Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:14:16.183Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Late Prehistoric Stelae, Persistent Places and Connected Worlds: A Multi-disciplinary Review of the Evidence at Almargen (Lands of Antequera, Spain)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2019

Marta Díaz-Guardamino
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, DurhamDH1 3LE, UK Email: marta.m.diaz-guardamino@durham.ac.uk
Leonardo García-Sanjuán
Affiliation:
Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Seville, María de Padilla s/n, 41004Sevilla, Spain Email: lgarcia@us.es
David Wheatley
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Avenue Campus, Highfield Road, SouthamptonSO17 1BF, UK Email: D.W.Wheatley@soton.ac.uk
José Antonio Lozano-Rodríguez
Affiliation:
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Email: jalozano@ugr.es
Miguel Ángel Rogerio-Candelera
Affiliation:
Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012Sevilla, Spain Email: marogerio@irnase.csic.es
Manolo Casado-Ariza
Affiliation:
Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Seville, María de Padilla s/n, 41004Sevilla, Spain Email: manolocasado@gmail.com

Abstract

This paper examines how monuments with ‘local’ idiosyncrasies are key in processes of place-making and how, through persistence, such places can engage in supra-local and even ‘global’ dynamics. Departing from a detailed revision of its context, materiality and iconography, we show how a remarkable Iberian ‘warrior’ stela brings together the geo-strategic potential of a unique site, located literally between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic worlds, the century-long dialogue between shared and local identities and the power of connectivity of inexorable global processes. Previous approaches to Iberian late prehistoric stelae have had problems in developing bottom-up, theoretically informed and empirically sound approaches to their simultaneously local and supra-local character. The remarkable site of Almargen provides the opportunity to explore this issue. Located in Lands of Antequera (Málaga), a region with a strong tradition of landscape-making through monuments going back to the Late Neolithic, the Almargen ‘warrior’ stela serves us to explore the notion of ‘glocalization’, which embodies persistent local engagements with material culture, sites and landscapes on the one hand, and their connections with wider regional and even ‘global’ worlds on the other.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almagro-Basch, M., 1966. Estelas decoradas del suroeste peninsular [Decorated stelae from the Iberian southwest]. (Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana 8.) Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Español de Prehistoria.Google Scholar
Almagro-Gorbea, M., 1977. El Bronce Final y el período Orientalizante en Extremadura [The Late Bronze Age and the Orientalizing period in Extremadura]. (Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana 14.) Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Español de Prehistoria.Google Scholar
Araque, R., 2018. Inter-Cultural Communications and Iconography in the Western Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. (Freiburger Archäologische Studien 9.) Rahden (Westf.): Verlag Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Armada, X.-L., Rafel, N. & Montero, I., 2008. Contactos precoloniales, actividad metalúrgica y biografías de objetos de bronce en la Península Ibérica [Precolonial contacts, metallurgical activity and biographies of bronze artefacts in the Iberian Peninsula], in Contacto cultural entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico (siglos XII-VIII ane). La precolonización a debate, [Cultural contact between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic (12th–8th Centuries BCE): Debating the pre-colonization], eds Celestino, S., Rafel, N. & Armada, X.-L.. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 465508.Google Scholar
Asín, M., 1940. Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España [Contribution to the Arab toponymy from Spain]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.Google Scholar
Aubet, M.E., 1997. A propósito de una vieja estela [Regarding an old stela]. Saguntum. PLAV 30, 163–72.Google Scholar
Barceló, J.A. 1989. Arqueología, lógica y estadística: un análisis de las estelas de la Edad del Bronce en la Península Ibérica [Archaeology, logic and statistics: an analysis of Iberian Bronze Age stelae]. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E., Berridge, P.J., Walker, M.J.C. & Bevins, R.E., 1995. Persistent places in the Mesolithic landscape: an example from the Black Mountain uplands of south Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61, 81116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R. 1990. The Passage of Arms: Archaeological analysis of prehistoric hoards and votive deposits. Oxford/Philadelphia: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2000. An Archaeology of Natural Places. London/New YorkRoutledge.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2002. The Past in Prehistoric Societies. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2016. A Geography of Offerings: Deposits of valuables in the landscapes of ancient Europe. Oxford/Philadelphia: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. & García-Sanjuán, L., 2017. Sudden time? Natural disasters as a stimulus to monument building: from Silbury Hill (Great Britain) to Antequera (Spain), in The Neolithic of Europe: Papers in honour of Alasdair Whittle, eds Bickle, P., Cummings, V., Hofmann, D. & Pollard, J.. Oxford/ Philadelphia: Oxbow, 181201.Google Scholar
Brandherm, D., 2007. Las espadas del Bronce Final en la Península Ibérica y Baleares [Late Bronze Age swords in the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic islands]. (Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung IV, Band 16.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Bueno Ramírez, P., Linares Catela, J.A., de Balbín Behrmann, R. & Barroso Bermejo, R. (eds), 2018. Símbolos de la muerte en la Prehistoria Reciente del sur de Europa. El Dolmen de Soto, Huelva. España [Symbols of death in the later prehistory of southern Europe: the dolmen of Soto, Huelva. Spain]. Seville: Junta de Andalucía.Google Scholar
Casado-Ariza, M., 2007. El descanso del guerrero: una espada de la Edad del Bronce hallada en Alcalá del Río [The rest of the warrior: a Bronze Age sword found in Alcalá del Río], in Ilipa Antiqua: de la prehistoria a la época romana [Ilipa Antiqua: From prehistory to the Roman period], eds Ferrer Albelda, E., Fernández Flores, Á, Escacena Carrasco, J.L. & Rodríguez Azogue, A.. Alcalá del Río: Ayuntamiento de Alcalá del Río, 243–54.Google Scholar
Celestino, S., 2001. Estelas de guerrero y estelas diademadas. La precolonización y formación del mundo tartésico [Warrior stelae and diademated stelae. The precolonization and formation of the Tartessian world]. Barcelona: Bellaterra.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., 2010. Las estelas decoradas en la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica [Decorated Stelae in the Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula]. PhD thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., 2011. Iconografía, lugares y relaciones sociales: reflexiones en torno a las estelas y estatuas-menhir atribuidas a la Edad del Bronce en la Península Ibérica [Iconography, places and social relations: reflections on Iberian Bronze Age stelae and statue-menhirs], in Estelas e Estátuas-menir: da Pré à Proto-história [Stelae and statue-menhirs: from pre- to proto-history], ed. Vilaça, R.. Sabugal: Câmara Municipal do Sabugal, Universidades de Coimbra e Porto: 6388.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., 2012. Estelas decoradas del Bronce Final en la Península Ibérica: datos para su articulación cronológica [Late Bronze Age decorated stelae in the Iberian Peninsula: data for their chronological articulation], in Sidereum Ana II: El río Guadiana en el Bronce Final [Sidereum Ana II: The Guadiana river during the Late Bronze Age], ed. Jiménez Ávila, J.. Mérida: Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida, 389415.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., 2014. Shaping social identities in Bronze Age and Early Iron Age western Iberia: the role of funerary practices, stelae and statue-menhirs. European Journal of Archaeology 17(2), 329–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., 2015. Stones-in-movement: tracing the itineraries of menhirs, stelae and statue-menhirs in Iberian landscapes, in Things In Motion: Object itineraries in anthropological practice, eds Joyce, R.A. & Gillespie, S.D.. Santa Fe (NM): SAR Press, 101–22.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., in press. Rock art as process: Iberian Late Bronze Age ‘warrior’ stelae in-the-making, in Images in-the-making: Art, process, archaeology, eds Back Danielsson, I.-M. & Jones, A.M.. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., García-Sanjuán, L., Wheatley, D. & Rodríguez, V., 2015. RTI and the study of engraved rock art: a re-examination of the Iberian south-western stelae of Setefilla and Almadén de la Plata 2 (Seville, Spain). Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 2, 4154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M., García-Sanjuán, L., Wheatley, D., et al. , 2019. Rethinking Iberian ‘warrior’ stelae: a multidisciplinary investigation of Mirasiviene and its connection to Setefilla (Lora del Río, Seville, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. DOI: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-019-00909-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino, M. & Wheatley, D., 2013. Rock art and digital technologies: the application of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and 3D laser scanning to the study of Late Bronze Age Iberian stelae. MENGA, Journal of Andalusian Prehistory 4, 187203.Google Scholar
Domínguez, A. & Aldecoa, A., 2007. Corpus de arte rupestre en Extremadura [Corpus of Rock Art in Extremadura]. Mérida: Junta de Extremadura.Google Scholar
Enríquez, J.J., 2006. Arqueología rural y estelas del SO (desde la tierra, para la tierra y por la tierra) [Rural archaeology and southwestern stelae (from the land, for the land, and because of the land]. Trabajos de Arqueología Navarra 14, 151–75.Google Scholar
Galán, E.,1993. Estelas, paisaje y territorio en el Bronce Final del suroeste de la Península Ibérica [Stelae, landscape and territory in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Bronze Age]. Complutum 3, 15110.Google Scholar
García-Sanjuán, L., 2011. The warrior stelae of the Iberian south-west. Symbols of power in ancestral landscapes, in Atlantic Europe in the First Millenium BC: Crossing the divide, eds Armada, X.-L. & Moore, T.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 534–57.Google Scholar
García-Sanjuán, L. & Díaz-Guardamino, M., 2015. The outstanding biographies of prehistoric monuments in Iron Age, Roman and Medieval Spain, in The Lives of Prehistoric Monuments in Iron Age, Roman, and Medieval Europe, eds Díaz-Guardamino, M., García-Sanjuán, L. & Wheatley, D.W.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 183204.Google Scholar
García Sanjuán, L., Díaz-Guardamino, M., Wheatley, D.W., et al. , 2017. The epigraphic stela of Montoro (Córdoba, Spain): earliest monumental script in Iberia? Antiquity 91, 916–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García Sanjuán, L. & Lozano Rodríguez, J.A., 2016. Menga (Andalusia, Spain): Biography of an exceptional megalithic monument, in The Megalithic Architectures of Europe, eds Laporte, L. & Scarre, C.. Oxford/Philadelphia: Oxbow, 316.Google Scholar
García-Sanjuán, L., Wheatley, D.W., Fábrega, P., Hernández, M.J. & Polvorinos, A., 2006. Las estelas de guerrero de Almadén de la Plata (Sevilla). Morfología, Tecnología y Contexto [The warrior stelae from Almadén de la Plata (Seville): morphology, technology and context]. Trabajos de Prehistoria 63(2), 135–52.Google Scholar
Gosden, C. & Marshall, Y., 1999. The cultural biography of things. World Archaeology 31, 169–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gozalbes, C., 1986. Las Vías Romanas de Málaga [The Roman Roads of Málaga]. Málaga: Colegio de Ingenieros, Canales y Puertos.Google Scholar
Gozalbes, C., 2002. Las perduración de las vías romanas como vías pecuarias en la provincia de Málaga [The endurance of Roman roads as droveways in the province of Málaga], in Herbajes, Trashumantes y Estantes: La ganadería en la Península Ibérica (Épocas Medieval y Moderna) [Pastures, transhumant and sedentary: livestock farming in the Iberian Peninsula (medieval and modern periods)], eds Díaz López, P. & Munhoz Buendía, A.. Almería: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, Diputación de Almería, 93110.Google Scholar
Green, S., Bevan, A. & Shapland, M., 2014. A comparative assessment of structure from motion methods for archaeological research. Journal of Archaeological Science 46, 173–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R.J., 2004. Symbols and Warriors: Images of the European Bronze Age. Bristol: Western Academics & Specialist Press.Google Scholar
Hodos, T. (ed.), 2016. The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M., Cochrane, A., Carter, C., Dawson, I., Díaz-Guardamino, M., Kotoula, E. & Minkin, L., 2015. Digital imaging and prehistoric imagery: a new analysis of the Folkton Drums. Antiquity 89, 1083–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopytoff, I., 1986. The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process, in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in cultural perspective, ed. Appadurai, A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A., 1943. Evolution et techniques I: L'homme et la matière. Paris: Albin Michel.Google Scholar
Ling, J., Stos-Gale, Z., Grandin, L., Billström, K., Hjärthner-Holdar, E. & Persson, P.-O., 2014. Moving metals II: provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 41, 106–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maran, J., 2011. Lost in translation: the emergence of Myceanean culture as a phenomenom of glocalization, in Interweaving Worlds: Systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to the 1st millennia BC, eds Wilkinson, T.C., Sherratt, S., Bennet, J. & Sherratt, A.. Oxford/Philadelphia: Oxbow, 282–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martín, E., 1994. Aportación de la documentación arqueológica del Cerro de La Capellanía (Periana, Málaga) a los inicios del primer milenio a.C. en la provincia de Málaga [Contribution of the archaeological documentation of Cerro de La Capellanía (Periana, Málaga) to the early 1st millennium BC in the Málaga province]. Mainake. Estudios de Arqueología Malagueña 15–16, 536.Google Scholar
Melheim, L., Grandin, L., Persson, P.-O., et al. , 2018. Moving metals III: Possible origins for copper in Bronze Age Denmark based on lead isotopes and geochemistry. Journal of Archaeological Science 96, 85105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montero, I., Hunt, M. & Santos, J.F., 2007. El depósito de la Ría de Huelva: procedencia del metal a través de los resultados de análisis de isótopos [The Ría de Huelva hoard: provenance of the metal through the results of isotopic analysis], in El hallazgo leonés de Valdevimbre y los depósitos del Bronce Final Atlántico en la Península Ibérica. Museo de León [The Valdevimbre León Find and the Hoards of the Atlantic Late Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula], eds Celis, J., Delibes, G., Fernández, J. & Grau, L.. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, Diputación de León, 194209.Google Scholar
Mudge, M., Schroer, C., Noble, T., Matthews, N., Rusinkiewicz, S. & Toler-Franklin, C., 2012. Robust and scientifically reliable rock art documentation from digital photographs, in A Companion to Rock Art, eds McDonald, J. & Veth, P.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 644–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murillo, J.F., 1994. La cultura tartésica en el Guadalquivir Medio [The Tartessian Culture in the Middle Guadalquivir Basin]. Lora del Río: Museo Municipal de Lora del Río.Google Scholar
Murillo-Barroso, M. & Martinón-Torres, M., 2012. Amber sources and trade in the prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. European Journal of Archaeology 15, 187216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murillo-Barroso, M., Peñalver, E., Bueno, P., Barroso, R., de Balbín, R. & Martinón-Torres, M., 2018. Amber in prehistoric Iberia: new data and a review. PLoS ONE 13(8), e0202235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murrieta-Flores, P.A., Wheatley, D.W. & García-Sanjuán, L., 2011. Movilidad y vías de paso en los paisajes prehistóricos: megalitos y vías pecuarias en Almadén de la Plata (Sevilla, España) [Mobility and passageways in prehistoric landscapes: megaliths and droveways in Almadén de la Plata (Seville, Spain)], in Tecnologías de Información Geográfica y Análisis Arqueológico del Territorio [Geographical information technologies and archaeological analysis of the territory], eds Mayoral, V. & Celestino, S.. (Anejos de AEsPa 59.) Mérida: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 412–23.Google Scholar
Pavón, I., 1998. El Tránsito del II al I Milenio a.C. en las cuencas medias de los ríos Tajo y Guadiana: La Edad del Bronce [The Transition Between the 2nd and the 1st Millennia BC in the Middle Tagus and Guadiana River Basins]. Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres.Google Scholar
Pavón, I., Duque, D.M., Sanabria, D. & Collado, H., 2018. La estela de ‘Cabeza del Buey V/El Palacio’ en el poblamiento de la Edad del Bronce de la sierra de Tiros (Badajoz) [The stela of ‘Cabeza Del Buey V/El Palacio’ in the Bronze Age settlement of the mountains of Tiros (Badajoz)]. SPAL 27(1): 3160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramón, J., 1995. Las ánforas fenicio-púnicas del Mediterráneo central y occidental [The Phoenician-Punic Amphorae of the Central and Western Mediterranean]. Barcelona: Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., et al. , 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4), 1869–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogerio-Candelera, M.A., 2015. Digital image analysis based study, recording, and protection of painted rock art. Some Iberian experiences. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 2, 6878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roudometof, V., 2016. Glocalization: A critical introduction. London/New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rovira, S., 2007. Apéndice E: Las Espadas del Bronce Final de la Península Ibérica: Estudio Arqueometalúrgico [Appendix E: Late Bronze Age swords from the Iberian Peninsula: Archaeometallurgical study], in Las Espadas del Bronce Final en la Península Ibérica y Baleares [Late Bronze Age swords in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands], by Brandherm, D.. (Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung IV, Band 16.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 155–75.Google Scholar
Ruiz, D., 1995. Las cerámicas del Bronce Final. Un soporte tipológico para delimitar el tiempo y el espacio tartésico [Late Bronze Age pottery: a typological framework to define Tartessian space and time], in Tartessos, 25 años después 1968–1993 (Jerez de la Frontera, 1993) [Tartessos, 25 years later 1968–1993]. (Biblioteca de Urbanismo y Cultura 14.) Jerez de la Frontera: Ayuntamiento de Jerez de la Frontera, 265313.Google Scholar
Ruiz, M.M., 1988. Un nuevo depósito de armas del Bronce Final en el río Guadalquivir [A new Late Bronze Age weapon hoard in the Guadalquivir river]. Trabajos de Prehistoria 45, 273–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, M.M. & Hunt, M., 1989. A new Late Bronze Age weapon hoard from the Guadalquivir river in the Province of Seville, Spain. Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 23(1), 31–4.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gálvez, M., 1995. Depósitos del Bronce Final: ¿Sagrado o profano? ¿Sagrado y, a la vez, profano? [Late Bronze Age hoards: sacred or profane? Sacred and simultaneously profane?], in Ritos de paso y puntos de paso. La ría de Huelva en el mundo del Bronce Final Europeo [Rites of passage and points of passage: the Ría de Huelva in Late Bronze Age Europe], ed. Ruiz-Gálvez, M.. (Complutum Extra 5.) Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2132.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gálvez, M. & Galán, E., 1991. Las estelas del Suroeste como hitos de vias ganaderas y rutas comerciales [Southwestern stelae as landsmarks of droveways and trade routes]. Trabajos de Prehistoria 48, 257–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlanger, S.H., 1992. Recognizing persistent places in Anasazi settlement systems, in Space, Time and Archaeological Landscapes, eds Rossignol, J. & Wandsnider, L.. New York (NY): Plenum Press, 91112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A.T., 2003. The Political Landscape: Constellations of authority in early complex polities. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Uckelmann, M., 2012. Die Schilde del Bronzezeit in Nord-, West- und Zentraleuropa [Bronze Age shields in northern, western and central Europe]. (Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung III, Band 4.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., 2016. Bronzization: the Bronze Age as pre-modern globalization. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 91(1), 103–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernet, J., 1960. Toponimia arábiga [Arab toponymy]. Enciclopedia Lingüística Hispánica, Vol. I. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 561–78.Google Scholar
Versluys, M.J., 2014. Understanding objects in motion. An archaeological dialogue on Romanization. Archaeological Dialogues 21(1), 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilaça, R. 1995. Aspectos do povoamento da Beira Interior (Centro e Sul) nos finais da Idade do Bronze [Aspects of the Settlement of the Beira Interior (Centre and South) During the Late Bronze Age]. Doctoral thesis, Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico, Lisbon.Google Scholar
Vilaça, R., 2008. Reflexões em torno da presença mediterrânea no Centro do território português, na charneira do Bronze para o Ferro [Reflections on the presence of the Mediterranean in the centre of Portugal during the transition between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age], in Contacto cultural entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico (siglos XII-VIII ANE): La Precolonización a debate [Cultural contact between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic (12th–8th centuries BCE): debating the pre-colonization], eds Celestino, S., Rafel, N. & Armada, X.-L.. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 371400.Google Scholar
Vilaça, R., Beck, C.W. & Stout, E.C., 2002. Provenience analysis of prehistoric amber artifacts in Portugal. Madrider Mitteilungen 43, 6179.Google Scholar
Villaseca, F., 1990. Informe arqueológico del Término Municipal de Almargen [Archaeological report of the municipality of Almargen]. Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía ‘87/Tomo de Actividades de Urgencia 3: 309–12.Google Scholar
Villaseca, F., 1993a. La estela decorada y la espada de lengua de carpa del Bronce Final de Almargen-Málaga [The decorated stela and the Late Bronze Age carp's tong sword from Almargen-Málaga]. Baetica 13, 217–26.Google Scholar
Villaseca, F., 1993b. Las estelas decoradas del Bronce Final en Málaga. Nuevas aportaciones para su estudio [Late Bronze Age decorated stelae from Málaga. New contributions to their study]. V Congreso Internacional de Estelas Funerarias [5th International Conference on Funerary Stelae], ed. de la Casa Martínez, C.. Soria: Diputación Provincial de Soria, 71–5.Google Scholar
Villaseca, F., 1993–94. Aportación al estudio de la iconografía prehistórica: los ídolos de Almargen y Antequera [Contribution to the study of prehistoric iconography: the idols of Almargen and Antequera]. Mainake 15–16, 3744.Google Scholar
Weiner, A.B., 1992. Inalienable Possessions: The paradox of keeping-while-giving. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar