Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T06:57:06.475Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Samuel Storke: An Eighteenth-Century London Merchant Trading to the American Colonies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2012

William I. Roberts III
William I. Roberts III
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of History, Pennsylvania State University, Ogontz Campus
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In contrast to older views of the passive role of London houses in the American trade, the active influence of a leading English merchant on the business decision-making of his colonial counterparts emerges from this case study.

Type
Research Article
Information
Business History Review , Volume 39 , Issue 2 , Summer 1965 , pp. 147 - 170
Copyright
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 1965

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Studies of eighteenth-century English merchants have been done by: Sutherland, Lucy S., A London Merchant, 1695–1774 (Oxford, 1933)Google Scholar, concerning the career of William Braund; Pares, Richard, A West India Fortune (London, 1950)Google Scholar, on the Pinneys, sugar merchants of Bristol; Namier, L. B., “Anthony Bacon, M.P., An Eighteenth-Century Merchant,” Journal of Economic and Business History, vol. II (November, 1929), pp. 20–70Google Scholar; and Mason, F. N. (ed.), John Norton and Sons (Richmond, 1937)Google Scholar, on the correspondence of a prominent tobacco factor. Important studies of American merchants of the same century would include: Baxter, W. T., The House of Hancock: Business in Boston, 1724–1775 (Cambridge, Mass., 1945)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bruchey, Stuart W., Robert Oliver; Merchant of Baltimore, 1783–1819 (Baltimore, 1956)Google Scholar; Crittenden, Charles C., The Commerce of North Carolina, 1763–1789 (New Haven, 1936)Google Scholar; Fairchild, Byron, Messers. William Pepperrell: Merchants at Piscataqua (Ithaca, 1954)Google Scholar; Harrington, Virginia, The New York Merchant on the Eve of the Resolution (New York, 1935)Google Scholar; Hedges, James B., The Browns of Providence Plantations (Cambridge, Mass., 1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jensen, Arthur, The Maritime Commerce of Colonial Philadelphia (Madison, 1963)Google Scholar; Leder, Lawrence and Carosso, Vincent P., “Robert Livingston (1654–1728): Businessman of Colonial New York,” Business History Review, vol. XXX (Spring, 1956), pp. 18–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Martin, Margaret E., Merchants and Trade of the Connecticut River Valley, 1750–1820 (Northampton, Mass., 1939)Google Scholar; and White, Philip L., The Beekman Mercantile Papers, 1746–1799 (New York, 1956)Google Scholar.

2 For further comments on the need for more studies of English merchants, see two recent attempts to synthesize the history of English transatlantic trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: Farnie, D. A., “The Commercial Empire of the Atlantic, 1607–1783,” Economic History Review, Series 2, vol. XV (1962), pp. 205–218Google Scholar; and Ramsay, G. D., English Overseas Trade During The Centuries of Emergence (London, 1957)Google Scholar, especially chap, vii, “The British Atlantic Community,” and pp. 260–63.

3 For the Sewall genealogy and the Storke connections, consult Diary of Samuel Sewall, “Introduction,” Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, Series 5, vol. V. Regarding Samuel Storke being Judge Sewall's namesake, see Samuel Sewall to John Storke, Jr., January 15, 1716/17, Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, M. H. S. Collections, Series 6, vol. II, pp. 62–63.

4 Diary of Samuel Sewall, p. 302; Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, vol. I, pp. 51–52, 207, 236–38; vol. II, pp. 45–47, 331–32, 384.

5 Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, vol. I, pp. 161, 164–65, 207.

6 Sewall to Storke, Jr., August 5, 1712, Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, vol. II, pp. 4–5.

7 Storke, Jr. to Sewall, February 8, 1714/15, Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, vol. II, pp. 44–45.

8 Sewall to Samuel Storke, October 29, 1717, Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, vol. II, pp. 74–75.

9 Ibid., et passim; Letters of Samuel Sewall, Jr. to Storke, Miscellaneous Manuscripts, vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library).

10 Sewall to Storke, October 29, 1717, Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, vol. II, pp. 74–75; Bill and Sewall to Storke and Gainsborough, 1735–1736, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library). The amount of Storke's initial capital is unknown.

11 Memorial of Loss and Damage sustained by Samuel and John Storke, August 6, 1730, Sainsbury, W. N., et al. (eds.), Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies (London, 1860 to date), vol. 37, p. 229Google Scholar.

12 See, for examples: Sewall to Storke, May 10, 1726, Letterbook of Samuel Sewall, vol. II, p. 207; Storke to Rev. Benjamin Coleman, June 21, 1740, Davis Papers, vol. II (Mass. Historical Society); Andrew Oliver to Storke and Gainsborough, June 22, 1737, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library). Storke was one of 96 influential persons in England to whom copies of the catalogue of the Harvard College Library were distributed by Thomas Hollis in 1723–1724. Alfred C. Potter, “The Harvard College Library, 1723–1735,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. XXV, p. 5.

13 Infra.

14 Journal of Commissioners for Trade and Plantations (London, 1925), vol. IV (1718–1722), p. 63.

15 Grant, W. L. and Munro, James (eds.), Acts of the Privy Council of England, Colonial Series (Hereford and London, 1908–1912), vol. III, p. 68Google Scholar; vol. VI, pp. 149–54.

16 List of Trading Vessels Cleared Outwards from 29 September 1728 to the 25 December next following, CO. 5/1224 (Public Record Office, London). Microfilm Copy in the N.Y. Historical Society.

17 Correspondence between Storke and Gainsborough and various members of the Cuyler Family can be found in: Miscellaneous Mercantile Papers (N.Y. Public Library); Miscel laneous Manuscripts, vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library); and Miscellaneous Manuscripts (N.Y. Historical Society).

18 On Burnet's Indian Policy and the appointment of Philip Livingston as Secretary for Indian Affairs, see Leder, Lawrence H., Robert Livingston and the Politics of Colonial New York (Chapel Hill, 1961), pp. 250–80.Google Scholar As Secretary for Indian Affairs, Livingston was able to appoint resident agents in the Iroquois country who also took trade goods from him. At Indian conferences Livingston supplied the gifts from the Governor, which frequently amounted to £300–400 at a time. Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, November 1, 1736 and June 15, 1737, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

19 Rip Van Dam to Storke and Gainsborough, December 6, 1735, indicates a continuing commercial correspondence, B.V. New Netherland Papers (N.Y. Historical Society). The Alexander Papers (N.Y. Historical Society) contain Invoices and Accounts of Sales pertaining to Alexander's business with Storke. Miscellaneous Manuscripts, vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library) include correspondence of John Cruger with Storke and Gainsborough.

20 James Logan to John Askew, n.d., Logan Letterbook 1717–1728, pp 351–52 (Historical Society of Pa.).

21 Tolles, Frederick B., James Logan and the Culture of Provincial America (Boston, 1957), p. 188Google Scholar.

22 Letter of Logan to Askew, n.d., Logan Letterbook, 1717–1728, pp 351–52 (Historical Society of Pa.).

23 Storke's business with Logan, Shippen, and Lawrence is discussed in detail in a manuscript currently being prepared on the Pennsylvania Indian trade by Professor Albright G. Zimmerman of Rider College, Lawrenceville, New Jersey.

24 Isaac Norris and Isaac Norris, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library); Norris Collection and Logan Collection (Historical Society of Pa.).

25 On Storke's son in Amsterdam and Hamburg, see Philip Livingston to Storke, [Winter] 1734, and November 13, 1735; Logan to Storke, November 29, 1736. On sending furs and skins to Hamburg and Amsterdam, see Robert and Peter Livingston and Co. to Storke and Gainsborough, December 3, 1736, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

26 On the entrepot trade at Newfoundland, see Fairchild, Messers. William Pepperrell, pp. 57–58, 98.

27 Andrew and Peter Oliver and Isaac Dupee to George Rogers at St. Johns, Newfoundland, Boston, August 22, 1735, Misc. Mss. (N.Y. Historical Society). Storke to Thomas Paine, London, March 23, 1740/41, Paine Collection (Mass. Historical Society).

28 Philip Livingston to Storke, April–, 1734, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

29 The principal collections of correspondence to and from Storke are replete with accounts showing commission charges. See: Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library); Savage Papers and Paine Collection (Mass. Historical Society); Misc. Mss. (N.Y. Historical Society); and Logan Papers (Historical Society of Pa.).

30 The customary broker's fee charged by London merchants for procuring insurance was ½ per cent. See Storke and Champion to Samuel P. Savage, February 24, 1746/47, Savage Papers (Mass. Historical Society).

31 On the time allowed for payment in London, see Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, June 7, 1734, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library); Storke to Paine, May 8, 1741, Paine Collection (Mass. Historical Society), I have found only one instance of Storke being unable to secure timely payment from an American merchant. In 1740 Thomas Paine of Boston, with whom Storke had done business in Newfoundland whale oil since 1737, fell behind in paying for goods he ordered on account. Storke received several small bills from him, but a year later the bulk of his balance remained unpaid. Storke, after dunning him by letter several times, settled the debt by drawing bills of exchange on him payable to other merchants in Boston, Paine to Storke and Gainsborough, December 16, 1737, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library); Storke to Paine, May 14, 1739 to August 27, 1743, Paine Collection (Mass. Historical Society).

32 For examples of price advances on European goods in the colonial market, see: Account of Sales of One Bale of Cloth received from Philadelphia per sloop Lebanon, from Thomas Lawrence on account of Storke and Gainsborough, by Bill and Sewall, July 14, 1735, Misc. Mss. (N.Y. Historical Society); Account of Sales of Goods for Storke and Gainsborough by Peter and Andrew Oliver, December 4, 1734, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library); Account of Sales of Sundries received from London per Captain Grococks on account of Storke and Gainsborough by Andrew and Peter Oliver, January 27, 1736/37 (Mass. Historical Society). These percentile advances indicate gross profit. In each case the advance is calculated before charges are deducted.

33 On the trade between London and Russia, see Ledger of Henry and John Sperling from 1719 to 1748 (Essex Record Office, D/DQI, Chelmsford, England). On the preference in New England for Russian hemp and canvas, see James Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, December 24, 1736, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

34 The Misc. Mss. Collection (N.Y. Historical Society) and Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library) contain correspondence involving consignments between Storke and the above named merchants. The Mass. Historical Society has some additional correspondence between the Olivers and Storke.

35 See Lists of Trading Vessels Cleared Outwards and Lists of Trading Vessels Cleared Inwards (hereafter cited as N.Y. Shipping Records) for the years 1725–1745, CO 5/1224 to CO. 5/1226 (Public Record Office, London). Microfilm copy in the N.Y. Historical Society.

36 Robert and Peter Livingston and Co. to Storke and Gainsborough [Summer], November 11, 1735, June 16, 1736, and October 24, 1737; Robert Livingston, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, November 12, 1734, June 2, 1735; Robert Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, November 12, 1735; Account of Sales of 50 Pieces of Cloth received in May, 1733 by Robert Livingston, and Account of Sales of Garlix received October 26, 1733 by Robert Livingston. Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

37 Robert and Peter Livingston and Co. to Storke and Gainsborough, November 2, 1737, ibid.

38 Robert Livingston, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, November 19, 1734; Robert Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, September 1, 1735. Ibid.

39 Thomas Lawrence to Samuel Storke, May 29, June 26, 1734, Miscellaneous Collection (Historical Society of Pa.); Account of Sales of One Bale of Cloth received from Philadelphia per sloop Lebanon, from Thomas Lawrence on account of Storke and Gainsborough, by Bill and Sewall, July 14, 1735, Misc. Mss. (N.Y. Historical Society).

40 Regarding the cheap quality of American ship construction, see Zimmerman, A. G., “James Logan, Proprietary Agent,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. LXXVIII (April, 1954), p. 147.Google Scholar Regarding the cheaper wages paid New England seamen, see Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, July 26, 1736, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library). On the difference between maintenance costs in London and Boston, see Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, April 23, 1734 and July 26, 1736, ibid.

41 Andrew and Peter Oliver to Storke and Gainsborough, August 5, 1734, ibid.

43 Account of Sales of Goods for Storke and Gainsborough by Andrew and Peter Oliver, December 4, 1734, Andrew and Peter Oliver to Storke and Gainsborough, December 12, 1734, ibid.

43 Andrew and Peter Oliver to Storke and Gainsborough, August 8, 1735, Misc. Mss. (N.Y. Historical Society).

44 Owners of Ship Mary their Account Current, December 4, 1735, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

45 Andrew and Peter Oliver and Thomas Hubbard to Storke and Gainsborough, June 1, 1736, ibid.

46 Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, December 31, 1734, ibid.

47 Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, June 7, 1735, ibid.

48 Edward Shippen to Storke, July 21, 1734, ibid; Edward Wright, Master of the Constantine, to Storke and Gainsborough, New Castle (Del.), October 8, 1735, Society Misc. Collection (Historical Society of Pa.); Storke and Gainsborough to Messrs. Livingston and Cuyler, owners of the Oswego Packet, London, July 28, 1738, Box 19, Livingston-Redmond Papers (Franklin D, Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.).

49 Sales were slow in the winter in the colonies chiefly because the weather hampered transportation. Paine to Storke and Gainsborough, December 16, 1737, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

50 Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, June 6, 1737, ibid.

51 Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, March 7, 1736/37, ibid.

52 Bowdoin to Storke and Gainsborough, July 26, 1736, ibid.

53 Storke was part-owner of the Albany, which was employed in the New York-London trade, supra; Thomas Lawrence to Storke, June 26, 1734, Society Misc. Collection (Historical Society of Pa.).

54 For examples of Storke's advice on the Spanish markets, and price limits on proposed ventures, see: Isaac Norris, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, November 14, 1735 and June —, 1737, Philip Livingston to Storke, April or May 1734; Robert and Peter Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, December 3, 1736, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

55 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, August 24, 1736, Dreer Collection (Historical Society of Pa.); Philip Livingston to Winder and Ferrand at Barcelona, August 2, 1734, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

56 For quotations of freight rates and wheat prices, see the following: Philip Livingston to Storke, July 16, 1734, Robert Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, December 7, 1734, of Robert and Peter Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, October 12, 1735, October 26, 1736, June —, August 6, 1737, Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, October 31, 1734 and August 3, 1738, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

57 Compare: Robert Livingston, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, February 4, 1734/35, and Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, June 7, 1736 and June 12, 1738, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N.Y. State Library).

58 Robert Livingston, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, February 4, February —, 1734/35, Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, June 15, July 16, 1734, Robert and Peter Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, June 15, 1737, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library).

59 Robert Livingston, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, February 4, 1734/35, Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, March 10, 1736/37, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library).

60 Lawrence to Storke, May 29, 1734, Society Misc. Collection (Historical Society of Pa.).

61 See, for example: Account of Sales of Cordage, Duck, and Anchors received July 1733, half on account of Samuel Storke, half on account of James Bowdoin, February 7, 1734/35, Account of a Parcel of Duck and Muslin sold on joint account of Andrew and Peter Oliver and Storke and Gainsborough, February 17, 1734/35, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library).

62 See, for example: Account Current of Storke and Gainsborough with Andrew and Peter Oliver, April 9, 1735 and July 30, 1737, ibid.

63 Misconceptions of the Indian trade as a traffic in guns, ammunition, and liquor are far too common, even among historians. A check of seven orders of trade goods from Storke by Philip Livingston between June 1734 and June 1738 reveals only one mention of gun powder (November 20, 1734), and this is a note not to send any because most of the previous year's shipment was unsold. Livingston's typical order from Storke consisted entirely of textiles, except for a few looking glasses, knives, buttons, etc. In one instance only, Livingston ordered two dozen guns from Storke (June 7, 1734). Livingston-Storke Correspondence, ibid.

64 Philip Livingston to Storke, November 22, 1733, August-, November 20, 1734, ibid.

65 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, February 25, 1734/35, June 18, 1735, August 6, October 9, November 1, November —, November 23, 1736, ibid.

66 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, November 23, 1736 and June 4, 1737, Robert Livingston, Jr. to Storke and Gainsborough, October 28, 1737, Robert and Peter Livingston and Co. to Storke and Gainsborough, October 9, 1736 and October 24, 1737, ibid.

67 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, October 31, 1734 and August 24, 1736, Letter of Robert and Peter Livingston and Co. to Storke and Gainsborough, October 9, 1736, ibid.

68 Storke and Gainsborough to Messrs. Livingston and Cuyler, owners of the Oswego Packet, August 18, 1738, Box 19, Livingston-Redmond Mss. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library); Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, May 10, June 2, 1735, May 5, 1737, February 2, 1737/38, and July 4, 1738, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library); Lawrence to Storke, July 15, May 29, 1734, Society Misc. Collection (Historical Society of Pa.).

69 Robert and Peter Livingston and Co. to Storke and Gainsborough, August 6, October 15, 1737, Logan to Storke, December 4, 1735, Letter of Shippen to Storke, July 21, 1734, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library). Lawrence to Storke, July 15, 1734, Society Misc. Collection (Historical Society of Pa.).

70 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, July 16, August 6, 1736, March 10, 1736/37, Robert and Peter Livingston and Co. to Storke and Gainsborough, July 25, 1736, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library).

71 Logan to Storke, Stenton, December 4, 1735, Shippen to Storke, circa June 1734, Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, December 8, 1735, ibid.

72 For quotations of beaver prices in London and Amsterdam, and their effect on prices at New York and Albany, see Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough: circa May 1, 1734, March 26, July 16, 1736, May 5, June 4, 15, 1737, February 2, 1737/38, June 12, July 31, August 3, September 29, 1738, ibid. For a general discussion of the London and continental fur markets, see: E. E. Rich, The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670–1870, Vol. I: 1670–1763, Publications of the Hudson's Bay Record Society, vol. XXI (London, 1958); and Rich, E. E., “Russia and the Colonial Fur Trade,” Economic History Review, vol. VII (April, 1955), pp. 307–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

73 See, for example, Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, circa June 30, July 16, 1734, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library). The local hatters also competed for furs, and were frequently accused of raising prices. Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough [Winter], June 15, 1734, July—, 1735, ibid.

74 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, July 16, 1734, June-, 1735, April 24, 1736, June 7, 1737, ibid.

75 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, June 7, July 16, August 24, November 1, 1736, ibid.

76 For a description of the Pennsylvania trade in the Ohio country in the 1740's, see N. B. Wainwright, George Croghan, Wilderness Diplomat (Chapel Hill, 1959), chap. i.

77 Supra, note 23.

78 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, July 16, 1734, July—, 1735, May 16, August 24, 1736, June 4 [or 7], 15, 1737, April 15, June 12, 1738, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library).

79 Philip Livingston to Starke and Gainsborough, August 24, November 1, 1736, September 6, December 14, 1737, ibid.

80 Philip Livingston to Starke and Gainsborough, November 1, 1736, October 17, 1737, April 15, June 12, 1738, ibid.

81 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, circa June 15, September 6, 26, October 2, 1737, April 15, June 12, July 31, 1738, ibid.

82 Philip Livingston to Storke and Gainsborough, November 17, 1736, June 7, 1737, ibid.

83 Philip Livingston to Robert and Peter Livingston, Albany, March 3, 1740/41, Box 19, Livingston-Redmond Mss. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library).

84 Philip Livingston to Col. Jacob Wendell, New York, November 24, 1746; February 23, 1746/47; June 6, 10, 1747 (Museum of the City of N. Y.)

85 Supra. The vessel was originally owned by Storke, Cuyler, and Livingston. Alexander bought a 1/6 share in the vessel sometime prior to 1737, when the vessel was replaced, but the name and ownership arrangements kept the same. Storke and Gainsborough to Messrs. Cuyler, Livingston, and Alexander, February 8, 1736/37, Ships File: Albany (N.Y. Historical Society); Messrs. Livingston, Cuyler, and Alexander to Storke and Gainsborough, June 29, 1737, Misc. Mss., vol. 6 (N. Y. State Library).

86 Samuel Storke to Owners of the Albany, December 5, 1741, February 27, March 8, 1741/42, Ships File: Albany (N. Y. Historical Society).

87 Draft of “State of the Case conserning the Ship Albany,” by Henry Cuyler and James Alexander, July —, 1743, Account of Sale and Costs of ¼ Part of Ship Albany, N. D., Ships File: Albany, ibid.

88 On the operation of the Business Cycle in New England at this time, see Baxter, House of Hancock, pp. 64–74. On the North America-West Indies trade in wartime, see Pares, Richard, War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739–1763 (Oxford, 1936)Google Scholar. On in creased freight and insurance costs, see Storke and Son to Samuel P. Savage, March 2, 1742/43, Savage Papers (Mass. Historical Society).

89 Storke and Son to Savage, April 30, May 8, 1744, ibid.

90 Regarding Micoo's speculations, see Harrington, New York Merchant, p. 306.

91 Thomas Hutchinson to Lane and Booth, November 6, 1764, Massachusetts Archives, vol. XXVI, pp. 112–15 (State House, Boston).

92 See, for example: Storke to Robert Livingston, Jr., September 6, 1739, Livingston-Redmond Mss. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library); Storke and Son to Savage, August 12, 1746, and Storke and Champion to Savage, May 25, 1747, Savage Papers (Mass. Historical Society).

93 Storke and Son to Savage, March 2, 1742/43 and August 12, 1746, Storke and Champion to Savage, March 31, 1749, Savage Papers (Mass. Historical Society).

94 Storke and Son to Savage, August 12, 1746, Storke and Champion to Savage, November 8, 1748, March 31, 1749, ibid.

95 Storke and Champion to Savage, January 31, 1746/47, ibid.

96 Storke and Champion to Savage, June 30, 1749, ibid.

97 Storke and Champion to Lawrence, June 28, 1753, Martha Morris Lawrence Collection (Historical Society of Pa.).

98 Alexander Champion to Lawrence, July 18, 1753, ibid.

99 Hutchinson to Lane and Booth, November 6, 1764, Massachusetts Archives, vol. XXVI, pp. 112–15 (State House, Boston).