Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T10:59:51.782Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Performance of the Nzi and other traps for biting flies in North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

S. Mihok ,
D.A. Carlson ,
E.S. Krafsur  and
L.D. Foil
S. Mihok*
Affiliation:
388 Church Street, Russell, Ontario, Canada, K4R 1A8
D.A. Carlson
Affiliation:
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
E.S. Krafsur
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3222, USA
L.D. Foil
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
*
*Fax: +1 (613) 943 0871 E-mail: smihok@rogers.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The performance of Nzi traps for tabanids (Tabanus similis Macquart, T. quinquevittatus Wiedemann, Chrysops aberrans Philip, C. univittatus Macquart, C. cincticornis Walker, Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macquart)), stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) and mosquitoes (Aedes) (Diptera: Culicidae) was investigated at various sites in Canada (Ontario, Alberta) and USA (Iowa, Florida, Louisiana). Traps made from selected fabrics, insect nettings and hand-dyed blue cotton were compared to the African design to provide practical recommendations for temperate environments. Comparisons of substituted materials showed that trap performance was optimal only when traps were made from appropriate fabrics in the colours produced by either copper phthalocyanine (phthalogen blue), or its sulphonated forms (turquoise). Fabrics dyed with other blue chromophores were not as effective (anthraquinone, disazo, formazan, indanthrone, triphenodioxazine). An appropriate texture as well as an appropriate colour was critical for optimal performance. Smooth, shiny synthetic fabrics (polyester, nylon) and polyester blends reduced catches. Low catches occurred even for nominal phthalogen blue, but slightly-shiny, polyester fabrics in widespread use for tsetse. The most suitable retail fabric in place of phthalogen blue cotton was Sunbrella Pacific Blue acrylic awning/marine fabric. It was both attractive and durable, and had a matching colour-fast black. Nzi traps caught grossly similar numbers of biting flies as canopy, Vavoua, and Alsynite cylinder traps, but with differences in relative performance among species or locations.

Keywords

tabanidsstable flycluster flymosquitoesNzi trapphthalogen blue
Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 96 , Issue 4 , August 2006 , pp. 387 - 397
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abeeluck, D., Ghoorbin, H.B. & Rawanansha, T. (2001) Potential of olfactory and visual baits for the control of Stomoxys nigra Macq. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Mauritius 91 – 97 Réduit, Mauritius Food and Agricultural Research Council.Google Scholar
Abel, P.M., Kiala, G., Loa, V., Behrend, M., Musolf, J., Fleischmann, H., Theophile, J., Krishna, S. & Stich, A. (2004) Retaking sleeping sickness control in Angola. Tropical Medicine and International Health 9, 141–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acapovi, G.L., Yao, Y., N'goran, E., Dia, M.L. & Desquesnes, M. (2002) Abondance relative des tabanidés dans la région des savanes de Côte d'Ivoire. Revue d'Élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 54, 109–114.Google Scholar
Agee, H.R. & Patterson, R.S. (1983) Spectral sensitivity of stable, face, and horn flies and behavioral responses of stable flies to visual traps (Diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology 12, 1823–1827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, S.A., Stoffolano, J.G. Jr. (1986) The effects of hue and intensity on visual attraction of adult Tabanus nigrovittatus (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 23, 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, S.A., Stoffolano, J.G., BennettJr., R.R. Jr., R.R. (1991) Spectral sensitivity of the horse fly Tabanus nigrovittatus (Diptera: Tabanidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, 369–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batchelor, S.N., Carr, D., Coleman, C.E., Fairclough, L. & Jarvis, A. (2003) The photofading mechanism of commercial reactive dyes on cotton. Dyes and Pigments 59, 269–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, M.L. & Baker, J.R. (2000) Comparison of greenhouse screening materials for excluding whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 93, 800–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brach, E.J. & Trimble, R.M. (1985) Effect of adhesive on the spectral reflectance of insect traps. Canadian Entomologist 117, 1565–1568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bracken, G.K. & Thorsteinson, A.J. (1965) The orientation behaviour of horse flies and deer flies (Tabanidae: Diptera) IV. The influence of some physical modifications of visual decoys on orientation of horse flies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 8, 314–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brightwell, R., Dransfield, R.D. & Kyorku, C. (1991) Development of a low-cost trap and odour baits for Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis in Kenya. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 5, 153–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broce, A.B. (1988) An improved Alsynite trap for stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 25, 406–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broce, A.B., Schwenke, J.R. & Hampton, K.E. (1991) Landing pattern of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on the Alsynite Cylinder trap: effect of wind speed and direction. Journal of Medical Entomology 28, 730–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buschman, L.L. & Patterson, R.S. (1981) Assembly, mating, and thermoregulatory behavior of stable flies under field conditions. Environmental Entomology 10, 16–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catts, E.P. (1970) A canopy trap for collecting Tabanidae. Mosquito News 30, 472–474.Google Scholar
Cilek, J. (2002) Attractiveness of beach ball decoys to adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 39, 127–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cilek, J.E. (2003) Attraction of colored plasticized corrugated boards to adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Florida Entomologist 86, 420–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cilek, J.E. & Medrano, G. (2000) Public perception of a trap to locally reduce yellow fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) nuisance in residential areas of northeastern Florida. Florida Entomologist 83, 26–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, H.S., Robb, K.L. & Wilen, C.A. (2002) Field trials measuring the effects of ultraviolet-absorbing greenhouse plastic films on insect populations. Journal of Economic Entomology 95, 113–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desquesnes, M. & Dia, M.L. (2004) Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle by the African tabanid Atylotus fuscipes. Veterinary Parasitology 119, 9–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doutoum, A.A., Delafosse, A., Elsen, P., Amsler-Delafosse, S. (2002) Vecteurs potentiels de Trypanosoma evansi chez les dromadaires au Tchad oriental. Revue d'Élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 55, 21–30.Google Scholar
Dransfield, R.D. & Brightwell, R. (1992) Use of attractive devices for tsetse survey and control Training manual for tsetse control. pp. 41–196 in Hursey, B.S. & Slingenbergh, J.H.W. (Eds) Training manual for tsetse control personnel, Volume 4. personnel, Volume Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Foil, L.D. & Hogsette, J.A. (1994) Biology and control of tabanids, stable flies and horn flies. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office Internationale des Epizooties 13, 1125–1158.Google ScholarPubMed
French, F.E. & Hagan, D.V. (1995) Two-tier box trap catches Chrysops atlanticus and C. fuliginosus (Diptera: Tabanidae) near a Georgia salt marsh. Journal of Medical Entomology 32, 197–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, G. & Torr, S.J. (1999) Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, J.M., Dagà, J.M., Gilabert, E.J. & Valldeperas, J. (2005) Evaluation of colour difference formulae. Coloration Technology 121, 147–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, C.H. (1988) The effect of colour on trap- and screen-oriented responses in Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, 591–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, C.H. (1989) The use of two-coloured screens for catching Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, C.H. (1994) Bait methods for tsetse fly control. Advances in Parasitology 34, 229–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, C.H. & Flint, S. (1986) An analysis of colour effects in the performance of the F2 trap against Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, 409–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, M.J.R. & Wall, R. (2004) Biting flies: their role in the mechanical transmission of trypanosomes to livestock and methods for their control. pp. 583–594 in Maudlin, I., Holmes, P.H. & Miles, M.A. (Eds) The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford, Oxon, CAB International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, L.V., Gurevitch, J. & Curtis, P.S. (1999) The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80, 1150–1156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbst, W. & Hunger, K. (2004) Industrial organic pigments 675 pp. Weinheim, Germany, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogsette, J.A. (1992) New diets for the production of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology 85, 2291–2294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hribar, L.J. & Foil, L.D. (1994) Color and uV reflectance of canopy traps for collecting horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Louisiana. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 19, 49–52.Google Scholar
Hribar, L.J., LePrince, D.J. & Foil, L.D. (1991) Design for a canopy trap for collecting horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 7, 657–659.Google ScholarPubMed
IAEA (2003) Improved attractants for enhancing tsetse fly suppression. Final report of the co-ordinated research project 1996–2002. IAEA-TECDOC-1373 Vienna, Austria International Atomic Energy AgencyGoogle Scholar
Koller, W.W., Barros, A.T.M., Madruga, C.R., Ismael, A.P.K., Martins, C.F., Soares, C.O., Araújo, F.R., Gorayeb, I.S., Mihok, S. & Araújo, C.P. (2003) Tabanids of an area infected by Trypanosoma vivax in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. 3 pp. CD-ROM 831.pdf in Tenth International Symposium for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics,Viña del Mar, Chile.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., Grébaut, P. (1990) Recherches sur les pièges à glossines (Diptera: Glossinidae). Mise au point d'un modèle économique: Le piège ‘Vavoua’. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 41, 185–192.Google ScholarPubMed
Laveissière, C., Couret, D., Grébaut, P. (1987a) Recherche sur les écrans pour la lutte contre les glossines en region forestière de Côte d'Ivoire. Mise au point d'un nouvel écran. Cahiers ORSTOM, séries Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 25, 145–164.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., Couret, D. & Manno, A. (1987b) Importance de la nature des tissus dans la lutte par piégeage contre les glossines. Cahiers ORSTOM, séries Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 25, 133–143.Google Scholar
Lysyk, T.J. (1993) Seasonal abundance of stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in dairies in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology 30, 888–895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mihok, S. (2002) The development of a multipurpose trap (the Nzi) for tsetse and other biting flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, 385–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mihok, S., Maramba, O., Munyoki, E. & Saleh, K. (1996) Phenology of Stomoxyinae in a Kenyan forest. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10, 305–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizell, R.F., III, Mizell, R.F., IV, Mizell, R.A. (2002) Trolling: a novel trapping method for Chrysops spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae). Florida Entomologist 85, 356–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nassau, K. (1998) Color for science, art and technology. 491 pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ndegwa, P.N. & Mihok, S. (1999) Development of odour-baited traps for Glossina swynnertoni Austen (Diptera: Glossindae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, 255–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ndegwa, P.N. & Ogodo, J.A. (2002) Community structure and diel activity patterns of Stomoxyinae from odour-baited Nzi trap collections. Insect Science and Its Application 22, 281–287.Google Scholar
Okello-Onen, J., Okoth, J.O., Abila, P.P., Matete, G.O., Wamwiri, F. & Politzar, H. (2004) Effectiveness of monoscreen traps for tsetse fly control. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9, 667–671.Google Scholar
Park, J. & Shore, J. (1999) Dye and fibre discoveries of the twentieth century. Part 4: Oil crisis... fibres crisis... dyes crisis. Coloration Technology 115, 298–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, J.N., Wall, C. & Greenway, A.R. (1980) Latin square designs in field experiments involving insect sex attractants. Ecological Entomology 5, 385–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, L., Molyneux, D.H. IAEA (1980) Construction details of the Challier/Laveissiere biconical trap. pp. 339–353 Isotope and radiation research on animal diseases and their vectors (Proceedings Series STI/PUB/525) Vienna International Atomic Energy Agenc.Google Scholar
Schreck, C.E., Kline, D.L., Williams, D.C. & Tidwell, M.A. (1993) Field evaluations in Malaise and canopy traps of selected targets as attractants for tabanid species (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 9, 182–188.Google ScholarPubMed
SDC & AATCC (1971) Colour index vols 1–5.. 3rd edn Bradford Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile Chemists and ColoristsGoogle Scholar
Shore, J. (1995) Cellulosics dyeing Bradford Society of Dyers and ColouristsGoogle Scholar
Steverding, D. & Troscianki, T. (2004) On the role of blue shadows in the visual behaviour of tsetse flies. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, Biology Letters 271, S16–S17Google ScholarPubMed
Thompson, P.H. (1969) Collecting methods for Tabanidae (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 62, 50–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torr, S.J., Hall, D.R., Phelps, R.J. & Vale, G.A. (1997) Methods for dispensing odour attractants for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, 299–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vale, G.A. (1998) Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to vegetation in Zimbabwe: implications for population distribution and bait siting. Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, S7–S59 Supplement 1Google Scholar
Vollmann, H. (1971) Phthalogen dyestuffs. pp. 283–311 in Venkataraman, K. (Ed.) The chemistry of synthetic dyes, Volume V. New York, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wall, W.J., Doane., O.W Jr., (1980) Large scale use of box traps to study and control saltmarsh greenhead flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Environmental Entomology 9, 371–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zacks, D.N. & Loew, E.R. (1989) Why is Alsynite fiber glass sheet attractive to stable flies. Experimental Biology 48, 215–222.Google ScholarPubMed