Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:50:54.934Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Guest Editors’ Introduction:Corporate Sustainability Management and Environmental Ethics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2017

Douglas Schuler ,
Andreas Rasche ,
Dror Etzion  and
Lisa Newton
Douglas Schuler
Affiliation:
Rice University
Andreas Rasche
Affiliation:
Copenhagen Business School
Dror Etzion
Affiliation:
McGill University
Lisa Newton
Affiliation:
Fairfield University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

This article reviews four key orientations in environmental ethics that range from an instrumental understanding of sustainability to one that acknowledges the intrinsic value of sustainable behavior (i.e., sustainable resource use, conservation and preservation, rights-based perspectives, and deep ecology). It then shows that the current scholarly discourse around corporate sustainability management—as reflected in environment management (EM), corporate social responsibility (CSR), and corporate political activity (CPA)—mostly favors an instrumental perspective on sustainability. Sustainable business practices are viewed as anthropocentric and are conceptualized as a means to achieve competitive advantage. Based on these observations, we speculate about what corporate sustainability management might look like if it applied ethical orientations that emphasize the intrinsic value of nature. This discussion also includes an introduction to two articles in this special section focused on the role of the environmental manager and sustainability standards, both of which offer paths for incorporating intrinsic valuation of the environment into sustainability management.

Keywords

corporate sustainabilityenvironmental ethicscorporate social responsibilityenvironmental managementcorporate political activitysustainability standards
Type
Special Section
Information
Business Ethics Quarterly , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , April 2017 , pp. 213 - 237
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, K. W. 2012. Engaging the public and the private in global sustainability governance. International Affairs, 88(3): 543–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abney, K. 2004. Sustainability, morality and future rights. Moebius, 2: 23–32.Google Scholar
Angelsen, A. 2011. The poverty-environment thesis: Was Brundtland wrong? Forum for Development Studies, 24(1): 135–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anker, P., & Witoszek, N. 1998. The dream of the biocentric community and the structure of utopias. Worldviews, 2: 239–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, D. G. 2016. Corporate responsibility, democracy, and climate change. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 40(1): 252–261.Google Scholar
Audi, R. 2010. The place of ethical theory in business ethics. In Brenkert, G. G. & Beauchamp, T. L. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of business ethics: 46–72. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bansal, P. 2005. Evolving sustainably: A longitudinal study of corporate sustainable development. Strategic Management Journal, 26: 197–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, M. L., & Salomon, R. M. 2012. Does it pay to be really good? Addressing the shape of the relationship between social and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(11): 1304–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, D. 1995. Integrated strategy: Market and nonmarket components. California Management Review, 37(2): 187–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L., & Scherer, A. G. 2013. Organizing corporate social responsibility in small and large firms: Size matters. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(4): 693–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berrone, P., Fosfuri, A., Gelabert, L., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. 2013. Necessity as the mother of ‘green’ inventions: Institutional pressures and environmental innovations. Strategic Management Journal, 34: 891–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. 1999. The new liberalism: The rising power of citizen groups. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Bertels, S., Hoffman, A. J., & DeJordy, R. 2014. The varied work of challenger movements: Identifying challenger roles in the US environmental movement. Organization Studies, 35(8): 1171–1210.Google Scholar
Blair, M. M. 2015. Of corporations, courts, personhood, and morality. Business Ethics Quarterly, 25(4): 415–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, N. 1991. New directions in corporate social responsibility. Business Horizons, 34(4): 56–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, B. 2006. Two concepts of intrinsic value. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 9: 111–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, A., & Lo, Y.-S. 2016. Environmental ethics. In Zalta, E. N. (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/ethics-environmental/.Google Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1979. A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4: 497–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CDP. 2014. Major public companies describe climate-related risks and costs: A review of findings from CDP 2011-2013 disclosures . https://www.cdp.net/en/reports/archive.Google Scholar
Christensen, L. T., Morsing, M., & Thyssen, O. 2017. License to critique: A communication-based perspective on sustainability standards. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(2): 239–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiano, T. 2015. Democracy. In Zala, E. N. (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy , (Spring 2015 ed.). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/democracy/ Google Scholar
Clawson, D, Neustadtl, A., & Weller, M. 1998. Dollars and votes: How business campaign contributions subvert democracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. 1959. A preface to democratic theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dahlmann, F., & Grosvold, J. 2017. Environmental managers and institutional work: Reconciling tensions of competing institutional logics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(2): 263–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delmas, M., Etzion, D., & Nairn-Birch, N. 2013. Triangulating environmental performance: What do corporate social responsibility ratings really capture? Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(3): 255–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DesJardins, J. 2007 Business, ethics, and the environment: Imagining a sustainable future. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
DesJardins, J. 2016. Is it time to jump off the sustainability bandwagon? Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(1): 117–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, A. 1998. Justice and the environment: Conceptions of environmental sustainability and theories of distributive justice. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. 1995. The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1): 65–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkington, J. 1998. Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.Google Scholar
Ferraro, F., Etzion, D., & Gehman, J. 2015. Tackling grand challenges pragmatically: Robust action revisited. Organization Studies, 36(3): 363–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiedler, P. L., & Jain, S. K. (Eds.) 1992. Conservation biology: The theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation and management. New York/London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francione, G. L., & Carlton, A. 2015. Animal rights: The abolitionist approach. Newark: Exempla Press.Google Scholar
Frank, D., Hironaka, A., &, Schofer, E. 2000. The nation-state and the natural environment over the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 65(1): 96–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fremeth, A. R., & Richter, B. K. 2011. Profiting from environmental regulatory uncertainty: Integrated strategies for competitive advantage. California Management Review, 54: 145–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardiner, S. M., & Thompson, A. (Eds.). 2017. The Oxford handbook of environmental ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Garriga, E., & Melé, D. 2004. Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping the territory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(1/2): 51–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelles, D. 2015. Unilever finds that shrinking its footprint is a giant task. New York Times , November 22.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. U., & Rasche, A. 2007. Discourse ethics and social accountability: The ethics of SA 8000. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(2): 187–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, D. U., Rasche, A., & Waddock, S. 2011. Accountability in a global economy: The emergence of international accountability standards. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(1): 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gladwin, T. N., Kennelly, J. J., & Krause, T.-S. 1995. Shifting paradigms for sustainable development: Implications for management theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 20(4): 874–907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grey, W. 1993. Anthropocentrism and deep ecology. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 71(4): 463–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha, R. 1989. Radical American environmentalism and wilderness preservation: A third world critique. Environmental Ethics, 11: 71–83.Google Scholar
Gunther, M. 2016. Nike and Levi’s pile on for ‘fast fashion’ culture reform. GreenBiz , September 20. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/nike-and-levis-pile-fast-fashion-culture-reform.Google Scholar
Haley, U., & Schuler, D. A. 2011. Government policy and firm strategy in the solar photovoltaic industry: Implications for technology and production. California Management Review, 54(1): 17–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, S. L. 1995. A natural-resource-based view of the firm. Academy of Management Review, 20(4): 986–1014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, S. L., & Sharma, S. 2004. Engaging fringe stakeholders for competitive imagination. Academy of Management Executive, 18(1): 7–18.Google Scholar
Hawken, P., Lovins, A., & Lovins, L. H. 1999. Natural capitalism: Creating the next industrial revolution. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Hempel, L. C. 2012. Evolving concepts of sustainability in environmental policy. In Kraft, M. E. & Kamieniecki, S. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of U.S. environmental policy: 67–91. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henisz, W. J., Dorobantu, S, & Nartey, L. J. 2014. Spinning gold: The financial returns to stakeholder engagement. Strategic Management Journal, 35(12): 1727–1748.Google Scholar
Henisz, W. J., & Zelner, B. A. 2012. Strategy and competition in the market and nonmarket arenas. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(3): 40–51.Google Scholar
Hillman, A. J. 2005. Politicians on boards of directors: Do connections affect the bottom line? Journal of Management, 31(3): 464–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, A. J. 1999. Institutional evolution and change: Environmentalism and the U.S. chemical industry. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4): 351–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, A. J. 2001. From heresy to dogma: An institutional history of corporate environmentalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, A. J., & Jennings, P. D. 2015. Institutional theory and the natural environment: Research in (and on) the anthropocene. Business & Society, 28(1): 8–31.Google Scholar
Hoffman, W. M., Frederick, R., & Petry, E. S. (Eds.) 1990. The corporation, ethics and the environment. New York: Quorum Books.Google Scholar
Jones, T, & Felps, W. 2013. Shareholder wealth maximization and social welfare: A utilitarian critique. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(2): 207–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kassinis, G., & Vafeas, N. 2006. Stakeholder pressures and environmental performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1): 145–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, A. A., & Lenox, M. J. 2001. Lean and green? An empirical examination of the relationship between lean production and environmental performance. Production And Operations Management, 10(3): 244–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, A. A., & Lenox, M. J. 2002. Exploring the locus of profitable pollution reduction. Management Science, 48(2): 289–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langhelle, O. 1999. Sustainable development: Exploring the ethics of our common future. International Political Science Review, 20(2): 129–149.Google Scholar
Langhelle, O. 2000. Sustainable development and social justice: Expanding the Rawlsian framework of global justice. Environmental Values, 9(3): 295–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauerman, K. 2016. Big Soda sponsored 96 health groups — A big conflict of interest, study says. Washington Post , October 10. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/10/10/big-soda-sponsored-96-health-groups-a-big-conflict-of-interest-study-says/.Google Scholar
Lawrence, T. B., & Suddaby, R. 2006. Institutions and institutional work. In Clegg, S. R., Hardy, C., Lawrence, T. B., & Nord, W. R. (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies (2nd ed.): 215–254. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leopold, A. 1949. A sand county almanac and sketches here and there. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lindblom, C. 1977. Politics and markets: The world’s political economic systems. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Luke, T. W. 2002. Deep ecology: Living as if nature mattered: Devall and Sessions on defending the earth. Organization & Environment, 15(2): 178–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maguire, S., & Hardy, C. 2009. Discourse and deinstitutionalization: The decline of DDT. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1): 148–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonough, W., & Braungart, M. 2002. Cradle to cradle: Remaking the way we make things. New York: North Point Press.Google Scholar
McDonough, W., & Braungart, M. 2013. The upcycle: beyond sustainability—Designing for abundance. New York: North Point Press.Google Scholar
McKibben, B. 2015. Exxon’s climate lie: No corporation has ever done anything this big or bad. The Guardian , October 15. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/14/exxons-climate-lie-change-global-warming.Google Scholar
McShane, K. 2014. The bearers of value in environmental ethics. In Hiller, A., Ilea, R., & Kahn, L. (Eds.), Consequentialism and environmental ethics: 17–34. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. 2001. Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(1): 117–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, J. S., 1861. Considerations on representative government. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 853–886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Næss, A. 1973. The shallow and the deep: Long-range ecology movement. Inquiry, 16: 95–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Næss, A. 1989. Ecology, community, lifestyle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, M. P., & Vucetich, J. A. 2012. Sustainability science: Ethical foundations and emerging challenges. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10): 12. http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/sustainability-science-ethical-foundations-and-emerging-challenges-24319566.Google Scholar
Neumeyer, E. 2003. Strong versus weak sustainability: Exploring the limits of two opposing paradigms (2nd edition). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Newton, L. 2005. Business ethics and the natural environment. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, L. 2013. The American experience in environmental protection. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, L., & Dillingham, C. 2002. Watersheds 3: Ten cases in environmental ethics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
North, B. G. 1987. Conservation and preservation: A conceptual rehabilitation. Environmental Ethics, 8(3): 195–220.Google Scholar
Olson, M. 1971. The logic of collective action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L., & Rynes, S. L. 2003. Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Organization Studies, 24(3): 403–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. 2002. The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy. Harvard Business Review, 80(12): 56–69.Google ScholarPubMed
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. 2006. Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12): 78–92.Google Scholar
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. 2011. Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1/2): 62–77.Google Scholar
Porter, M. E., & Van der Linde, C. 1995a. Green and competitive: Ending the stalemate. Harvard Business Review, 73(5): 120–134.Google Scholar
Porter, M. E., & Van der Linde, C. 1995b. Toward a new conception of the environment-competitiveness relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4): 97–118.Google Scholar
Potoski, M., & Prakash, A. 2005. Green clubs and voluntary governance: ISO 14001 and firms’ regulatory compliance. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2): 235–248.Google Scholar
Prasad, P., & Elmes, M. 2005. In the name of the practical: Unearthing the hegemony of pragmatics in the discourse of environmental management. Journal of Management Studies, 42(4): 845–867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasche, A. 2009. ‘A necessary supplement’ – what the United Nations Global Compact is (and is not). Business & Society, 48(4): 511–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasche, A. 2015. The corporation as a political actor – European and North American perspectives. European Management Journal, 33(1): 4–8.Google Scholar
Rasche, A., & Esser, D. E. 2006. From stakeholder management to stakeholder accountability. Journal of Business Ethics, 65(3): 251–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, A., Chapin, F. S. III, Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Corell, R. W., Fabry, V. J., Hansen, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen, P., & Foley, J. A. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461(7263): 472–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, E. M. 2003. Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Roodman, D. M. 1998 The natural wealth of nations: Harnessing the market for the environment. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J. J. 1762. The social contract (Trans. Frankel, Charles, 1947). New York: Hafner Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Russo, M. V. 2010. Companies on a mission: Entrepreneurial strategies for growing sustainably, responsibly, and profitably. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books.Google Scholar
Russo, M. V., & Fouts, P. A. 1997. A resource-based perspective on corporate environmental performance and profitability. Academy of Management Journal, 40(3): 534–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagoff, M. 2004. Price, principle, and the environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandhu, S., Ozanne, L. K., Smallman, C., & Cullen, R. 2010. Consumer driven corporate environmentalism: Fact or fiction? Business Strategy and the Environment, 19: 356–366.Google Scholar
Sandler, R. 2012. Intrinsic value, ecology, and conservation. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10).Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. 2011. The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy. Journal of Management Studies, 48(4): 899–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., Rasche, A., Palazzo, G., & Spicer, A. 2016. Managing for political corporate social responsibility: New challenges and directions for PCSR 2.0. Journal of Management Studies, 53(3): 273–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoeneborn, D., Blaschke, S., Cooren, F., McPhee, R. D., Seidl, D., & Taylor, J. R. 2014. The three schools of CCO thinking: Interactive dialogue and systematic comparison. Management Communication Quarterly, 28(2): 285–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuler, D. A., Rehbein, K., & Cramer, R. 2002. Pursuing strategic advantage through political means: A multivariate approach. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 659–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, W. R. 2001. Institutions and organizations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Sharfman, M. P., & Fernando, C. S. 2008. Environmental risk management and the cost of capital. Strategic Management Journal, 29: 569–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, S. 2014. Competing for a sustainable world: Building capacity for sustainable innovation. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing.Google Scholar
Sharma, S., & Henriques, I. 2005. Stakeholder influences on sustainability practices in the Canadian forest products industry. Strategic Management Journal, 26: 159–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, S., & Vredenburg, H. 1998. Proactive corporate environmental strategy and the development of competitively valuable organizational capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 729–753.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, P. 1975. Animal liberation. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Singer, P. 1993. Practical ethics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Slawinski, N., & Bansal, P. 2012. A matter of time: The temporal perspectives of organizational responses to climate change. Organization Studies, 33(11): 1537–1563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slawinski, N., & Bansal, P. 2015. Short on time: Intertemporal tensions in business sustainability. Organization Science, 26(2): 531–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starik, M. 1995. Should trees have managerial standing? Toward stakeholder status for non-human nature. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(3): 207–217.Google Scholar
Starik, M., & Kanashiro, P. 2013. Toward a theory of sustainability management: Uncovering and integrating the nearly obvious. Organization & Environment, 26: 7–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starik, M., & Rands, G. P. 1995. Weaving an integrated web: Multilevel and multisystem perspectives of ecologically sustainable organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20(4): 908–935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvan, R. 1985. A critique of deep ecology. Radical Philosophy, 40: 2–12.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. 1981. The ethics of respect for nature. Environmental Ethics, 3: 197–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, P. B. 2007. Agricultural sustainability: What it is and what it is not. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 5(1): 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velasquez, M. 1992. International business, morality and the common good. Business Ethics Quarterly, 2(1): 27–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddock, S. 2008. Corporate responsibility/corporate citizenship: The development of a construct. In Scherer, A. G. & Palazzo, G. (Eds.), Handbook of research on global corporate citizenship: 50–73. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Waddock, S. A., & Graves, S. B. 1997. The corporate social performance - financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18(4): 303–319.Google Scholar
Waldau, P. 2011 Animal rights: What everyone needs to know. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
West, W. F. 2009. Inside the black box: The development of proposed rules and the limits of procedural controls. Administration and Society, 41: 576–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiteman, G., Walker, B., & Perego, P. 2013. Planetary boundaries: Ecological foundations for corporate sustainability. Journal of Management Studies, 50(2): 307–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijen, F. 2014. Means versus ends in opaque institutional fields: Trading off compliance and achievement in sustainability standard adoption. Academy of Management Review, 39(3): 302–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windsor, D. 2006. Corporate social responsibility: Three key approaches. Journal of Management Studies, 43(1): 93–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (UN General Assembly A/42/427, 4 August 1987). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2016. The global risks report 2016 (11th ed.). Geneva: World Economic Forum.Google Scholar
Zink, T., & Geyer, R. 2016. There is no such thing as a green product. Stanford Social Innovation Review , Spring: 26–31.Google Scholar