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Behavioural response of wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata, Diptera: Anthomyiidae) larvae to the primary plant metabolite carbon dioxide

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2013

C.D. Rogers ,
K.A. Evans ,
J. Parker  and
V.A. Pappa
C.D. Rogers*
Affiliation:
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
K.A. Evans
Affiliation:
SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
J. Parker
Affiliation:
SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
V.A. Pappa
Affiliation:
Züricher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, Institut Umwelt und Natürliche Ressourcen, Grüental 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
*
*Author for correspondence Fax: +44 (0)131 535 4144 Phone: +44 (0)7725649393 E-mail: craigrogers22@hotmail.com
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Abstract

Wheat bulb fly (WBF) larvae use chemotaxis to orientate towards host-plant root exudates. This study aimed to investigate the role of the primary plant metabolite carbon dioxide (CO2) in host-plant location by WBF. Arena based behavioural experiments were used to identify whether CO2 induced chemotaxis (directional movement in response to a chemical stimulus) or kinesis (non-directional movement in response to a stimulus) from WBF larvae. No chemotactic response was observed when larvae were presented to a point source of CO2. However, elevated levels of CO2 induced kinesis, with both track length and tortuosity (number of twists and turns in the movement path) increasing at elevated CO2 levels of 1000–2000 ppm, demonstrating increased searching behaviour. Soil emission of CO2 was quantified to compare soil levels with those identified as eliciting behavioural effects on the larvae. Samples removed from soil gave a mean CO2 concentration of 557 (±46) ppm, which is lower than the lowest concentration of CO2 found to induce a behavioural response and higher than the lowest CO2 concentration tested, which was found not to alter behaviour. It is proposed that increased CO2 concentrations in the soil act as a behavioural trigger, inducing intensive searching of an area by WBF larvae. This increases the likelihood of finding more host-specific identifiers, such as secondary metabolites when near a potential host-plant.

Keywords

chemical ecologyCO2host locationpestphytophagoussemiochemical
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 103 , Issue 6 , December 2013 , pp. 675 - 682
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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