Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:26:10.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Christian Religiosity and Corporate Community Involvement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 September 2018

Jinhua Cui ,
Hoje Jo  and
Manuel G. Velasquez
Jinhua Cui
Affiliation:
Ajou University
Hoje Jo
Affiliation:
Santa Clara University
Manuel G. Velasquez
Affiliation:
Santa Clara University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

We examine whether religion influences company decisions related to corporate community involvement (CCI). Employing a large US sample, we show that the CCI initiatives of a company are positively associated with the level of Christian religiosity present in the region within which that company’s headquarters is located. This association persists even after we control for a wide range of firm characteristics and after we subject our results to several econometric tests. These results support our religious morality hypothesis which holds that companies headquartered in regions with higher levels of Christian religiosity will engage in more CCI initiatives. We also find that while Catholic and mainline Protestant religiosity have a positive influence on firms’ CCI initiatives, evangelical Protestant religiosity does not. This supports our differentiated responses hypothesis which holds that institutional differences among religious groups will produce different effects on companies’ CCI. This hypothesis is based on institutional theory.

Keywords

corporate community involvementChristian religiositycorporate social responsibilityreligious morality hypothesisinstitutional theory
Type
Article
Information
Business Ethics Quarterly , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , January 2019 , pp. 85 - 125
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agle, B., & Van Buren, H III. 1999. God and mammon: The modern relationship. Business Ethics Quarterly, 9(4): 563–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, R. 1998. The approval of suicide: A social-psychological model. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28(2): 205–225.Google ScholarPubMed
Albrecht, S. L., Chadwick, B. A., & Alcorn, D. S. 1977. Religiosity and deviance: Application of an attitude-behavior contingent consistency model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 16(3): 263–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, L., & Galaskiewicz, J. 1988. Stock ownership and company contributions to charity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(1): 82–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attig, N., Boubakri, N., El Ghoul, S., & Guedhami, O. 2016. Firm internationalization and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 134(2): 171–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, J. E. 2000. Strategic collaboration between nonprofits and business. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(suppl 1): 69–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avetisyan, E., & Ferrary, M. 2013. Dynamics of stakeholders’ implications in the institutionalization of the CSR field in France and in the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(1): 115–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baier, C. J., & Wright, B. R. 2001. “If you love me, keep my commandments”: A meta-analysis of the effect of religion on crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(1): 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbaro, M., & Gillis, J. 2005. Wal-Mart at forefront of hurricane relief. Washington Post, September 6.Google Scholar
Barkan, S. E. 2006. Religiosity and premarital sex in adulthood. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3): 407–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartkus, B. R., Morris, S. A., & Seifert, B. 2002. Governance and corporate philanthropy restraining Robin Hood? Business & Society, 41(3): 319–344.Google Scholar
Bearman, P. S., & Brückner, H. 2001. Promising the future: Virginity pledges and first intercourse. American Journal of Sociology, 106(4): 859–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedict, XVI. 2009. Caritas in veritate (Charity in truth). Encyclical Letter, Benedict XVI. Vatican: the Holy See. http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate.html.Google Scholar
Berman, S. L., Wicks, A. C., Kotha, S., & Jones, T. M. 1999. Does stakeholder orientation matter? The relationship between stakeholder management models and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 42(5): 488–506.Google Scholar
Bloodgood, J., Turnley, W., & Mudrack, P. 2007. The influence of ethics instruction, religiosity, and intelligence on cheating behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(3): 557–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boatsman, J. R., & Gupta, S. 1996. Taxes and corporate charity: Empirical evidence from microlevel panel data. National Tax Journal, 49(2): 193–213.Google Scholar
Bowen, F., Newenham-Kahindi, A., & Herremans, I. 2010. When suits meet roots: The antecedents and consequences of community engagement strategy. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2): 297–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownfield, D., & Sorenson, A. M. 1991. Religion and drug use among adolescents: A social support conceptualization and interpretation. Deviant Behavior, 12(3): 259–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchholtz, A. K., Amason, A. C., & Rutherford, M. A. 1999. Beyond resources: The mediating effect of top management discretion and values on corporate philanthropy. Business & Society, 38(2): 167–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, L., Logsdon, J. M., Mitchell, W., Reiner, M., & Vogel, D. 1986. Corporate community involvement in the San Francisco Bay area. California Management Review, 28(3): 122–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D., & Slack, R. 2006. Public visibility as a determinant of the rate of corporate charitable donations. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(1): 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. L. 2007. Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32(3): 946–967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1979. A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4): 497–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1991. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4): 39–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1998. The four faces of corporate citizenship. Business and Society Review, 100(1): 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1999. Corporate social responsibility evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38(3): 268–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, A. B., & Shabana, K. M. 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1): 85–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick, B. A., Top, B. L., & McClendon, R. J. 2010. Shield of faith: The power of religion in the lives of LDS youth and young adults. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University.Google Scholar
Chatjuthamard-Kitsabunnarat, P., Jiraporn, P., & Tong, S. 2014. Does religious piety inspire corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Evidence from historical religious identification. Applied Economics Letters, 21(16): 1128–1133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterji, A. K., Levine, D. I., & Toffel, M. W. 2009. How well do social ratings actually measure corporate social responsibility? Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 18(1): 125–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark-Miller, J. 2008. Religious homogeneity and homicide: A cross-national test of the moral community hypothesis. Paper presented at the 2008 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology.Google Scholar
Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., Richardson, G. D., & Vasvari, F. P. 2011. Does it really pay to be green? Determinants and consequences of proactive environmental strategies. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 30(2): 122–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochran, J. K., & Akers, R. L. 1989. Beyond hellfire: An exploration of the variable effects of religiosity on adolescent marijuana and alcohol use. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 26(3): 198–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conroy, S., & Emerson, T. 2004. Business ethics and religion: Religiosity as a predictor of ethical awareness among students, Journal of Business Ethics, 50(4): 383–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corcoran, K. E., Pettinicchio, D., & Robbins, B. 2012. Religion and the acceptability of white-collar crime: A cross-national analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(3): 542–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, A., & Matten, D. 2004. Business ethics: A European perspective: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cui, J., Jo, H., Na, H., & Velasquez, M. G. 2015a. Workforce diversity and religiosity. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(4): 743–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, J., Jo, H., & Velasquez, M. G. 2015b. The influence of Christian religiosity on managerial decisions concerning the environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(1): 203–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, J., Jo, H., & Velasquez, M. G. 2016. Community religion, employees, and the social license to operate. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(4): 869–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhaliwal, D. S., Li, O. Z., Tsang, A., & Yang, Y. G. 2011. Voluntary nonfinancial disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The initiation of corporate social responsibility reporting. The Accounting Review, 86(1): 59–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Giuli, A., & Kostovetsky, L. 2014. Are red or blue companies more likely to go green? Politics and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Financial Economics, 111(1): 158–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. W. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Collective rationality and institutional isomorphism in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2): 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. 1991. The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Donahue, M. J., & Benson, P. L. 1995. Religion and the well-being of adolescents. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2): 145–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durkheim, E. 1897. Le suicide: étude de sociologie. Paris: F. Alcan.Google Scholar
Dyreng, S. D., Mayew, W. J., & Williams, C. D. 2012. Religious social norms and corporate financial reporting. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 39(7-8): 845–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Ni, Y., Pittman, J., & Saadi, S. 2012. Does religion matter to equity pricing? Journal of Business Ethics, 111(4): 491–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, C. G., Burr, J. A., & McCall, P. L. 1997. Religious homogeneity and metropolitan suicide rates. Social Forces, 76(1): 273–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, T., & Mckinney, J. 2010. Importance of religious beliefs to ethical attitudes in business. Journal of Religion and Business Ethics, 1(2): 1–15.Google Scholar
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 1999. Sufficient, sustainable livelihood for all. A social statement adopted by the sixth Churchwide Assembly of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America meeting in Denver, Colorado, August 16-22, 1999. http://download.elca.org/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository/Economic_LifeSS.pdf.Google Scholar
Fastnow, C., Grant, J. T., & Rudolph, T. J. 1999. Holy roll calls: Religious tradition and voting behavior in the US House. Social Science Quarterly, 80(4): 687–701.Google Scholar
Finn, D. 2012. Human work in Catholic social thought. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(4): 874–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis. 2015. Laudato Si (On Care for Our Common Home). Encyclical Letter of Francis. Vatican: the Holy See. http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html.Google Scholar
Friedland, R., & Alford, R. R. 1991. Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices and institutional contradictions. In Powell, W. W. & Dimaggio, P. J. (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis: 232–263. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Galaskiewicz, J. 1997. An urban grants economy revisited: Corporate charitable contributions in the Twin Cities, 1979-1981, 1987-1989. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3): 445–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garriga, E., & Melé, D. 2004. Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping the territory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(1-2): 51–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gladden, W. 1877. The Christian way: Whither it leads and how to go on. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.Google Scholar
Godfrey, P. C. 2005. The relationship between corporate philanthropy and shareholder wealth: A risk management perspective. Academy of Management Review, 30(4): 777–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godfrey, P. C., Merrill, C. B., & Hansen, J. M. 2009. The relationship between corporate social responsibility and shareholder value: An empirical test of the risk management hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal, 30(4): 425–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasmick, H. G., Kinsey, K., & Cochran, J. K. 1991. Denomination, religiosity and compliance with the law: A study of adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(1): 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greeley, A., McCready, W., Sullivan, T., & Fee, J. 1981. The young Catholic adult. New York: Sadlier Press.Google Scholar
Greeley, A. M., & Hout, M. 2008. The truth about conservative Christians: What they think and what they believe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Grullon, G., Kanatas, G., & Weston, J. P. 2010. Religion and corporate (mis) behavior. SSRN Working Paper Series.Google Scholar
Hamm, S. 2009. IBM: Outsourcing at Home India has been the primary destination for tech outsourcing. But in what could be a trend-setting move, IBM is turning to Michigan and Iowa. Economist, 34.Google Scholar
Hardy, C., & Phillips, N. 1998. Strategies of engagement: Lessons from the critical examination of collaboration and conflict in an interorganizational domain. Organization Science, 9(2): 217–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausman, J. A. 1978. Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 46(6): 1251–1271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilary, G., & Hui, K. W. 2009. Does religion matter in corporate decision making in America? Journal of Financial Economics, 93(3): 455–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschi, T., & Stark, R. 1969. Hellfire and delinquency. Social Problems, 17(2): 202–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschl, T. A., Booth, J. G., & Glenna, L. L. 2009. The link between voter choice and religious identity in contemporary society: Bringing classical theory back in. Social Science Quarterly, 90(4): 927–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holder-Webb, L., & Cohen, J. 2012. The cut and paste society: Isomorphism in codes of ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(4): 485–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hotho, J. J., & Pedersen, T. 2012. 10 Beyond the ‘rules of the game’: three institutional approaches and how they matter for international business. In Demirbag, M. & Wood, G. (Eds.), Handbook of institutional approaches to international business: 236–270. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Iannaccone, L. R. 1998. Introduction to the economics of religion. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(3): 1465–1495.Google Scholar
ILO [International Labor Organization]. 2012. Convergences: Decent work and social justice in religious traditions, a handbook. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Organization.Google Scholar
Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. 2015. The impact of corporate social responsibility on investment recommendations: Analysts’ perceptions and shifting institutional logics. Strategic Management Journal, 36(7): 1053–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamali, D., & Neville, B. 2011. Convergence versus divergence of CSR in developing countries: An embedded multi-layered institutional lens. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(4): 599–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelen, T. G. 1998. Research in religion and mass political behavior in the United States looking both ways after two decades of scholarship. American Politics Quarterly, 26(1): 110–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeynes, W. H. 2003. The effects of religious commitment on the attitudes and behavior of teens regarding premarital childbirth. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 17(1): 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jo, H., & Harjoto, M. A. 2011. Corporate governance and firm value: The impact of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(3): 351–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jo, H., & Harjoto, M. A. 2012. The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1): 53–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kee, H., Albu, E., Lindberg, C. J., Frost, W., & Robert, D. 1998. Christianity: A social and cultural history (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kennedy, E. J., & Lawton, L. 1998. Religiousness and business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(2): 163–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khanna, M., & Damon, L. A. 1999. EPA’s voluntary 33/50 program: Impact on toxic releases and economic performance of firms. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 37(1): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohut, A., Keeter, S., Doherty, C., Dimock, M., Remez, M., Suls, R., Neidorf, S., Christian, L., Kiley, J., Tyson, A., & Pushter, J. 2010. Life in 2050: Amazing science, familiar threats: Public sees a future full of promise and peril. Washington DC: Pew Center for the People and the Press.Google Scholar
Kosmin, B., & Keysar, A. 2009. American religious identification survey (ARIS 2008). Hartford, CN: Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture.Google Scholar
Kumar, A., Page, J. K., & Spalt, O. G. 2011. Religious beliefs, gambling attitudes, and financial market outcomes. Journal of Financial Economics, 102(3): 671–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, T. B., & Suddaby, R. 2006. 1.6 institutions and institutional work. In Clegg, S. R., Hardy, C., Lawrence, T. B., & Nord, W. R. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organization Studies: 215–254. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leege, D. C., & Kellstedt, L. A. 1993. Rediscovering the religious factor in American politics. New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Leege, D. C., & Welch, M. R. 1989. Religious roots of political orientations: Variations among American Catholic parishioners. Journal of Politics, 51(1): 137–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leo, XIII. 1891. Encyclical Letter. Rerum Novarum. May 15, 1891. http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html.Google Scholar
Lerner, L. D., & Fryxell, G. E. 1994. CEO stakeholder attitudes and corporate social activity in the Fortune 500. Business & Society, 33(1): 58–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization. 2004. Business as mission. [Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 59]. https://www.lausanne.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/LOP59_IG30.pdf.Google Scholar
Manza, J., & Brooks, C. 1997. The religious factor in US presidential elections, 1960–1992. American Journal of Sociology, 103(1): 38–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquis, C., & Moss Kanter, R. 2009. IBM: The corporate service corps. HBS Case No. 409–106.Google Scholar
Matten, D., & Moon, J. 2008. “Implicit” and “explicit” CSR: A conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 33(2): 404–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McElroy, K. M., & Siegfried, J. J. 1985. The effect of firm size on corporate philanthropy. Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 25(2): 18–26.Google Scholar
McGuire, S. T., Newton, N. J., Omer, T. C., & Sharp, N. Y. 2012. Does local religiosity impact corporate social responsibility? Available at SSRN 1926387.Google Scholar
McGuire, S. T., Omer, T. C., & Sharp, N. Y. 2011. The impact of religion on financial reporting irregularities. The Accounting Review, 87(2): 645–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melé, D. 2003. The challenge of humanistic management. Journal of Business Ethics, 44(1): 77–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melé, D. 2009. Integrating personalism into virtue-based business ethics: The personalist and the common good principles. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(1): 227–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melé, D. 2011. Management ethics: Placing ethics at the core of good management. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Melé, D. 2012. The firm as a “community of persons”: A pillar of humanistic business ethos. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1): 89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. 1977. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2): 340–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Micklethwait, J., & Wooldridge, A. 2009. God is back: How the global revival of faith is changing the world. NewYork: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Moberg, D. 2007. The great reversal: Reconciling evangelism and social concern. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.Google Scholar
Morsing, M., & Schultz, M. 2006. Corporate social responsibility communication: Stakeholder information, response and involvement strategies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(4): 323–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, L. L. 1994. Believers in business. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.Google Scholar
Newport, F. 2011. Christianity remains dominant religion in the United States. Gallup, December 23. http://www.gallup.com/poll/151760/Christianity-Remains-Dominant-Religion-United-States.aspx.Google Scholar
Omer, T. C., Sharp, N. Y., & Wang, D. 2016. The impact of religion on the going concern reporting decisions of local audit offices. Journal of Business Ethics (in press).Google Scholar
Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L., & Rynes, S. L. 2003. Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Organization studies, 24(3): 403–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petee, T. A., Milner, T. F., & Welch, M. R. 1994. Levels of social integration in group contexts and the effects of informal sanction threat on deviance. Criminology, 32(1): 85–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pater, A., & Van Lierop, K. 2006. Sense and sensitivity: The roles of organisation and stakeholders in managing corporate social responsibility. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(4): 339–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patten, D. M. 2008. Does the market value corporate philanthropy? Evidence from the response to the 2004 tsunami relief effort. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(3): 599–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrin, R. D. 2000. Religiosity and honesty: Continuing the search for the consequential dimension. Review of Religious Research, 41(4): 534–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pescosolido, B. A. 1990. The social context of religious integration and suicide. Sociological Quarterly, 31(3): 337–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pescosolido, B. A., & Georgianna, S. 1989. Durkheim, suicide, and religion: Toward a network theory of suicide. American Sociological Review, 54(1): 33–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. 2002. The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy. Harvard Business Review, 80(12): 56–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Rauschenbusch, W. 1922. A Theology for the Social Gospel. New York: The MacMillan Company.Google Scholar
Regnerus, M. D. 2003. Moral communities and adolescent delinquency. Sociological Quarterly, 44(4): 523–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regnerus, M. D., Sikkink, D., & Smith, C. 1999. Voting with the Christian right: Contextual and individual patterns of electoral influence. Social Forces, 77(4): 1375–1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochlin, S. A., & Christoffer, B. 2000. Making the business case: Determining the value of corporate community involvement. Boston, MA: Boston College, Center for Corporate Community Relations.Google Scholar
Roels, S. J. 1997. The business ethics of evangelicals. Business Ethics Quarterly, 7(2): 109–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, A. 2008. Political views and corporate decision making: The case of corporate social responsibility. Financial Review, 43(3): 337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schieman, S. 2011. Education and the importance of religion in decision making: Do other dimensions of religiousness matter? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(3): 570–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneiberg, M., & Clemens, E. S. 2006. The typical tools for the job: Research strategies in institutional analysis. Sociological Theory, 24(3): 195–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seifert, B., Morris, S. A., & Bartkus, B. R. 2003. Comparing big givers and small givers: Financial correlates of corporate philanthropy. Journal of Business Ethics, 45(3): 195–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seifert, B., Morris, S. A., & Bartkus, B. R. 2004. Having, giving and getting: Slack resources, Corporate philanthropy and firm financial performance. Business and Society, 43(2): 135–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness. Management Science, 59(5): 1045–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharfman, M. 1996. The construct validity of the Kinder, Lydenberg & Domini social performance ratings data. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(3): 287–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloane, D. M., & Potvin, R. H. 1986. Religion and delinquency: Cutting through the maze. Social Forces, 65(1): 87–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. K. 2012. Corporate philanthropy. In Baker, H. K. & Nofsinger, J. R. (Eds.), Socially responsible finance and investing: Financial institutions, corporations, investors, and activists: 341–358. New York: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P., & Oakley, E. 1996. The value of ethics education in business school curriculum. College Student Journal, 30(3): 274–283.Google Scholar
Southern Baptist Convention. 1978. Declaration of human rights. http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/623/declaration-of-human-rights.Google Scholar
Southern Baptist Convention. 2012. Affirming human needs ministry and community involvement by local churches. http://www.scbaptistarchive.org/defining-scbc/annual-meeting/resolutions/1/Google Scholar
Stack, S., & Kposowa, A. 2006. The effect of religiosity on tax fraud acceptability: A cross-national analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3): 325–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, R. 1996. Religion as context: Hellfire and delinquency one more time. Sociology of Religion, 57(2): 163–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, R., Doyle, D. P., & Kent, L. 1980. Rediscovering moral communities: Church membership and crime. Understanding Crime: Current Theory and Research, 18: 43–52.Google Scholar
Stark, R., Kent, L., & Doyle, D. P. 1982. Religion and delinquency: The ecology of a “lost” relationship. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 19(1): 4–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, M. A. 2014. American apocalypse: A history of modern evangelicalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweeney, D. A. 2005. The American evangelical story: A history of the movement. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Terpstra, D., Rozell, E., & Robinson, R. 1993. The influence of personality and demographic variables on ethical decisions related to insider trading. The Journal of Psychology, 127(4): 375–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J. M. 2015. Introducing catholic social thought. New York: Orbis Books.Google Scholar
Thornton, P. H. 2004. Markets from culture: Institutional logics and organizational decisions in higher education publishing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. 1999. Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958–1990. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3): 801–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tracey, P. 2012. Religion and organization: A critical review of current trends and future directions. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1): 87–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Methodist Church. 2016. The book of discipline of the United Methodist Church 2016. Nashville, TN: The United Methodist Publishing House.Google Scholar
Useem, M. 1988. Market and institutional factors in corporate contributions. California Management Review, 30(2): 77–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, K. D., Owen, D. E., & Hill, S. S. 1988. Churches as political communities. American Political Science Review, 82(2): 531–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H., Choi, J., & Li, J. 2008. Too little or too much? Untangling the relationship between corporate philanthropy and firm financial performance. Organization Science, 19(1): 143–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, M. (1904) 2009. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (Norton Critical Editions). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Welch, M. R., Tittle, C. R., & Petee, T. 1991. Religion and deviance among adult Catholics: A test of the “moral communities” hypothesis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2): 159–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintoki, M. B., Linck, J. S., & Netter, J. M. 2012. Endogeneity and the dynamics of internal corporate governance. Journal of Financial Economics, 105(3): 581–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. J., & Jones, R. E. 1995. Stakeholder mismatching: A theoretical problem in empirical research on corporate social performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3(3): 229–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinbarg, E. 2001. Faith, morals, and money: What the world's religions tell us about ethics in the marketplace. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.Google Scholar