The Development of English t, d, in North Indian Languages

Extract

It is often said that Portuguese dental t, d, remain dental in India and that English alveolar t, d, become cerebral. It would follow that words like kaptān and botal and haspatāl, usually stated to be from English, must be Portuguese. The question cannot be disposed of so simply; there seem to have been cross influences at work, and sometimes there are different forms of the same word. See S. R. Dalgado's works passim for valuable suggestions.