Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:55:30.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Trypanosome infection rates in Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. in Northern Nigeria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

A. M. Jordan
A. M. Jordan
Affiliation:
West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Northern Nigeria
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Previous records and new data on trypanosome infection rates in Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. in Northern Nigeria are presented, and discussed in relation to the hosts fed on by this tsetse fly. The new observations were carried out in three areas: at Mando and Gamagira, both lying in a fly-belt north of Kaduna, and in the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi Province.

Infection rates were obtained by dissection of flies, and the trypanosomes were identified by their locus; the validity of this method of identification is discussed. All infections with Trypanosoma spp. were attributable either to the vivax group or to the conrgolense group; no brucen-group trypanosomes were identified. More than 260 flies from each area were examined during March 1962, at the end of the dry season, and similar numbers during October 1962, at the end of the wet season.

There was no significant difference between dry-season and wet-season infection rates in any area. Taking the two seasons together, the rate at Yankari (12%) was significantly higher than the rates at Mando (5%) and Gamagira (3%), which did not differ significantly. These contrasting infection rates could be related to the host species principally fed on by flies in the different areas as shown by blood-meal determinations. The lowest infection rates occurred where Suidae furnished a high proportion of meals (Mando, 51%; Gamagira, 67%) and Bovidae a small proportion (Mando, 16%; Gamagira, 9%). The high infection rate at Yankari was associated with a high proportion of Bovid meals (53%), especially from buffalo (Syncerus nanus) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), and a lower proportion of Suid meals (33%). For the three areas the relationship between infection rate and percentage of Bovid meals was statistically significant.

The species groups of infecting trypanosomes showed further contrasts between the three areas which were unrelated to the total infection rates. At Gamagira, 81 per cent, of infections were congolense group, and this proportion was significantly higher than that at Mando (45%) or Yankari (37%). The differences could be related to the types of host from which blood-meals were principally derived. The highest proportion of congolense-group infections occurred where the highest percentage of meals came from Suidae (Gamagira, 67%), and lower proportions occurred at Mando and Yankari where Suid feeds were relatively fewer (51% and 33%, respectively).

These findings are discussed in the light of existing evidence on the factors governing infection rates in Glossina. It is concluded that, within the over-riding influence exerted by temperature through geographical latitude, infection rates are determined by the type of host that forms the principal source of food. In some populations of Glossina the influence of the nature of the main food source can be sufficient to obscure the general effect of temperature in determining the level of infection. Some of the reasons for these relationships are discussed.

Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 55 , Issue 2 , August 1964 , pp. 219 - 231
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1964

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ashcroft, M. T. (1959). The importance of African wild animals as reservoirs of trypanosomiasis.—E. Afr. med. J. 36 pp. 289–297.Google ScholarPubMed
Ashcroft, M. T.. Burtt, E. & Fairbairn, H. (1959). The experimental infection of some African wild animals with Trypanosoma rhodesiense, T. brucei and T. congolense.—Ann. trap. Med. Parasit. 53 pp. 147–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burtt, E. (1946). Incubation of tsetse pupae: increased transmission-rate of Trypanosoma rhodesiense in Glossina morsitans.—Ann. trap. Med. Parasit. 40 pp. 18–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, P. A. (1955). The natural history of tsetse flies.—Mem. Lond. Sch. Hyg. trap. Med. no. 10, 816 pp.Google Scholar
Chorley, J. K. (1929). Experiments in grass fires against Glossina. morsitans in Southern Rhodesia.—Bull. ent. Res. 20 pp. 377–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairbairn, H. & Culwick, A. T. (1950). The transmission of the polymorphic trypanosomes.—Acta trop. 7 pp. 19–47.Google Scholar
Fairbaien, H. & Watson, H. J. C. (1955). The transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Glossina palpalis.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 49 pp. 250–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontoura De Sequeira, L. A. (1935). Rapport de la mission médicale à la Colonie de Guinée en 1932.—86 pp. Lisbon, Minist. Colon., École méd. trop.Google Scholar
Ford, J. & Leggate, B. M. (1961). The geographical and climatic distribution of trypanosome infection rates in G. morsitans group of tsetse-flies (Glossina Wied., Diptera).—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 55 pp. 383–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godfrey, D. G. (1960). Types of Trypanosoma congolense. I.—Morphological differences.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 54 pp. 428–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, W. B. & Lloyd, Ll. (1923). First report of the tsetse-fly investigation in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.—Bull. ent. Res. 13 pp. 373–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, A. M. (1961). An assessment of the economic importance of the tsetse species of southern Nigeria and the Southern Cameroons based on their trypanosome infection rates and ecology.—Bull. ent. Res. 52 pp. 431–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, A. M., Lee-Jones, F. & Weitz, B. (1961). The natural hosts of tsetse flies in the forest belt of Nigeria and the Southern Cameroons.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 55 pp. 167–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, A. M., Lee-Jones, F. & Weitz, B. (1962). The natural hosts of tsetse flies in Northern Nigeria.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 56 pp. 430–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinghorn, A., Yorke, W. & Lloyd, Ll. (1913). Final report of the Luangwa Sleeping Sickness Commission of the British South Africa Company 1911–12,—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 7 pp. 183–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, Ll. (1930). Some factors influencing the trypanosome infection rate in tsetse flies.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 23 pp. 533–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, Ll. & Johnson, W. B. (1924). The trypanosome infections of tsetse-flies in Northern Nigeria and a new method of estimation.—Bull. ent. Res. 14 pp. 265–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, Ll., Johnson, W. B. & Rawson, P. H. (1927). Experiments in the control of tsetse-fly.—Bull. ent. Res. 17 pp. 423–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, Ll., Johnson, W. B., Young, W. A. & Morrison, H. (1924). Second report of the tsetse-fly investigation in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.—Bull. ent. Res. 15 pp. 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, Ll., Lester, H. M. O., Taylor, A. W. & Thornewill, A. S. (1933). Experiments in the control of tsetse fly. Part II.—Bull. ent. Res. 24 pp. 233–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peel, E. (1962). Identification of metacyclic trypanosomes in the hypopharynx of tsetse flies, infected in nature or in the laboratory.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 56 pp. 339–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderplank, F. L. (1945). A note on wild Glossina austeni infective with Trypanosoma congolense.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 39 p. 62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderplank, F. L. (1947). Seasonal and annual variation in the incidence of trypanosomiasis in game.–Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 41 pp. 365–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Hoof, L., Henrard, C. & Peel, E. (1937). Influences modificatrices de la transmissibilité cyclique du Trypanosoma gambiense par Glossina pal-palis.— Soc. belge Méd. trop. 17 pp. 249–272.Google Scholar
Wijers, D. J. B. (1958). Factors that may influence the infection rate of Glossina palpalis with Trypanosoma gambiense. I.—The age of the fly at the time of the infected feed.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 52 pp. 385–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed