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Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

S.N. Surendran ,
S.H.P.P. Karunaratne ,
Z. Adamsn ,
J. Hemingway  and
N.J. Hawkes
S.N. Surendran
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
S.H.P.P. Karunaratne
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Z. Adamsn
Affiliation:
Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
J. Hemingway
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
N.J. Hawkes*
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
*
*Fax: 44 151 705 3369 E-mail: njhawkes@liv.ac.uk
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Abstract

With an increasing incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, particularly in northern provinces, insecticide-mediated vector control is under consideration. Optimizing such a strategy requires the characterization of sand fly populations in target areas with regard to species composition and extant resistance, among other parameters. Sand flies were collected by human bait and cattle-baited net traps on Delft Island, used as an illegal transit location by many refugees returning to the north of Sri Lanka from southern India where leishmaniasis is endemic. For species identification, genomic DNA was extracted and a fragment of the ribosomal 18S gene amplified. The sequence from all flies analysed matched that of Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale & Brunetti, the primary vector in India and the most likely vector in Sri Lanka. Independent morphological analysis also identified P. argentipes. To establish the current susceptibility status of vector species, data were obtained at the biochemical level, from which potential cross-resistance to alternative insecticides can be predicted. The Delft Island collection was assayed for the activities of four enzyme systems involved in insecticide resistance (acetylcholinesterase, non-specific carboxylesterases, glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome p450 monooxygenases), establishing baselines against which subsequent collections can be evaluated. There was preliminary evidence for elevated esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase in this population, the first report of these resistance mechanisms in sand flies to our knowledge, which probably arose from the malathion-based spraying regimes of the Anti-Malarial Campaign.

Keywords

Sri LankaPhlebotomus argentipesribosomal 18S geneinsecticide resistancebiochemical assaysacetylcholinesterasecarboxylesterase
Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 95 , Issue 4 , July 2005 , pp. 371 - 380
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

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