Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:52:25.545Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Normative Justification of Integrative Stakeholder Engagement: A Habermasian View on Responsible Leadership

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2018

Moritz Patzer ,
Christian Voegtlin  and
Andreas Georg Scherer
Moritz Patzer
Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Christian Voegtlin
Affiliation:
Audencia Business School
Andreas Georg Scherer
Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

The transition from modern to postmodern society leads to changing expectations about the purpose and responsibility of leadership. Habermas’s social theory provides a useful analytical tool for understanding current societal transition processes and exploring their implications for the responsibility of business vis-à-vis society. We argue that integrative responsible leadership, in particular, can contribute to the reconciliation of business with societal goals. Integrative responsible leadership understood in a Habermasian way is not only a strategic endeavor but also a communicative endeavor. An essential part of integrative responsible leadership in light of the current societal transformation processes is the facilitation of discourses about a shared base of norms and values. This is exemplified alongside current societal developments like the European migration crisis or the emerging nationalist and fundamentalist movements in some countries. We specify how and when leadership should resort to communicative action and discuss the implications for leadership.

Keywords

corporate social responsibilitydiscourse ethicsfundamentalismHabermasleadership ethicsnationalismphilosophyrefugee crisis
Type
Special Section
Information
Business Ethics Quarterly , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , July 2018 , pp. 325 - 354
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aisch, G., Pearce, A., & Rousseau, B. 2016. How far is Europe swinging to the right? The New York Times, March 20. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/05/22/world/europe/europe-right-wing-austria-hungary.html.Google Scholar
Alvesson, M., & Spicer, A. 2012. Critical leadership studies: The case for critical performativity. Human Relations, 65(3): 367–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvesson, M., & Spicer, A. 2014 Critical perspectives on leadership. In Day, D. V. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations: 40–56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. 1989. Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14: 20–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, B. M. 1990. Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. 1994. Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. 1999. Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2): 181–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC. 2016. Europe migrant crisis. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32395181.Google Scholar
BBC. 2017. Ethics guide: Abortion. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/.Google Scholar
Beck, U. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Beck, U. 2000. What is globalization? Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Biddle, B. J. 1986. Recent developments in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12: 67–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, H. R. 1953. Social responsibilities of the businessman. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Browne, J., & Nuttall, R. 2013. Beyond corporate social responsibility: Integrated external engagement. McKinsey & Co. http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/beyond-corporate-social-responsibility-integrated-external-engagement.Google Scholar
Brown, M. E., & Mitchell, M. S. 2010. Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(4): 583–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E., & Trevino, L. K. 2006. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadership Quarterly, 17(6): 595–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E., Trevino, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. 2005. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 97(2): 117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpini, M. X. D., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. 2004. Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Annual Review of Political Science, 7: 315–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1991. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4): 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1999. Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38(3): 268–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciulla, J. B. 1995. Leadership ethics: Mapping the territory. Business Ethics Quarterly, 5(1): 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciulla, J. B. 1998. Ethics, the heart of leadership. Westport, CT: Quorum.Google Scholar
Ciulla, J. B. 2005. The state of leadership ethics and the work that lies before us. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14(4): 323–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarkson, M. E. 1995. A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 20(1): 92–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doh, J. P., & Quigley, N. R. 2014. Responsible leadership and stakeholder management: Influence pathways and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(3): 255–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. 2005. Handbook on responsible leadership and governance in global business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. 2012. A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6): 1715–1759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, M. O., & Hartman, D. 2006. The rise of religious fundamentalism. Annual Review of Sociology, 32: 127–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falk, R. 2002. Revisiting Westphalia, discovering Post-Westphalia. Journal of Ethics, 6(4): 311–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. 2003. The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425: 785–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairhurst, G. T., & Grant, D. 2010. The social construction of leadership: A sailing guide. Management Communication Quarterly, 24(2): 171–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlayson, J. G. 2005. Habermas: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedland, J. 2016. Welcome to the age of Trump. The Guardian, May 19. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/19/welcome-to-the-age-of-trump.Google Scholar
Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970.Google Scholar
Fryer, M. 2012. Facilitative leadership: Drawing on Jürgen Habermas model of ideal speech to propose a less impositional way to lead. Organization, 19(1): 25–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehman, J., Trevino, L. K., & Garud, R. 2013. Values work: A process study of the emergence and performance of organizational values practices. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1): 84–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, D. U., & Rasche, A. 2007. Discourse ethics and social accountability: The ethics of SA 8000. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(2): 187–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gond, J. P., Palazzo, G., & Basu, K. 2009. Reconsidering instrumental corporate social responsibility through the mafia metaphor. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(1): 57–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. 1984. Theory of communicative action. Volume 1: Reason and the rationalization of society. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1987. Theory of communicative action. Volume 2: Lifeworld and system a critique of functionalist reason. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1993. Remarks on discourse ethics. In Habermas, J. (Ed.), Justification and application: 19–111. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1994. Postmetaphysical thinking - Philosophical essays (2nd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1996. Moral consciousness and communicative action. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1998. Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2001a. The postnational constellation: Political essays. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2001b. The inclusion of the other: Studies in political theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2013. Reply to my critics. In Calhoun, C., Mendieta, E., & VanAntwerpen, J. (Eds.), Habermas and religion: 347–390. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., Dickson, M., & Associates. 1999. Cultural influences on leadership and organizations: Project GLOBE. In Mobley, W. H., Gessner, M. J., & Arnold, V. (Eds.), Advances in global leadership: 131–233. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Hulme, M. 2009. Why we disagree about climate change: Understanding controversy, inaction and opportunity. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2016. ILO Conventions and recommendations on child labour. http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/ILOconventionsonchildlabour/lang–en/index.htm.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking fast and slow. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Kaltwasser, C. R., Taggart, P. A., Espejo, P. O., & Ostiguy, P. 2017. The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knights, D., & McCabe, D. 2015. Masters of the universe: Demystifying leadership in the context of the 2008 global financial crisis. British Journal of Management, 26(2): 197–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knudsen, J. S., Slager, R., & Moon, J. 2015. Government policies for corporate social responsibility in Europe: A comparative analysis of institutionalisation. Policy & Politics, 43: 81–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobrin, S. J. 2009. Private political authority and public responsibility: Transnational politics, transnational firms, and human rights. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(3): 349–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, V., Samuels, S. M., & Ross, L. 2004. The name of the game: Predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining prisoners dilemma game moves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30: 1175–1185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyotard, J.-F. 1984. The postmodern condition. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. 1995. Social systems. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Maak, T., & Pless, N. 2006. Responsible leadership in a stakeholder society: A relational perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 66(1): 99–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maak, T., & Pless, N. 2008. Responsible leadership in a globalized world: A cosmopolitan perspective. In Scherer, A. G. & Palazzo, G. (Eds.), Handbook of research on global corporate citizenship: 669–705. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Maak, T., & Pless, N. 2009. Business leaders as citizens of the world. Advancing humanism on a global scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(3): 537–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maak, T., Pless, N. M., & Voegtlin, C. 2016. Business statesman or shareholder advocate? CEO responsible leadership styles and the micro-foundations of political CSR. Journal of Management Studies, 53(3): 463–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marti, E., & Scherer, A. G. 2016. Financial regulation and social welfare: The critical contribution of management theory. Academy of Management Review, 41(2): 298–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matten, D., & Crane, A. 2005. Corporate citizenship: Toward an extended theoretical conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 30(1): 166–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miska, C., Hilbe, C., & Mayer, S. 2014. Reconciling different views on responsible leadership: A rationality-based approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(2): 349–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miska, C., & Mendenhall, M. 2015. Responsible leadership: A mapping of extant research and future directions. Journal of Business Ethics, online first, DOI: 10.1007/s10551-015-2999-0.Google Scholar
Mizruchi, M. S., & Marshall, L. J. 2016. Corporate CEOs, 1890-2015: Titans, bureaucrats, and saviors. Annual Review of Sociology, 42: 143–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, G. 2008. Re-imagining the morality of management: A modern virtue ethics approach. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18(4): 483–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morsing, M., & Schultz, M. 2006. Corporate social responsibility communication: Stakeholder information, response and involvement strategies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(4): 323–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New York Times. 2017. Starbucks, Exxon, Apple: Companies challenging (or silent) on Trump’s immigration ban. January 30. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/business/trump-immigration-ban-company-reaction.html.Google Scholar
Nisen, M. 2013. How Nike solved its sweatshop problem. Business Insider, May 9. http://www.businessinsider.com/how-nike-solved-its-sweatshop-problem-2013-5.Google Scholar
Palazzo, G., & Scherer, A. G. 2006. Corporate legitimacy as deliberation: A communicative framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 66(1): 71–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pancevski, B. 2015. The ghosts of Gastarbeiter prime Germany for influx of refugees. The Times, September 13. http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Europe/article1606281.ece.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. 1961. An outline of the social system. In Parsons, T., Shils, E. A., Naegle, K. D., & Pitts, J. R. (Eds.), Theories of society: 30–79. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Patzer, M. 2009. Führung und ihre Verantwortung unter den Bedingungen der Globalisierung [Leadership and its responsibility under the condition of globalization]. Berlin/Hannover: Patzer Verlag.Google Scholar
Patzer, M., & Voegtlin, C. 2013. Leadership ethics and organizational change: Sketching the field. In Todnem, R. & Burnes, B. (Eds.), Organizational change, leadership and ethics: Leading organizations towards sustainability: 9–34. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pless, N. M., Maak, T., & Waldman, D. A. 2012. Different approaches toward doing the right thing: Mapping the responsibility orientations of leaders. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4): 51–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasche, A., Waddock, S., & Mcintosh, M. 2013. The United Nations Global Compact: Retrospect and prospect. Business & Society, 52(1): 6–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raelin, J. A. 2013. The manager as facilitator of dialogue. Organization, 20(6): 818–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajchman, J., & West, C. 1985. Post-analytic philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. 1991. Solidarity or objectivity? In Rorty, R. (Ed.), Objectivity, relativism, and truth: 21–34. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rost, J. 1991. Leadership for the twenty-first century. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Ruggie, J. G. 2007. Business and human rights: The evolving international agenda. The American Journal of International Law, 101(4): 819–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryfe, D. M. 2005. Does deliberative democracy work? Annual Review of Political Science, 8: 49–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoro, M. A. 2010. Post-Westphalia and its discontents: Business, globalization, and human rights in political and moral perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(2): 285–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G. 2009. Critical theory and its contribution to critical management studies. In Alvesson, M., Willmott, H., & Bridgman, T. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of critical management studies: 29–51. Oxford: Oxford Univestiy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G. 2015. Can hypernorms be justified? Insights from a discourse-ethical perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 25: 489–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. 2007. Toward a political conception of corporate social responsibility: Business and society seen from a Habermasian perspective. Academy of Management Review, 32(4): 1096–1120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. 2008. Globalization and corporate social responsibility. In Crane, A., McWilliams, A., Matten, D., Moon, J., & Siegel, D. S. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibility: 413–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. 2011. The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy. Journal of Management Studies, 48(4): 899–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., Palazzo, G., & Baumann, D. 2006. Global rules and private actors: Toward a new role of the transnational corporation in global governance. Business Ethics Quarterly, 16(4): 505–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., & Patzer, M. 2011. Beyond universalism and relativism: Habermas’s contribution to discourse ethics and its implications for intercultural ethics and organization theory. In Tsoukas, H. & Chia, R. (Eds.), Philosophy and organization theory (Research in the sociology of organizations 32): 155–180. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G., Rasche, A., Palazzo, G., & Spicer, A. 2016. Managing for political corporate social responsibility - New challenges and directions for PCSR 2.0. Journal of Management Studies, 53(3): 273–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 25: 1–65. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Scott, S. G., & Lane, V. R. 2000. A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. Academy of Management Review, 25: 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. 1993. The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4): 577–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, D. 2014. From the editor: Responsible leadership. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(3): 221–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, R. C. 1992. Corporate roles, personal virtues: An Aristotelean approach to business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 2(3): 317–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spar, D. L., & La Mure, L. T. 2003. The power of activism: Assessing the impact of NGOs on global business. California Management Review, 45(3): 78–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, G. K., & Sully de Luque, M. 2014. Antecedents of responsible leader behavior: A research synthesis, conceptual framework, and agenda for future research. Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(3): 235–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stansbury, J. 2009. Reasoned moral agreement: Applying discourse ethics within organizations. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(1): 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stansbury, J., & Barry, B. 2007. Ethics programs and the paradox of control. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(2): 239–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffy, B. D., & Grimes, A. J. 1986. A critical theory of organization science. Academy of Management Review, 11(2): 322–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundaram, A. K., & Inkpen, A. C. 2004. The corporate objective revisited. Organization Science, 15(3): 350–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tannenbaum, R., & Schmidt, W. H. 1958. How to choose a leadership pattern. Harvard Business Review, 36: 95–101.Google Scholar
Teegen, H., Doh, J. P., & Vachani, S. 2004. The importance of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in global governance and value creation: An international business research agenda. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(6): 463–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teubner, G., & Korth, O. 2012. Two kinds of legal pluralism: Collision of transnational regimes in the double fragmentation of world society. In Young, M. (Ed.), Regime interaction in international law: Facing fragmentation: 23–54. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, S. M. 2000. Taking religious and cultural pluralism seriously: The Global resurgence of religion and the transformation of international society. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29: 815–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, D. F. 2008. Deliberative democratic theory and empirical political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 11: 497–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomkins, L., & Simpson, P. 2015. Caring leadership: A Heideggerian perspective. Organization Studies, 36(8): 1013–1031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tourish, D. 2014. Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory. Leadership, 10(1): 79–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traub, J. 2016. Europe wishes to inform you that the refugee crisis is over. Foreign Policy, October 18. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/10/18/europe-wishes-to-inform-you-that-the-refugee-crisis-is-over/.Google Scholar
Trittin, H., & Schoeneborn, D. 2017. Diversity as polyphony: Reconceptualizing diversity management from a communication-centered perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(2): 305–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nations, United. 2016. Sustainable development goals. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/.Google Scholar
Vaccaro, A., & Palazzo, G. 2015. Values against violence: Institutional change in societies dominated by organized crime. Academy of Management Journal, 58(4): 1075–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dierendonck, D. 2011. Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4): 1228–1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voegtlin, C. 2011. Development of a scale measuring discursive responsible leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(Suppl 1): 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voegtlin, C. 2016. What does it mean to be responsible? Addressing the missing responsibility dimension in ethical leadership research. Leadership, 12(5): 581–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voegtlin, C., Patzer, M., & Scherer, A. G. 2012. Responsible leadership in global business: A new approach to leadership an its multi-level outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voegtlin, C., & Pless, N. M. 2014. Global governance: CSR and the role of the UN Global Compact. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(2): 179–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voegtlin, C., & Scherer, A. G. 2017. Responsible innovation and the innovation of responsibility: Governing sustainable development in a globalized world. Journal of Business Ethics, 143(2): 227–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddock, S. 2007. Leadership integrity in a fractured knowledge world. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(4): 543–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddock, S. 2008. Building a new institutional infrastructure for corporate responsibility. Academy of Management Perspectives, 22(3): 87–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldman, D., & Balven, R. 2014. Responsible leadership: Theoretical issues and research directions. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 28: 224–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldman, D. A., & Galvin, B. M. 2008. Alternative perspectives of responsible leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 37(4): 327–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldman, D. A., & Siegel, D. 2008. Defining the socially responsible leader. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(1): 117–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wodak, R., Khosravinik, M., & Mral, B. 2013. Right-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse. London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, I. M. 2011. Responsibility for justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yukl, G. 2013. Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson.Google Scholar
Zadek, S. 2004. The path to corporate responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 82(12): 125–132.Google ScholarPubMed