Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:18:24.917Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A reconsideration of al-qāḍī al-Nu'mān's madhhab

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

Extract

It has been generally accepted by modern scholars that al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān was in the beginning either a Mālikī or a Ḥanafī and that he subsequently became an Imāmī and finally adopted the Ismā'īlī faith. The Imāmī savants, from al-Qāḍī Nūr Allāh Shūshtarī to Āghā Buzurg-i Tihrānī, maintain that al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān was one of their co-religionists. Ismā'īlīs, on the other hand, regard him as one of the pillars of their da'wa. In the light of recently discovered sources and of the consequent revaluation and reinterpretation of earlier works, a re-examination of the question of al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān's madhhab becomes necessary. The present article attempts to do precisely that, and show how and when the theory of al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān's conversion originated.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 For the detailed description of the sources, cf. Poonawala, I. K., ‘Al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān's works and the sources’, BSOAS, XXXVI, 1, 1973, 109–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 al-Nūrī, Mïrzä Ḥusayn, Mustadrak al-wasā'il, Tehran, 1318–21/19001903, III, 319Google Scholar.

3 Qummī, 'Abbās, Fawā'id al-Riḍawīya, Tehran, 1327/19481949, II, 572Google Scholar.

4 He is said to have spent several years in Cairo during the second decade of the fifth/eleventh century, cf. al-Khwānsārī, Muḥammad al-Bāqir, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, Tehran, 1367/1948, 552–3Google Scholar.

5 al-Najāshī, Aḥmad b. 'Alī, Kitāb al-rijāl, Tehran, n.dGoogle Scholar.

6 al-Ṭūsī, Abū Ja'far Muḥammad, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, Najaf, 1961Google Scholar; idem, al-Fihrist, ed. Muḥammad Ṣādiq, Najaf, 1960.

7 Shahrāshūb, Ibn, Ma'ālim al-'ulamā', ed. Iqbāl, 'Abbās, Tehran, 1353/1934, 113Google Scholar.

8 Ibn Shahrāshūb states that Sharḥ al-akhbār deals with the faḍā'il of the Imāms until Ja'far al-Ṣādiq. Thus, it seems that the later parts of the book (parts XIV–XVI, cf. al-Majdū', Ismā'īl b. 'Abd al-Rasūl, Fihrist, ed. Munzavi, A., Tehran, 1966, 6972Google Scholar) dealing with Ismā'īl b. Ja'far and his son Muḥammad, the hidden Imāms, the good tidings about the appearance of al-Mahdī, etc., were probably removed from it. The copy of this book in the possession of al-Nūrī, Mīrzā Ḥusayn (Mustadrak al-wasā'il, III, 321)Google Scholar and now deposited in the central library, University of Tehran (Munzavī, A. and Dānish-pazhūh, M. T. (comp.), Fihrist-i kitābkhāna-i markazī-i Dānishgāh-i Tihrān, Tehran, 1330/19511952—1340/1961–2, v, 1365–74Google Scholar) also does not contain the later parts.

9 al-Nu'mān, Al-Qāḍī, Iftitāḥ al-da'wa, ed. al-Qāḍī, Wadād, Beirut, 1970, 33Google Scholar; Hamdāni, H. F., al-Ṣulayḥīyūn, Cairo, 1955, 30Google Scholar.

10 al-Ḥammādī, Muḥammad b. Mälik, Kashf asrār al-Bāṭinīya, ed. al-'Aṭṭār, 'Izzat, Cairo, 1939, 21Google Scholar; al-Janadī, al-Bahā', al-Sulūk in Kay, H. C. (ed. and tr.), Yaman, its early mediaeval history, London, 1892, Arabic, 139Google Scholar.

11 Khaldūn, Ibn, Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn, Beirut, 19561959, IV, 65Google Scholar; Ḥasan, Ḥasan Ibrāhim, Tārīkh al-dawla al-Fāṭimīya, Cairo, 1958, 47Google Scholar.

12 al-Juwaynī, 'Aṭā Malik, Tārīkh-i Jahāngushā, ed. QazvīnīMirzā, Muḥammad Mirzā, Muḥammad (Gibb Memorial Series, XVI, 1–3), Leiden, 19121937, III, 188Google Scholar; Mustawfī, Ḥamd AllāhTārīkh-i Guzīda, ed. Navā'ī, 'Abd al-Ḥusayn, Tehran, 1339/1960–1, 518Google Scholar.

13 He himself was an Imāmī and remained in power for a little over one year and with his assassination on 16 Muḥarram 526/1131 the Imāmī faith was reversed. Muyassar, Ibn, Akhbār Miṣr, ed. Massé, Henri, Cairo, 1919, 74–5Google Scholar; Khallikān, Ibn, Wafayāt al-a'yān, ed. al-Dīn, M. Muḥy, Cairo, 1948, II, 400–1Google Scholar; al-Maqrīzī, al-Khiṭaṭ, Baghdād, , 1970 (offset print of Būlāq edition), II, 17Google Scholar.

Ibn Taghrībirdī, on the contrary, states that Abū 'Alī Aḥmad was a Sunnite; however, he believed in the doctrine of al-Imām al-muntaẓar, cf. al-Nujūm al-zāhira, Cairo, 19291956, v, 239Google Scholar. Cf. also Stern, S. M., ‘The succession to the Fatimid Imam al-Āmir’, Oriens, IV, 2, 1951, 193255CrossRefGoogle Scholar; al-Shayyāl, Jamāl al-Dīn, Majmū'at al-wathā'iq al-Fāṭimīya, Cairo, 1958, 8992Google Scholar; Mājid, 'Abd al-Mun'im, Ẓuhūr khilāfat al-Fāṭimīyīn, Cairo, 1968, 426–7Google Scholar.

14 Shūshtarī, , Majālis al-mu'minīn, Tehran, 1375–6/19561957, I, 538–9Google Scholar.

15 Al-Astarābādī, , Manhaj al-maqāl, Tehran, 1307/1890, 512Google Scholar.

16 al-'Āmilī, Al-Ḥurr, Amal al-āmil, ed. al-Ḥusaynī, Aḥmad, Baghdād, 1385/1956, II, 335Google Scholar.

17 Al-Majlisī, , Biḥār al-anwār, Tehran, 1376/19561957, I, 20Google Scholar.

18 ibid., I, 38–9.

19 Unfortunately, al-Nūrī does not give his full name, hence I am unable to identify him. He might be the same as Sulaymān b. 'Abdallāh al-Buḥrānī al-Sarawī (d. 1121/1709), listed by al-Khwānsārī, , op. cit., 303–5Google Scholar.

20 Al-Nūrī, , op. cit., III, 314Google Scholar.

21 Al-Ṭabāṭabā'ī, , Rijāl al-Sayyid Baḥr al-'Ulūm, ed. Muḥammad, and al-'Ulüm, Ḥusayn Baḥr, Najaf, 1385–6/19651967, IV, 514Google Scholar. Ḥasan b. 'Alī Yazdī (d. 1297/1880) quotes both al-Majlisī and Ibn Shahrāshūb regarding al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān's madhhab, cf. Hidāyat al-asmā fī bayān kulub al-'ulamā', ed. Dānish-pazhūh, in Bulletin de la Bibliothèque Centrale de l'Université de Tehran, vi, 1348/19691970, 15Google Scholar.

22 Al-Khwānsārī, , op. cit., 727–8Google Scholar.

23 Al-Nūrī, , op. cit., III, 291, 313–22Google Scholar. In his Nasīm-i bahārī dar aḥwál-i Ḥakīm-i Nizārī, Mashhad, 1344/1965, 78Google Scholar, Murtaḍā Mujtahidzāda agrees with al-Nūrī that al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān was an Imāmī.

24 The importance of this discussion seems to have escaped A. A. A. Fyzee, cf. ‘Qāḍī an-Nu'mān: the Fatimid jurist and author’, JRAS, 1934, pt. 1, 5Google Scholar.

25 Qummī, , op. cit., II, 693–4Google Scholar.

26 Buzurg, Āghā, al-Dharī'a ilā taṣānīf al-Shī'a, Najaf and Tehran, 1355–90/19361970, i, 60Google Scholar.

27 Al-Amīn, , A'yān al-Shī'a, Beirut, 1960–, L, 1315Google Scholar.

28 Khallikān, Ibn, op. cit., v, 48Google Scholar; cf. also Becker, C. H., Beiträge zur Geschichte Ägyptens unter dem Islam, Strassburg, 1902, 11Google Scholar.

28 Fyzee, , op. cit., 8Google Scholar.

30 Ivanow, W., A guide to Ismaili literature, London, 1933, 37Google Scholar; idem, Ismaili literature, Tehran, 1963, 32.

31 Ḥusayn, M. Kāmil, Fī adab Miṣr al-Fāṭimīya, Cairo, 1950, 43Google Scholar; al-Nu'mān, al-Qäḍī, Kitāb al-himma, ed. Ḥusayn, M. Kāmil, Cairo, n.d., 6Google Scholar.

32 Strothmann, R., ‘Recht der Ismailiten’, Der Islam, XXXI, 2–3, 1954, 131Google Scholar.

33 Al-Ash'arī, , Kitāb al-maqālāl wa 'l-firaq, ed. Mashkūr, M. Javād, Tehran, 1963, 102–6Google Scholar.

34 Al-Nawbakhtī, , Firaq al-Shī'a, ed. Ritter, H., Istanbul, 1931, 90–3Google Scholar.

35 Fayyāḍ, 'Abdallāh, Tārīkh al-Imāmīya, Baghdad, 1970, 7385Google Scholar.

36 This appellation was used in contradistinction to al-Wāqifa who denied the death of Mūsā al-Kāẓim, maintaining that he was raised to the Heavens and would reappear as al-Qaṭ'im. Al-Qaṭ'īya, on the other hand, asserted the death of Mūsā al-Kāẓẓim, maintaining the Imāmate of his son 'Ali al-Riḍā.

37 Al-Räzï, , Kitāb al-zīna, MS, Hamdani collection, 374Google Scholar. Two parts of it are edited by H. F. Hamdānī, Cairo, 1956–8. Abū Ḥātim states that most of the groups of al-Qaṭ'īya described by him have already vanished except two; one, maintaining the Imāmate of al-'Askarī's hidden son; the other, maintaining the Imāmate of Ja'far, al-'Askarī's brother.

38 al-Nu'mān, Al-Qāḍī, Sharḥ al-akhbār, MS, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, xiv, 1722Google Scholar.

39 Al-Ash'arī, , Kitāb maqālāt al-Islāmīyīn, ed. Ritter, H., second ed., Wiesbaden, 1963, 1617Google Scholar.

40 ibid., 17–30. Abū 'l-Qāsim 'Abd al-Wāḥid b. Aḥmad al-Kirmānī, who lived during the first half of the sixth/twelfth century, uses the term Imāmīya in the same way as al-Ash'arī does and for the Twelvers he uses the appellation al-Qaṭ'īya, cf. Dānish-pazhūh, M. T., ‘Guftār-i Abū 'l-Qāsim al-Wāḥid b. Aḥmad Kirmānī dar bāra-i haftād-u-sih gurūh’, Bulletin de la Faculté des Lettres (Mashhad), xvi, 1, 1343/19641965, 35–6Google Scholar.

41 al-Malaṭi, Abū 'l-Ḥusayn Muḥammad, Kitāb al-tanbīh wa 'l-radd, ed. Dedering, Sven, Istanbul, 1936, 1427Google Scholar.

42 al-Baghdādī, 'Abd al-Qāhir, al-Farq bayn al-firaq, ed. al-Din, M. Muhy, Cairo, n.d., 21, 23Google Scholar. Al-Qaṭ'īya and al-Ithnā-'ashariya are mentioned as distinct groups.

43 Ḥazm, Ibn, Kitāb al-faṣl fī 'l-milal, Cairo, 1317–21/1899–19031904, IV, 181Google Scholar.

44 al-Isfarā'inī, Abū Muẓaffar, al-Tabṣīr fī'l-dīn, ed. al-Kawtharī, M. Zāhid, Cairo, 1940, 16, 20–4Google Scholar. He uses the appellation al-Qaṭ'īya and states that they are also called al-Ithnā-'asharīya.

45 Al-Shahrastānī, , al-Milal wa 'l-niḥal, ed. al-Wakīl, 'Abd al-'Azīz, Cairo, 1968, i, 162–5, 167–73Google Scholar. He prefers the term al-Ithnā-'asharīya to al-Qaṭ'īya. He is generally regarded as an Ash'arī; however, he was an Ismā'īlī and held the rank of dā'ī al-du'āt in the da'wa hierarchy. A detailed description of the sources and his works which bear an Ismā'īlī imprint has been given in my forthcoming book, History of Ismā'īlī literature.

46 Ibn Khaldūn sometimes uses the term Imāmī in its loose sense, cf. Khaldūn, Ibn, op. cit., iv, 58Google Scholar.

47 Taghrībirdī, Ibn, op. cit., IV, 106–7Google Scholar.

48 Idris, H. R., La Berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes, Paris, 1962, 67, 559, 699, 734Google Scholar.

49 Lokhandwala, S., The origins of lsmā'īlī law (Oxford D.Phil, thesis, 1951), 22Google Scholar.

50 In his al-Qaṣīda al-muntakhdba (MS collection of Poonawala, Qurbān Husayn F.), 34Google Scholar, composed during the reign of the second Fāṭimid caliph al-Qā'im, al-Qāḍim, al-Nu'mān refers to his earlier work Kitāb al-īdālḥ. It was regarded as one of the highly treasured books by th e third Fāṭimid caliph al-Manṣūr, cf. Sīred Ustādh Jawdhar, ed. Ḥusayn, M. Kāmil and al-Hādī, M. 'Abd, Cairo, 1954, 53Google Scholar.

51 al-Nu'mān, Al-Qāḍī, al-Urjūza al-mukhtāra, ed. Poonawala, I. K., Montreal, 1970Google Scholar.

52 Kitäb al-himma, 33.

53 Al-Maqrīzī, , Itti'āẓ al-ḥunafā' ed. al-Shayyāl, Jamāl al-Dīn, Cairo, 1967, 41Google Scholar. al-Nu'mān, Al-Qāḍī states in Iftitāḥ al-da'wa, 54–8Google Scholar, that both the aforementioned dā'īs were sent in 145/762 by Imām Ja'far al-Ṣādiq; see also Khaldūn, Ibn, op. cit., iv, 65Google Scholar.

54 Iftitāḥ al-da'wa, 59 ff.; Itti'āẓ al-ḥunafā 55 ff.

55 al-Athīr, Ibn, al-Kāmil fī 'l-tārīkh, ed. Tornberg, C. J., Beirut, 19651967, ix, 294–5Google Scholar; al'Idhārī, Ibn, al-Bayān al-mughrib fī akhbār al-Maghrib, ed. Dozy, E., Leyde, 18481851, I, 279–90Google Scholar; Maḥmūd, Ḥasan A., ‘Miḥnat al-Shī'a bi Ifrīqīya fī 'l-qarn al-khāmis al-Hijrī’, Bull. Fac. Arts, Fouad I Univ. (Cairo), XII, 1, 1950, 93–9Google Scholar; Idris, H. R., ‘Une des phases de la lutte du mâlikisme contre le šî'isme sous les Zîrîdes’, Cahiers de Tunisie, iv, 16, 1956, 508–17Google Scholar.

56 Khallikān, Ibn, op. cit., v, 48Google Scholar.

57 Al-Khushanī, , Ṭabaqāt 'ulamā' Ifrīqīya, ed. Cheneb, M. Ben (with Ṭabaqāt of Abū 'l-'Arab), Paris, 19151920, 1, 223Google Scholar. It is hereafter cited as Ben Cheneb.

58 Saḥnūn was a famous Mālikī jurist and was appointed the qāḍī of Qayrawān by Muḥammad b. Aghlab, of. Iftitāḥ al-da'wa, 82–3; Ben Cheneb, I, 101–4, 129–32.

59 Ifiitāḥ, al-da'wa, 76, 93; cf. also al-'Idhārī, Ibn, op. cit., i, 150, 175, 189–90Google Scholar; al-Athīr, Ibn, op. cit., ix, 295Google Scholar; Khaldūn, Ibn, op. cit., iv, 67Google Scholar; Dozy, R., Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes, Leyde, 1881, 1, 751Google Scholar.

60 Abū 'Ubayd al-Bakrī, Kitāb al-mughrib fī dhikr bilād Ifrīqīya wa 'l-Maghrib, ed. and tr. de Slane, repr., Paris, 1965, Arabic 2, 27, 46, 78; al-'Idhārī, Ibn, op. cit., I, 154, 164, 170, 172, 181, 184, 187, 195, 205, 231, 285Google Scholar.

61 Ben Cheneb, II, xviii.

62 cf. Madelung's, W. review of Idris's, H.La Berbérie orientale in JAOS, LXXXIV, 4, 1964, 424–5Google Scholar.

63 Al-Astarābādī, , op. cit., 512Google Scholar; al-'Āmilī, al-Ḥurr, op. cit., II, 335Google Scholar; al-Khwansari, , op. cit., 727Google Scholar; al-Nūrī, , op. cit., III, 313Google Scholar; Qummī, , op. cit., II. 572Google Scholar.