Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:49:17.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Property Rights Analysis of Newly Private Firms: Opportunities for Owners to Appropriate Rents and Partition Residual Risks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Abstract:

A key factor in the decision to convert a publicly owned company to private status is the expectation that value will be created, providing the firm with rent. These rents have implications regarding the property rights of the firm’s capital-contributing constituencies. We identify and analyze the types of rent associated with the newly private firm. Compared to public firms, going private allows owners the potential to partition part of the residual risk to bond holders and employees, rendering them to be co-residual risk bearers with owners. We propose that new promotion-based contracts with bond holders and employees, reflecting their particular investments, be negotiated as the firm migrates from public to private status. These contracts should acknowledge the firm’s intent to maximize shareholder value and its need to take the risks necessary to do so, but support that the firm’s survival not be undermined due to its possibly opportunistic owners.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acharya, V. V., & Johnson, T. C. 2010. More insiders, more insider trading: Evidence from private-equity buyouts. Journal of Financial Economics, 98: 50023.Google Scholar
Alchian, A. 1965. Some economics of property rights. Il Politico, 30(4): 81682.Google Scholar
Alchian, A., & Demsetz, H. 1972. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review, 62: 77795.Google Scholar
Allen, D. 1997. Must “shareholder value” mean excessive short-termism? Management Accounting, 75(4): 14.Google Scholar
Anson, M. 2004. Trends in private equity. The Journal of Wealth Management, 7(3): 8491.Google Scholar
Asher, C. C., Mahoney, J. M., & Mahoney, J. T. 2005. Towards a property rights foundation for a stakeholder theory of the firm. Journal of Management and Governance, 9: 532.Google Scholar
Asquith, P., & Wizman, T. 1990. Event risk, covenants, and bondholder returns in leveraged buyouts. Journal of Financial Economics, 27: 195213.Google Scholar
Bacon, N., Wright, M., Scholes, L., & Meuleman, M. 2010. Assessing the impact of private equity on industrial relations in Europe. Human Relations, 63(9): 134370.Google Scholar
Bagli, C. V. 2010. Hedge fund moves on Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village. New York Times (February 25): A25.Google Scholar
Band, D. 1992. Corporate governance: Why agency theory is not enough. European Management Journal, 10(4): 45359.Google Scholar
Baran, L. C., & King, T.-H. D. 2009. Going private transactions, bondholder returns, and wealth transfer effects. Journal of Banking & Finance, 34: 185672.Google Scholar
Barney, J. B. 1986. Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business. Management Science, 32(10): 123141.Google Scholar
Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99120.Google Scholar
Berle, A. A., & Means, G. C. 1968/1932. The modern corporation and private property. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Black, F. 1976. The dividend puzzle. Journal of Portfolio Management, 2(2): 58.Google Scholar
Blair, M. M. 1995. Ownership and control. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Blair, M. M. 1998. For whom should corporations be run? An economic rationale for stakeholder management. Long Range Planning, 31: 195200.Google Scholar
Blair, M. M., & Stout, L. A. 1999. A team production theory of corporate law. Virginia Law Review, 85: 248328.Google Scholar
Block, S. A. 2004. The latest movement to going private: An empirical study. Journal of Applied Finance, 14(1): 3644.Google Scholar
Boatright, J. R. 1994. Fiduciary duties and the shareholder-management relation: Or, what’s so special about shareholders? Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4): 393407.Google Scholar
Boatright, J. R. 2002. Contractors as stakeholders: Reconciling stakeholder theory with the nexus-of-contracts firm. Journal of Banking & Finance, 26: 183752.Google Scholar
Boatright, J. R. 2004. Employee governance and the ownership of the firm. Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(1): 121.Google Scholar
Boatright, J. R. 2006. What’s wrong—and what’s right—with stakeholder management. Journal of Private Enterprise, 21(2): 10630.Google Scholar
Boatright, J. R. 2008. Ethics in finance, 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Boselie, P., & Koene, B. 2010. Private equity and human resource management? ‘Barbarians at the gate!’ HR’s wake-up call? Human Relations. 63(9): 12971319.Google Scholar
Braun, M. R., & Latham, S. F. 2007. The governance of going private transactions. Management Decision, 45(5): 86682.Google Scholar
Bruner, R. F., & Paine, L. 1988. Management buyouts and managerial ethics. California Management Review, 30(2): 89106.Google Scholar
Bruton, G. D., Keels, J. K., & Scifres, E. 1999. The ethics of the complete management buyout cycle: A multi-perspective analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 19: 40313.Google Scholar
Cao, J., & Lerner, J. 2009. The performance of reverse leveraged buyouts. Journal of Financial Economics, 91(2): 13957.Google Scholar
Carney, M. 2005. Corporate governance and competitive advantage in family-controlled firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3): 24965.Google Scholar
Clark, I. 2007. Private equity and HRM in the British business system. Human Resource Management Journal, 17(3): 21826.Google Scholar
Clark, I. 2009. The private equity business model and associated strategies for HRM: Evidence and implications? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(10): 203048.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H. 1988. The firm, the market, and the law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cook, D. O., Easterwood, J. C., & Martin, J. D. 1992. Bondholder wealth effects of management buyouts. Financial Management, 21: 10213.Google Scholar
Cressy, R., Munari, F., & Malipiero, A. 2007. Playing to their strengths? Evidence that specialization in the private equity industry confers competitive advantage. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13: 64769.Google Scholar
Cumming, D., & Johan, S. 2007. Regulatory harmonization and the development of private equity markets. Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(10): 321850.Google Scholar
DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., & Rice, E. M. 1984. Going private: Minority freezeouts and stockholder wealth. Journal of Law & Economics, 27: 367401.Google Scholar
Demsetz, H. 1967. Toward a theory of property rights. American Economic Review, 57(2): 34759.Google Scholar
Demsetz, H. 1998. Book review: Firms, contracts, and financial structures: Clarendon lectures in economics, by Oliver Hart. Journal of Political Economics, 106(2): 44652.Google Scholar
DePamphilis, D. M. 2010. Mergers, acquisitions, and other restructuring activities, Burlington, MA: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Deutsch, M. 1975. Equity, equality, and need: What determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31(3): 13749.Google Scholar
Deutsch, M. 1985. Distributive justice. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dewatripont, M., & Tirole, J. 1994. A theory of debt and equity: Diversity of securities and manager-shareholder congruence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(4): 102754.Google Scholar
Dharwadkar, B. 2000. Privatization in emerging economies. Academy of Management Review, 25: 65069.Google Scholar
Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. 1989. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35(12): 150413.Google Scholar
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. 1995. The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 29(1): 92117.Google Scholar
Dragun, A. K. 1987. Property rights in economic theory. Journal of Economic Issues, 21(2): 85968.Google Scholar
Economist, The. 2004. Gut feeling. (November 27): 13.Google Scholar
Erturk, I., Fround, J., Johal, S., Leaver, A., & Williams, K. 2010. Ownership matters: Private equity and the political division of ownership. Organization, 17(5): 54361.Google Scholar
European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association. 2005. Employment contribution of PE and VC in Europe. http://www.evca.eu/knowledgecenter/PublicationDetail.aspx?id=PBEC, accessed March 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. 1983. Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Political Economy, 26: 30125.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., & Miller, M. 1972. The theory of finance. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Filatotchev, I., Starkey, K., & Wright, M. 1994. The ethical challenge of management buy-outs as a form of privatization in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Business Ethics, 13: 52332.Google Scholar
Folkman, P., Froud, J. Johal, S., & Williams, K. 2007. Working for themselves? Capital market intermediaries and present day capitalism. Business History, 49(4): 55272.Google Scholar
Folkman, P., Froud, J., Williams, K., & Johal, S. 2009. Private equity: Levered on capital or labour? Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(4): 51727.Google Scholar
Foss, K., & Foss, N. J. 2005. Resources and transaction costs: How property rights economics furthers the resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 26: 54153.Google Scholar
Froud, J., & Williams, K. 2007. Private equity and the culture of value extraction. New Political Economy, 12(3): 40520.Google Scholar
Furubotn, E. G. 1988. Codetermination and the modern theory of the firm: A property-rights analysis. Journal of Business, 61(2): 16581.Google Scholar
Furubotn, E. G., & Richter, R. 1991. The new institutional economics: An assessment. In Furubotn, E. G. and Richter, R. (Eds.), The new institutional economics: 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Geffen, C. 2005. Private equity emerges as long-term investment class. International Financial Law Review, 24: 1314.Google Scholar
Gleason, K., Payne, B., & Wiggenhorn, J. 2007. An empirical investigation of going private decisions of US firms. Journal of Economics and Finance, 31(2): 20718.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. N. 2005. Is your hedge fund a trader or an investor? The Journal of Wealth Management, 8(1): 5457.Google Scholar
Grant, R. M. 1996. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Winter Special Issue): 10922.Google Scholar
Greenwood, R., & Empson, L. 2003. The professional partnership: Relic or exemplary form of governance?’ Organization Studies, 24(6): 90933.Google Scholar
Groot, T. L. C. M. 1998. Determinants of shareholders’ short-term pressures: Empirical evidence from Dutch companies. The European Journal of Finance, 4: 21232.Google Scholar
Grossman, S. J., & Hart, O. 1986. The costs and benefits of ownership: A theory of vertical and lateral integration. Journal of Political Economy, 94: 691719.Google Scholar
Guo, S., Hotchkiss, E. S., & Song, W. 2008. Do buyouts (still) create value? http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1009281, accessed March 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Haimowitz, B. 2007. Intellectual father of the private-equity industry offers a scathing assessment of its current trends. Academy of Management Online Press Release, http://www.aomonline.org/aom.asp?ID=251&page_ID=224&pr_id=344, accessed March 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Hansmann, H. 1996. The ownership of enterprise. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hansmann, H., & Kraakman, R. 2000. The essential role of organizational law. Yale Law Review, 110: 387440.Google Scholar
Harper, N. W. C., & Schneider, A. 2007. Private equity’s new challenge. The McKinsey Quarterly (October 17), http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/article_page.aspx?ar=1475&12=5&13=5&srid=6&gp=1, accessed March 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Harris, D. J. 2009. What’s wrong with executive compensation? Journal of Business Ethics, 85: 14756.Google Scholar
Harris, M., & Raviv, A. 1991. The theory of capital structure. Journal of Finance, 46(1): 297355.Google Scholar
Hart, O. D. 1988. Incomplete contracts and the theory of the firm. In Williamson, O. E. and Winter, S. G. (Eds.), The nature of the firm: 13858. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hart, O. D., & Moore, J. 1999. Foundations of incomplete contracts. Review of Economic Studies, 66: 11538.Google Scholar
Hartman, T. E. 2007. How much for SOX? Legal Times, 30(47): 12. http://www.foley.com/files/tbl_s31Publications/FileUpload137/4588/HartmanSOX_Nov19_2007.pdf, accessed July 26, 2009.Google Scholar
Heath, J. 2006. Business ethics without stakeholders. Business Ethics Quarterly, 16(4): 53357.Google Scholar
Heath, J. 2009. The uses and abuses of agency theory. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(4): 497528.Google Scholar
Hodge, N., & Collett, N. 2007. Private equity: A debt to society? Financial Management (September): 2025.Google Scholar
Houston, D. A., & Howe, J. S. 1987. The ethics of going private. Journal of Business Ethics, 6: 51925.Google Scholar
International Financial Law Review. 2008. 2007: A tale of two markets. Vol. 27 (Supplement): 14850.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C. 1989. Eclipse of the public corporation. Harvard Business Review, 67(5): 6174.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. 1976. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4): 30560.Google Scholar
Johansson-Stenman, O., & Konow, J. 2009. Fairness Concerns in Environmental Economics: Do They Really Matter and If So How? Working Paper, University of Gothenburg.Google Scholar
Jones, T. M., & Hunt, R. O., III 1991. The ethics of leveraged management buyouts revisited. Journal of Business Ethics, 10: 83340.Google Scholar
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance. 2006. Morgan Stanley roundtable on private equity and its import for public companies. Vol. 18(3): 837.Google Scholar
Journal of Property Management. 2008. House passes legislation on carried interest. Vol. 73(1): 4.Google Scholar
Keane, S. M. 1995. A reappraisal of share price maximization as a corporate financial objective. The European Journal of Finance, 1: 117.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. P. 2007. Private equity and corporate governance. The Corporate Board, 28(166): 610.Google Scholar
Kim, J., & Mahoney, J. T. 2002. Resource-based and property rights perspectives on value creation: The case of oil field unitization. Managerial and Decision Economics, 23: 22545.Google Scholar
Konow, J. 1996. A positive theory of economic fairness. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 31: 1335.Google Scholar
Konow, J. 2000. Fair shares: Accountability and cognitive dissonance in allocation decisions. American Economic Review, 90: 107291.Google Scholar
Konow, J. 2001. Fair and square: The four sides of distributive justice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 46: 13764.Google Scholar
Kosman, J. 2009. The buyout of America. New York: Portfolio.Google Scholar
Lattman, P. 2008. Carlyle’s bet on telecom in Hawaii ends badly. Wall Street Journal (November 16): C1.Google Scholar
Laverty, K. J. 1996. Economic “short-termism”: The debate, the unresolved issues, and the implications for management practice and research. Academy of Management Review, 21(3): 82560.Google Scholar
Le Pla, R. 2007. Private equity, public interest. New Zealand Management, 54(4): 2431.Google Scholar
Libecap, G. D. 1991. Distributional issues in contracting for property right. In Furubotn, E. G. and Richter, R. (Eds.), The new institutional economics: 21432. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Macey, J. R., & Miller, G. P. 1993. Corporate stakeholders: A contractual perspective. University of Toronto Law Journal, 43(3): 40124.Google Scholar
Macey, J. R., & O’Hara, M. 2003. The corporate governance of banks. FRBNY Economic Policy Review, 9(1): 91107.Google Scholar
Manne, H. 1965. Mergers and the market for corporate control. Journal of Political Economy, 72(2): 11020.Google Scholar
Marginson, D., & McAulay, L. 2008. Exploring the debate on short-termism: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 29: 27392.Google Scholar
Martin, J. A., & Schrum, J. L. 2007. Private equity: The leveraged buyout model revisited with a dash of clustering. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 5(4): 7783.Google Scholar
McCall, J. J. 2001. Employee voice in corporate governance: A defense of strong participation rights. Business Ethics Quarterly, 11(1): 195213.Google Scholar
Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. 1992. Economics, organization and management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Moon, J. J. 2006. Public vs. private equity. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 18(3): 7682.Google Scholar
Morrell, K., & Clark, I. 2010. Private equity and the public good. Journal of Business Ethics, 96: 24963.Google Scholar
Nielsen, R. P. 2008. The private equity-leveraged buyout form of finance capitalism: Ethical and social issues, and potential reforms. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18(3): 379404.Google Scholar
Nielsen, R. P. 2010. High-leverage finance capitalism, the economic crisis, structurally related ethics issues, and potential reforms. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(2): 299330.Google Scholar
Nisar, T. M. 2005. Investor influence on portfolio company growth and development strategy. Journal of Private Equity, 9(1): 2235.Google Scholar
Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, state, and utopia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Pallot, J., 1991. The legitimate concern with fairness: A comment. Accounting Organizations and Society, 16: 20108.Google Scholar
Post, J. E., Preston, L. E., & Sachs, S. 2002. Redefining the corporation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. 1990. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3) (May–June): 7991.Google Scholar
PricewaterhouseCoopers 2006. Global private equity report 2006. http://www.pwc.com/extweb/pwcpublications.nsf/docid/A0777B94B3CC3741852572FA0071AEC9/$File/global_pe_report.pdf \, accessed March 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. 2003. The emergence of strong property rights: Speculations from history. University of Chicago and NBER, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=375330, accessed March 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Regner, W. D. 2006. Going private in the U.S. International Financial Law Review, 25 (Supplement): 15860.Google Scholar
Reich, R. 1992. The work of nations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Renneboog, L., Simons, T., & Wright, M. 2007. Why do public firms go private in the UK? The impact of private equity investors, incentive realignment and undervaluation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13: 591628.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, S. B., & Child, J. 2010. Private equity, the minimalist organization and the quality of employment relations. Human Relations, 63(9): 132142.Google Scholar
Ryan, L. V., & Schneider, M. 2002. The antecedents of institutional investor activism. Academy of Management Review, 27(4): 55473.Google Scholar
Ryan, V. 2007. Down but not out. CFO, 23(12): 3738.Google Scholar
Sadurski, W. 1984. Social justice and legal justice. Law and Philosophy, 3: 32954.Google Scholar
Schack, J. 2006. Battling “short-termism” in the stock market. Institutional Investor, 40(8): 14.Google Scholar
Schneider, M., & Valenti, A. 2010. The effects of “going private” using private equity: The newly private corporation and the dimensions of corporate performance. Business & Society Review, 115(1): 75106.Google Scholar
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N., & Buchholtz, A. K. 2001. Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12(2): 99116.Google Scholar
Shapiro, R. J., & Pham, N. D. 2008. American jobs and the impact of private equity transactions. http://www.afic.asso.fr/Images/Upload/centre_documentaire/ShapiroPham_AmericanJobsandtheImpactofPETransactions_2008.pdf, accessed March 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Smith, C. W. Jr., & Warner, J. B. 1979. On financial contracting: An analysis of bond covenants. Journal of Financial Economics, 7: 11761.Google Scholar
Smith, P. 2006. Texas Pacific tops buy-outs with $101bn. Financial Times (December 27): 1.Google Scholar
Sorkin, A. R. 2007. A professor’s word on a buyout tax battle. New York Times (October 3) (SPG): 8.Google Scholar
Spender, J.-C. 1996. Making knowledge the basis for a dynamic theory of the firm.Google Scholar
Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Special Winter Issue): 4562.Google Scholar
Stanley, M. J. 1990. Ethical perspective on the foreign direct investment decision. Journal of Business Ethics, 9: 110.Google Scholar
Subiotto, G. 2006. Are hedge funds in private equity concerning?. International Financial Law Review, 25(4): 5758.Google Scholar
Ughetto, E. 2010. Assessing the contribution of innovation to private equity investors: A study on European buyouts. Research Policy, 39: 12640.Google Scholar
Uhlaner, L., Wright, M., & Huse, M. 2007. Private firms and corporate governance: An integrated economic and management perspective. Small Business Economics, 29: 22541.Google Scholar
US Government Accounting Office. 2006. Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Considerations of key principles needed in addressing implementation for smaller public companies. GAO-06-361.Google Scholar
Useem, M. 1990. Business restructuring, management control, and corporate organization. Theory and Society, 19: 681707.Google Scholar
Useem, M. 1995. Investor capitalism. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Viswanath, P. V., & Eastman, W. 2003. Bondholder-stockholder conflict: Contractual covenants vs. court-mediated ex-post settling-up. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 21: 15777.Google Scholar
Weber, L., & Mayer, K. J. 2011. Designing effective contracts: Exploring the influence of framing and expectations. Academy of Management Review, 36(1): 5375.Google Scholar
Weir, C., Laing, D., & Wright, M. 2005. Incentive effects, monitoring mechanisms and the market for corporate control: An analysis of the factors affecting public to private transactions in the UK. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 32(5): 90943.Google Scholar
Weitzer, D., & Darroch, J. 2008. The growth of private equity and the institutional effect of greed. Paper presented at the 2008 Academy of Management (August), Anaheim, CA. Social Issues in Management Division.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1983. Organizational form, residual claimants, and corporate control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26: 35166.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Wood, G., & Wright, M. 2010. Private equity and human resource management: An emerging agenda. Human Relations, 63(9): 127996.Google Scholar
Wright, M., Simons, T., & Scholes, L. 2006. Leveraged buyouts in the UK and continental Europe: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 18(3): 855.Google Scholar
Young, M. N., Peng, M., Ahlstrom, D., Bruton, G. D., & Jiang, Y. 2008. Corporate governance in emerging economies: A review of the principal-principal perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1): 196220.Google Scholar
Zingales, L. 2000. In search of new foundations. The Journal of Finance, 55(4): 162353.Google Scholar