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Early Islamic theological and juristic terminology: Kitāb al-Ḥudūdfi 'l-uṣūl, by Ibn Fūrak

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2009

M. A. S. Abdel-Haleem
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Extract

In our very first grammar lesson at the primary school of al-Azhar we were introduced to al-mabādi’ al-‘ashara, ‘The Ten Introductory Aspects’ with which the textbook began. We learnt then that these ten aspects, as handed down by the ancient tradition, were points to be considered when embarking on each fann (branch of knowledge). ‘They said: it is incumbent upon him who sets out to expound a book to deal in the introduction with certain things before he begins with the intended subject matter’ Such was the importance of ‘The Ten ’ in traditional Islamic education that they were formulated in two lines of verse, in more than one version, to aid the memory of learners.

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Articles
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 54 , Issue 1 , February 1991 , pp. 5 - 41
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1991

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References

1 al-Tuhfa 'l-saniyya (a commentary on the condensed al-Ajrūmiyya by Ibn Ajurrūm of Ṣanhāja (d 723'1323) by 'Abdel Ḥamīd, M. M.. Cairo. Many editionsGoogle Scholar.

2 Kashshāf iṣṭilāḥāt al-funūn by al-Tahānawī, M. A. F. (Calcutta, 1862), 10.Google Scholar

3 ibid., 11.”

4 e.g. 'Alī al-Shawkānī, M. b., Irshād al-fuhūl (Cairo, 1930), 19Google Scholar.

5 e.g. on the definition of ṣalāh and ṣawm see al-Ḥarīrī, A., al-Fiqh ‘ala ’l-madhāhib al-arba'a, I (Cairo, n.d.), 175 and 541Google Scholar.

6 Khallāf, A., ‘Ilm usūl al-fiqh (Cairo, 1977), 142–3Google Scholar.

7 Mafātīh al-'ulūm (Leiden, 1895), 2–3Google Scholar.

8 al-Rāziq, M. 'Abd: Tamhīd li-tārīkh al-falsafa 'l-islāmiyya (Cairo, 1979), 7Google Scholar.

9 Shākir, Ahmad, al-Bā'ith al-hathīth (Cairo, 1979), 7Google Scholar.

10 M. A. Abū Rīda, Rasā'ilal-kindī 'l-falsafiyya (Cairo, 1950), 19. (It should be noted that Abū Rīda does not agree with Massignon that al-Kindī died in 246 (ibid., 5.)

11 Mukhtār rasā'il Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān, ed. P., Kraus (Cairo, 1354/1935), 97–114 (under Kitāb al-Ḥuḍūd);Google Scholaral-A'sam, A., al-Muṣṭalaḥ al-falsafī ‘ind al-’arab (Baghdad, 1985), 163–86Google Scholar.

12 Abū Rīda, Rasā'il al-kindī, 19, 165–80; al-A'sam, al-Mustalah, 189–203. In this connexion we should mention al-Fārābi's work: Kitāb al-ḥurūf. Other works by him, such as Kitāb al-alfāẓ almusta'mala fi ‘l-manṭiq and Iḥṣā‘ al-'ulūm, are relevant in regard to the definition of terms.

13 Abu, Rīda, Rasa'il al-kindi, 164.Google Scholar

14 Cairo. 1928, 359–72Google Scholar.

15 al-Shāfi'ī, Ḥ. M. (ed'), al-Mubīn fī sharh alfāẓ al-ḥukāma' wa-'l-mutakallimīn (Cairo, 1983)Google Scholar.

16 al-A'sam, A., al-Muṣṭalaṣ, 56–699; 229–263;Google Scholar see also Goichon, A. M., Kitāb al-ṣudūd li Ibn Sīnā (Cairo, 1963);Google Scholaral-'Abd, A., in al-hudūd fī thalāth rasā'il (Cairo, 1978)Google Scholar.

17 al-A'sam, , al-Muṣṭalaṣ, 265–301;Google Scholaral-Ghazālī, , Mi'vār al-'ilm, ed. Ḥ., Sharara (Beirut, 1964). 196–230Google Scholar.

18 See al-Shāfi'ī, H. M., al-Mubīm. 31–2Google Scholar.

19 ibid., 20.

20 Maṣmūd, Z. N., Jābir ibn Hayyān (Cairo, 1961), 52Google Scholar.

21 Omar, M. M., Muṣāḍarāt fi 'ilm al-lugha (Cairo, 1968), 199Google Scholar.

22 al-Shāfīī, Ḥ. M., dl-Mubīn, 26Google Scholar.

23 Geschichte des arabischen Schrifturns, I, 611.

24 University of Mash-had, al-Dhikra 'l-alfiyya li 'l-shaykh al-Ṭūsī, II (Meshed, 1972), 150–81Google Scholar.

25 ibid., 219–33; al-Ṭihrānī in his al-Dharīa, 6, no. 1612, gives al-Barīdī as al-Burdī, perhaps a printing error.

26 University of Mash-had, al-Dhikra.

27 al-Shafīī, H. M., al-Mubīn, 28Google Scholar.

28 ibid., 46.

29 al-Mubīn was published in Cairo in 1983 in an excellent edition with introduction by Dr. Ḥasan Maṣmūd, al-Shāfi'ī of Cairo University; in Baghdad by al-A'sam, in his al-Muṣṭalaṣ, 303–88Google Scholar.

30 al-A'sam, 32.

31 ‘ Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsi and his Tajrīd al-i'tiqād: an edition and a study, by Laṭif, H. M. 'Abdel Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1977.Google Scholar

32 pp. 5–6. The second maqāla was isolated in a separate risāla of al-Ḥudūd al-falsafiyya in the manuscript discovered by al-A'sam, and published in his al-Muṣṭalaṣ, 205–28Google Scholar.

33 See the introduction to the kashshāf ot Tahānawī (Cairo, 1963) p. [d]Google Scholar.

34 al-Burhān fī uṣūl al-fiqh, I (Qatar, 1399/1978), 449Google Scholar.

35 See al-Nashshār, A. S., Manähij al-bahth ind mufakkirī al-islām (Beirut, 1984), 99;Google ScholarSa'dal-Dīn, al-Taftāzanī, Sharṣ al-‘aqā’id al-nasafīyya (Damascus, 1974), 4–5Google Scholar.

36 Incidentally, the only work we have before Ibn Fūrak that repeats the word ṣadd with every new entry is Risālal al-ṣudūd, by Ḥayyān, Jābir b.Google Scholar.

37 'Asākir, Ibn, Tabyīn kadhib al-muftarī (Damascus, 1347/1928), 232;Google ScholarTaghrībirdī, Ibn, al-Nujūm al-zāhira (Cairo, 1933), IV, 240)Google Scholar.

38 See for instance, al-Risāla 'l-qushayriyya (Cairo, 1972), 661–2;Google Scholaral-Burhān fi-usūl al-fiqh (Qatar, 1399/1978), 354–5, 820;Google ScholarṬabaqāt al-shāfi'iyya (Cairo, 1966), iv, 134–5;Google ScholarKitāb al-ṣudūd, nos. 93–4, 112. In Hudūd no. 17 Ibn Fūrak talks of God as al-rabb, using a Qur'ānic word, rather than wālih alwujād, as did later theologians. That this is his standpoint is confirmed by his views as cited by 'All ‘Umar, al-Sakūnī in 'Uyūn al-munāẓarāt (University of Tunis, 1976), 277–8.Google Scholar Compare also Hudūd 109 with p. 9 in the Muqaddima of Ibn Fūrak; 111–12 with p. 5; 113 with p. 10; 114, 128 with p. 6, where we find wording identical with Ḥudūd 113, and almost so with 112. We find also these same ideas of Ibn Fūrak's expressed in Ḥudūd 112–13, and attributed to him in al-Burhān of Imām al-Haramayn, I, 449–50, which in this case confirms Ibn Fūrak's Shāfi'ī rather than Ḥanafī standpoint. Compare also nn. 47–8 below.

39 Kitāb mushkil al-hadīth, 4.

40 al-Dhikra '1-alfiyya li l-shaykh al-Ṭūsī, II, 219.

41 ibid., 153,240.

42 See ‘ Taḳīya’ El; Rāzī, Muṣaṣṣal afkār al-mutaqaddimīn wa-'l-muta 'akhkhirīn (Beirut, 1984), 365–6Google Scholar.

43 See al-Āmidī, , Ghāyat al-marām fī 'ilm al-kalām (Cairo, 1971), 206–7Google Scholar.

44 ibid., 156–67. For a general view of the Mu'tazilite theology see the El.

45 We have seen earlier that this combination was continued later by a number of authors.

46 For the two types see Khaldūn, Ibn, Muqaddima (Beirut, 1886), 465–6;Google Scholar al-Taftāzanī, Sharṣ al-‘aqa’id al-nasafiyva, 5–6.

47 Khallaf, A., 'Ilm uṣūl al-fiqh, 18Google Scholar.

48 See Shafi'ī, Ḥ. M.Google Scholar, 'al-Mubin, 566–92.

49 See Al-Nashshar, A. S.Manahij al-bahth, 102–4Google Scholar.

50 ibid., 579–81.

51 Tabyīn kadhib al-muftarī..., 126–7, 136.

52 See index of al-Risāla al-Qushayriyya; al-Burhan fi-uḤūl al fiqh.

53 al-Marāghī, A. M.al-Fatṣ al-mubin fi ṭabaqāt al-u (Cairo, n.d.) l, 239.Google Scholar

54 See article on Ibn Fūrak in El