 30 Parkash Nagar, Jalandhar 144 003, India
P. J. Rup
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
Opender Koul*
Affiliation:
Insect Biopesticide Research Centre, 30 Parkash Nagar, Jalandhar 144 003, India
*
*Fax: 181-2274336 E-mail: koul@jla.vsnl.net.in
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Abstract

The efficacy of neem (1500 ppm azadirachtin (AI)), Delfin®WG™, a biological insecticide based on selected strain of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) subspecies kurstaki, and Cry1Ac protein, either individually or in combination, were examined against first to fourth instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae. Using an oral administration method, various growth inhibitory concentrations (EC) and lethal concentrations (LC) were determined for each bioagent. Combinations of sublethal concentrations of Bt spray formulation with azadirachtin at EC50 or EC95 levels not only enhanced the toxicity, but also reduced the duration of action when used in a mixture. The LC20 and LC50 values for Cry1Ac toxin were 0.06 and 0.22 μg ml−1, respectively. Bt–azadirachtin combinations of LC50+EC20 and LC50+EC50 result in 100% mortality. The mortality also was significant in LC20+EC20 and LC20+EC50 mixtures. These studies imply that the combined action is not synergistic but complimentary, with azadirachtin particularly facilitating the action of Bt. The Bt spray–azadirachtin combination is more economical than combinations that involve isolating the toxic protein, as the Bt spray formulations can be combined in a spray mixture with neem. These combinations may be useful for controlling bollworm populations that have acquired resistance to Bt as they may not survive the effect of mixture. Azadirachtin may be useful as a means of reducing the endotoxin concentrations in a mixture, to promote increased economic savings and further reduce the probability of resistance development to either insect control agent.

Keywords

bollwormneemBt toxinscontrolazadirachtinHelicoverpa armigera
Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 97 , Issue 4 , August 2007 , pp. 351 - 357
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

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