Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:59:12.955Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Oriental species of Helopeltis (Heteroptera: Miridae): a review of economic literature and guide to identification

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

Gary M. Stonedahl*
Affiliation:
International Institute of Entomology, London, UK
*
Gary M. Stonedahl, International Institute of Entomology, 56 Queen's Gate, London SW7 5JR, UK.

Abstract

The taxonomy of the Oriental species of Helopeltis is revised and a review of the economic literature is given. An identification key is provided for the 14 recognized species, one of which, H. sulawesi, is described as new. A diagnosis and brief description is given for each species, as well as illustrations of useful taxonomic characters, information on distributions and host records, and a discussion of any known or suspected misidentifications. Lectotype designations are made for 13 nominal species and the following new synonymies are established: H. bradyi Waterhouse = H. ceylonensis De Silva, syn. n and H. romundei Waterhouse, syn. n;H. cinchonae Mann = H. brevicornis Poppius, syn. n.;H. clavifer (Walker) = H. australiae Kirkaldy, syn. n and H. niger Walker, syn. n;H. cuneata Distant = H. elegans Poppius, syn. n;H. fasciaticollis Poppius = H. pallidus Poppius, syn. n and H. pallidiceps Poppius, syn. n;H. theivora Waterhouse = H. oryx Distant, syn. n The somewhat obscure synonymy of H. theobromae Miller under H. theivora is confirmed. Two subgenera are recognized and diagnosed: Afropeltissubgen. n (type species Eucerocoris westwoodi White), including all African species of the genus, and Helopeltis sensu stricto, containing the Oriental and Australasian species.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, C.C. & Nair, G.M (1981) Effective management of the tea mosquito bugs for breaking the yield barriers in cashew. Cashew Causerie 3, 67.Google Scholar
Abraham, E.V. (1958) Pests of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in south India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 28, 531543.Google Scholar
Ambika, B. & Abraham, C.C. (1979) Bio-ecology of Helopeltis antonii Sign. (Miridae: Hemiptera) infesting cashew trees. Entomon (India) 4, 335342.Google Scholar
Atkinson, E.T. (1890a) Catalogue of the Insecta. No. 2. Order Rhyncota. Suborder Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Family Capsidae. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 58(2), 25200.Google Scholar
Atkinson, E.T. (1890b) Notes on Indian economic entomology. Rhynchota. Indian Museum Notes 1(4), 175190.Google Scholar
Awang, A., Muhamad, R. & Chong, K.K. (1988) Comparative merits of cocoa pod and shoot as food sources of the mirid Helopeltis theobromae Miller. Planter 64, 100104.Google Scholar
Babu, R.S.H., Rath, S. & Rajput, C.B.S. (1983) Insect pests of cashew in India and their control. Pesticides 17, 816.Google Scholar
Bergroth, E. (1889) Notes on two Capsidae attacking the cinchona plantations in Sikkim. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 25, 271272.Google Scholar
Betrem, J.G. (1950) The control of the mosquito blight on the cocoa on Java. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm 1948, 593596.Google Scholar
Betrem, J.G. (1953) Het optreden van plaatselijke rassen bij Helopeltis antonii Sign. op Java. Tijdschrift over Plantenziekten 59, 174177.Google Scholar
Carvalho, J.C.M. (1952) On the major classification of the Miridae (Hemiptera). (With keys to subfamilies and tribes and a catalogue of the world genera). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciěncias 24, 31110.Google Scholar
Carvalho, J.C.M. (1955) Keys to the genera of Miridae of the world (Hemiptera). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 11, 1151.Google Scholar
Carvalho, J.C.M. (1957) Catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part I. Subfamilies Cylapinae, Deraeocorinae and Bryocorinae. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 44, 1158.Google Scholar
CIBC (Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control) (1983) Possibilities for the use of natural enemies in the control of Helopeltis spp. (Miridae). Biocontrol News and Information 4, 711.Google Scholar
Chong, K.K. (1987) The cocoa mirid in Peninsular Malaysia and its management. Planter 63, 516520.Google Scholar
Costa, A. (1864) Articolo 2. Descrizione di taluni Insetti stranieri dall'europa. Annuario del Museo Zoologico della R. Università di Napoli 2(2), 139153.Google Scholar
Damodaran, V.K. & Nair, M.P.B. (1969) Studies on the insecticidal control of Helopeltis antonii Signoret on cashew. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 7, 2830.Google Scholar
Das, S.C. (1984) Resurgence of tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterh., a serious pest of tea. Two & a Bud 31, 3639.Google Scholar
DASF (Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries, Papua New Guinea) (1971) Insect pest survey for the year ending 30th June, 1968. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 22, 179201.Google Scholar
Davis, N.T. (1955) Morphology of the female organs of reproduction in the Miridae (Hemiptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 48, 132150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Silva, M.D. (1957) A new species of Helopeltis (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Miridae) found in Ceylon. Bulletin of Entomological Research 48, 459461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devasahayam, S. (1985) Seasonal biology of tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Heteroptera: Miridae). A pest of cashew. Journal of Plantation Crops 13, 145147.Google Scholar
Devasahayam, S., Koya, K.M.A. & Kumar, T.P. (1986) Infestation of tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Heteroptera: Miridae) on black pepper and allspice in Kerala. Entomon (India) 11, 239241.Google Scholar
Devasahayam, S. & Nair, C.P.R. (1986) The tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret on cashew in India. Journal of Plantation Crops 14, 110.Google Scholar
Distant, W.L. (1903) Report on Rhynchota. Part I. Heteroptera. Fasciculi Malayenses. Zoology. Part II 1903, 219274.Google Scholar
Distant, W.L. (1904a) Rhynchotal notes. XX. Heteroptera. Fam. Capsidae (Part I). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)13, 103114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Distant, W.L. (1904b) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota. Vol. II (Heteroptera). 503 pp. London, Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Dun, G.S. (1954) Notes on cocoa capsids in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Gazette 8(4), 711.Google Scholar
Fernando, H.E. & Manickavasagar, P. (1956) Economic damage and control of cocoa capsid, Helopeltis sp. (fam. Capsidae, ord. Hemiptera) in Ceylon. Tropical Agriculturist 112, 2536.Google Scholar
Gaedike, H. (1971) Katalog der in den Sammlungen des ehemaligen Entomologischen Institutes aufbewahrten Typen. V. Heteroptera. Beitrage zur Entomologie 21, 79159.Google Scholar
Gopalan, M. & Perumal, R.S. (1973) Studies on the incidence of tea-mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii S.) on some varieties of guava. Madras Agricultural Journal 60, 8183.Google Scholar
Hamid, A.A. (1987) Insect pests of Acacia mangium Willd. in Sarawak. Sarawak Forest Department, Research Report FE-1, 110Google Scholar
Ibrahim, W.A. (1989) Erythmelus helopeltidis - an egg parasitoid of Helopeltis theobromae in cocoa. Planter 65, 211215.Google Scholar
Jeevaratnam, K. & Rajapakse, R.H.S. (1981) Biology of Helopeltis antonii Sign. (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Sri Lanka. Entomon (India) 6, 247251.Google Scholar
Kelton, L.A. (1959) Male genitalia as taxonomic characters in the Miridae (Hemiptera). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 11. 72 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkaldy, G.W. (1902) Memoir upon the Rhynchotal family Capsidae Auctt. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1902 (2), 243272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkaldy, G.W. (1908) Memoir on a few heteropterous Hemiptera from eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32, 768788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lever, R.J.A.W. (1949) The tea mosquito bugs (Helopeltis spp.) in the Cameron Highlands. Malayan Agriculture Journal 32, 91108.Google Scholar
Lim, T.K., Muhamad, R., Ching, G.F. & Chin, C.L. (1989) Studies on Beauveria bassiana isolated from the cocoa mirid, Helopeltis theobromae. Crop-Protection 8, 358362.Google Scholar
Mann, H.H. (1902) Notes on a disputed point in the life-history of Helopeltis theivora. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 71, 133134.Google Scholar
Mann, H.H. (1907) Individual and seasonal variations in Helopeltis theivora, Waterhouse, with description of a new species of Helopeltis. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India (Entomological Series) 1(4), 275337.Google Scholar
Miles, P.W. (1987) Plant-sucking bugs can remove the contents of cells without mechanical damage. Experientia 43, 937939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, N.C.E. (1939) A new Malayan species of Helopeltis (Rhynchota, Capsidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 30, 343344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, N.C.E. (1941) Insects associated with cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaya. Bulletin of Entomological Research 32, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muraleedharan, N. (1987) Entomological research in tea in southern India. Journal of Coffee Research 17, 8083.Google Scholar
Nair, G.M. & Abraham, C.C. (1982) Relative efficiency of some foliar insecticidal treatments for the control of Helopeltis antonii Signoret infesting cashew trees. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 20, 4148.Google Scholar
Nair, G.M. & Abraham, C.C. (1983) Control of Helopeltis antonii Signoret infesting cashew trees using dusting powder formulations of some common insecticides. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 21, 2126.Google Scholar
Nair, G.M. & Abraham, C.C. (1984) Relative efficiency of some of the common insecticides and their joint formulations with carbaryl against the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii Signoret) infesting cashew trees. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 22, 118123.Google Scholar
Peal, S.E. (1873) The tea-bug of Assam. Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India (New Series) 4(1), 126132.Google Scholar
Pillai, G.B. (1987) Integrated pest management in plantation crops. Journal of Coffee Research 17, 150153.Google Scholar
Pillai, G.B., Dubey, O.P. & Singh, V. (1976) Pests of cashew and their control in India. A review of current status. Journal of Plantation Crops 4, 3750.Google Scholar
Poppius, B. (1914) Zur Kenntnis der Miriden, Anthocoriden und Nabiden Javas und Sumatras. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie (Supplement) 56, 100187.Google Scholar
Poppius, B. (1915a) H. Sauters Formosa-Ausbeute: Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Termatophylidae, Miridae, Isometopidae und Ceratocombidae (Hemiptera). Archiv für Naturges-chichte (Series A) 80(8), 180.Google Scholar
Poppius, B. (1915b) Neue Orientalische Bryocorinen. Philippine Journal of Science 10, 7588.Google Scholar
Puttarudriah, M. & Appanna, M. (1955) Two new hosts of Helopeltis antonii Signoret in Mysore. Indian Journal of Entomology 17, 391392.Google Scholar
Rajapakse, R.R.S. & Jeevaratnam, K. (1983) Seasonal population changes of Helopeltis antonii (Heteroptera: Miridae) in cashew. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 21, 3842.Google Scholar
Reuter, O.M (1910) Neue Beiträge zur Phylogenie und Systematik der Miriden nebst einleitenden Bemerkungen über die Phylogenie der Heteropteren-Familien. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 37(3), 1167.Google Scholar
Roepke, W. (1916a) Zwei neue Gambir-schädliche Capsiden aus Sumatra. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 59, 180183.Google Scholar
Roepke, W. (1916b) Het Helopeltis vraagstuk in het bijzonder met betreking tot cocoa. Mededelingen van het Proefstation Midden-Java No. 21.Google Scholar
Ron, A.G. (1985) Pest status of cocoa. p. 72in Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, for the Year 1983. Ministry of Agriculture and Community Development, Sarawak.Google Scholar
Sathiamma, B. (1977) Nature and extent of damage by Helopeltis antonii S., the tea mosquito on cashew. Journal of Plantation Crops 5, 5859.Google Scholar
Schmitz, G. (1968) Monographie des espèces africaines du genre Helopeltis Signoret (Heteroptera, Miridae) avec un exposé des problèmes relatifs aux structures génitales. Annales Museé Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Serie In-8°, Sciences Zoologiques 168, 1247.Google Scholar
Schmitz, G. (1988) Note sur les Helopeltis Signoret, 1850 de la Région de Taï (Côte d'Ivoire) (Heteroptera, Miridae). Revue Frangaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Série) 10, 9199.Google Scholar
Schuh, R.T. (1976) Pretarsal structure in the Miridae (Hemiptera) with a cladistic analysis of relationships within the family. American Museum Novitates 2601, 139.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M.D. (1987) Phylogenetic revision of the Stenodemini with a review of the Mirinae (Heteroptera: Miridae). 383 pp. PhD dissertation, City University, New York.Google Scholar
Signoret, V. (1858) Descriptions de nouvelles espèces d'Hémiptères. II. Note sur les Hémiptères Héteroptéres de la famille des unicellules. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (3)6, 499502.Google Scholar
Slater, J.A. (1950) An investigation of the female genitalia as taxonomic characters in the Miridae (Hemiptera). Iowa State College Journal of Science 25, 181.Google Scholar
Smith, E.S.C. (1973) A laboratory rearing method for the cocoa mirid Helopeltis clavifer Walker (Hemiptera: Miridae). Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 24, 5253.Google Scholar
Smith, E.S.C. (1978) Host and distribution records of Helopeltis clavifer (Walker) (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 29, 14.Google Scholar
Smith, E.S.C. (1984) Results of three insecticide trials against cocoa podsuckers in the Northern Province. Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 33, 111.Google Scholar
Smith, E.S.C., Thistleton, B.M. & Pippet, J.R. (1985) Assessment of damage and control of Helopeltis clavifer (Heteroptera: Miridae) on tea in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 33, 123131.Google Scholar
Stål, C. (1870) Hemiptera insularum Philippinarum. Bidrag till Philippinska öarnes Hemipter-fauna. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 27(7), 607776.Google Scholar
Sundararaju, D. (1984) Cashew pests and their natural enemies in Goa. Journal of Plantation Crops 12, 3846.Google Scholar
Szent-Ivany, J.J.H. (1961) Insect pests of Theobroma cocoa in the territory of Papua and New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13, 127147.Google Scholar
Tan, G.S. (1974a) Helopeltis theivora theobromae on cocoa in Malaysia. I. Biology and population fluctuations. Malaysian Agricultural Research 3, 127132.Google Scholar
Tan, G.S. (1974b) Helopeltis theivora theobromae on cocoa in Malaysia. II. Damage and control. Malaysian Agricultural Research 3, 204212.Google Scholar
Tuck, H.C. (1987) Experiments on the chemical control of some insect pests of cocoa in Peninsular Malaysia with particular emphasis on Helopeltis theobromae. Planter 63, 6674.Google Scholar
Walker, F. (1871) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part IV. 211 pp. London, British Museum.Google Scholar
Walker, F. (1873) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. 210 pp. London, British Museum.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, C.O. (1886) Some observations on the tea-bugs (Helopeltis) of India and Java. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1886(4), 457459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterhouse, C.O. (1888) Additional observations on the teabugs (Helopeltis) of Java. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1888(2), 207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterhouse, C.O. (1889) [Note concerning Bergroth's description of H. febriculosa]. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 25, 273.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, C.O. (1894) Further observations on the tea-bugs (Helopeltis) of India. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1894(1), 3132.Google Scholar
Wood-Mason, J. (1884) Report on the tea-mite and tea-bug of Assam. 20 pp. London, Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar