Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T09:09:38.911Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

New language for a New Comedy: A linguistic approach to Aristophanes' Plutus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2013

Andreas Willi
Affiliation:
Seminar für Klassische Philologie, Basel

Extract

Aristophanes' Plutus is often regarded as a dull play. According to two of the leading specialists on Aristophanes in Great Britain, the comedy displays ‘a certain amount of disjointedness in its moral and religious themes, and a certain lack of energy in its humour’, and the modern reader feels a ‘decline in freshness, in verbal agility, in sparkle of wit, in theatrical inventiveness’. Others regret alleged or real inconsistencies, the lack of punning and verbal play, the absence of nearly all choral interludes, a parabasis, and political advice in general, and the dearth of references to historical figures. Thus, the temptation is strong to follow those who read a medical history into Plutus: Aristophanes, by now sixty-five years old, had grown tired and saved his esprit for every third or fourth play. But such speculations do not do justice to a poet who did not have to write for a living. Before accepting them, we should first try to explain the change in other ways, admitting that Plutus may differ from the earlier plays for generic reasons. On this path, the linguistic analysis of Plutus will turn out to be helpful.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s). Published online by Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aerts, W. J. (1965) Periphrastica: an investigation into the use of ϵἶναι andἔχϵιν as auxiliaries or pseudo-auxiliaries in Greek from Homer up to the present day, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Allen, W. S. (1987) Vox graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek (3rd edn.), Cambridge.Google Scholar
Amiguès, S. (1977) Les subordonnées finales par ὅπως en attique classique, Études et commentaires 89, Paris.Google Scholar
Arnott, W. G. (1972) ‘From Aristophanes to Menander’, G&R 19, 6580.Google Scholar
Bain, D. (1984) ‘Female speech in Menander’, Antichthon 18, 2442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bers, V. (1984) Greek poetic syntax in the classical age, Yale Classical Monographs 5, New Haven and London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birklein, F. (1888) Entwickelungsgeschichte des substantivierten Infinitivs, Beiträge zur historischen Syntax der griechischen Sprache 3.1, Würzburg.Google Scholar
Bjröck, G. (1940) Ἦν διδάσκων. Dieperiphrastischen Konstruktionen im Griechischen, Uppsala and Leipzig.Google Scholar
Bjröck, G. (1950) Das Alpha impurum und die tragische Kunstsprache. Attische Wort- und Stilstudien, Uppsala, Wiesbaden, and Leipzig.Google Scholar
Bowie, A. M. (1993) Aristophanes: myth, ritual and comedy, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, C. D., and Petersen, W. (1944) A reverse index of Greek nouns and adjectives arranged by terminations with brief historical introductions, Chicago.Google Scholar
Chantraine, P. (1933) La formation des noms en grec ancien, Collection linguistique 38, Paris.Google Scholar
Chantraine, P. (19681980) Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots, Paris.Google Scholar
Coseriu, E. (1975) ‘Der periphrastische Verbalaspekt im Altgriechischen’, Glotta 53, 125.Google Scholar
Coulon, V. (1908) Quaestiones criticae in Aristophanis fabulas, Strasburg.Google Scholar
Croft, W. (1990) Typology and universals, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cuny, A. (1906) Le nombre duel en grec, Paris.Google Scholar
David, E. (1984) Aristophanes and Athenian society of the early fourth century B.C., Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debrunner, A. (1917) Griechische Wortbildungslehre, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Denniston, J. D. (1954) The Greek particles (2nd edn.), Oxford.Google Scholar
Dietrich, W. (1973) ‘Der periphrastische Verbalaspekt im Griechischen und Lateinischen’, Glotta 51, 188228.Google Scholar
Dillon, M. J. (1985) ‘Aristophanes Ploutos: comedy in transition’, PhD thesis, Yale.Google Scholar
Dillon, M. J. (1987) ‘Topicality in Aristophanes' Ploutos’, CA 6, 155–83.Google Scholar
Dover, K. J. (1970) ‘Lo stile di Aristofane’, QUCC 9, 723Google Scholar
(English tr. in Dover, K. J., Greek and the Greeks: collected papers, I: language, poetry, drama, Oxford and New York, 1987, 224–36).Google Scholar
Dover, K. J. (1972) Aristophanic comedy, Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Dover, K. J. (1974) Greek popular morality in the time of Plato and Aristotle, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dover, K. J. (1997) The evolution of Greek prose style, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dover, K. J. (2002) ‘Some evaluative terms in Aristophanes’, in Willi, A. (ed.) The language of Greek comedy, Oxford, 8597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duhoux, Y. (1987) ‘Le vocalisme des inscriptions attiques: une question de methodes’, Verbum 10, 179–98.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, V. (1951) The people of Aristophanes: a sociology of Old Attic Comedy, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, V. (1968) Aristophanes und das Volk von Athen. Eine Soziologie der altattischen Komödie, tr. Felten, G., Zurich.Google Scholar
Flashar, H. (1975) ‘Zur Eigenart des aristophanischen Spätwerks’, in Newiger, H.-J. (ed.) Aristophanes und die Alte Komödie, Darmstadt, 405–34 (repr. from Poetica 1, 1967, 154–75;Google Scholar
English tr. in Segal, E. (ed.) Oxford readings in Aristophanes, Oxford and New York, 1996, 314–28).Google Scholar
Frisk, H. (19601972) Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Gelzer, T. (1970) ‘Aristophanes 12’, RE Suppl. 12, 13921569.Google Scholar
Gignac, F. T. (1976) A grammar of the Greek papyri of the Roman and Byzantine periods, I: phonology, Milan.Google Scholar
Hale, W. G. (1893) ‘“Extended” and “remote” deliberatives in Greek’, TAPA 24, 156205.Google Scholar
Hansen, M. H. (1991) The Athenian democracy in the age of Demosthenes: structures, principles, and ideology, Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Headlam, W. (1922) Herodas: the mimes and fragments (ed. by Knox, A. D.), Cambridge.Google Scholar
Heberlein, F. (1980) Pluthygieia. Zur Gegenwelt bei Aristophanes, Frankfurt am Main.Google Scholar
Heberlein, F. (1981) ‘Zur Ironie im “Plutos” des Aristophanes’, WJA n.s. 7, 2749.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. (1987) Aristophanes: Lysistrata, ed. with introduction and commentary, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J. (1991) The maculate muse: obscene language in Attic comedy (2nd edn.), New York and Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel, G. (1969) Die Allegorie von Reichtum und Armut. Ein aristophanisches Motiv und seine Abwandlungen in der abendländischen Literatur, Erlanger Beiträge zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 33, Nuremberg.Google Scholar
Holzinger, K. (1940) Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar zu Aristophanes' Plutos, Vienna and Leipzig.Google Scholar
Humbert, J. (1930) La disparition du datifen grec (du Ier au Xe siècle), Collection linguistique 33, Paris.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. L. (1985) The New Comedy of Greece and Rome, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konstan, D. (1995) Greek comedy and ideology, New York and Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhlmann, P. (1997/1998) ‘Εἷς als Indefinitpronomen im Griechischen in diachroner Sicht’, Glotta 74, 7693.Google Scholar
Kühner, R. (18901892) Ausführliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, 1. Teil: Elementar- und Formenlehre (3rd edn. by Blass, F.), Hanover.Google Scholar
Landfester, M. (1979) ‘Geschichte der griechischen Komödie’, in Seeck, G. A. (ed.) Das griechische Drama, Darmstadt, 354400.Google Scholar
La Roche, J. (1893) Beiträge zur griechischen Grammatik: Erstes Heft, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Lautensach, O. (1917) ‘Grammatische Studien zu den attischen Tragikern und Komikern: Optativ [und Imperativ]’, Glotta 8, 168–96.Google Scholar
Lautensach, O. (1921) ‘Grammatische Studien zu den attischen Tragikern und Komikern: Infinitive und Partizipien’, Philologus 11, 46–76 and 228–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lévy, E. (1997) ‘Richesse et pauvreté dans le Ploutos’, Ktèma 22, 201–12.Google Scholar
López Eire, A. (1991) Ático, koiné y aticismo. Estudios sobre Aristófanes y Libanio, Murcia.Google Scholar
López Eire, A. (1993) ‘De l'attique à la koiné’, in Brixhe, C. (ed.) La koiné grecque antique, I: une langue introuvable? Études anciennes 10, Nancy, 4157.Google Scholar
López Eire, A. (1996) ‘L'influence de l'ionien-attique sur les autres dialectes épigraphiques et l'origine de la koiné’, in Brixhe, C. (ed.) La koiné grecque antique, II: la concurrence, Études anciennes 14, Nancy and Paris, 742.Google Scholar
Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics, 2 vols., Cambridge.Google Scholar
MacDowell, D. M. (1971) Aristophanes: Wasps, ed. with introduction and commentary, Oxford.Google Scholar
MacDowell, D. M. (1978) The law in classical Athens, London.Google Scholar
MacDowell, D. M. (1995) Aristophanes and Athens: an introduction to the plays, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlew, J. (1997) ‘After irony: Aristophanes' Wealth and its modern interpreters’, AJP 118, 3553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayser, E. (1970) Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit mit Einschluss der gleichzeitigen Ostraka und der in Ägypten verfassten Inschriften. I: Laut- und Wortlehre, 1. Teil: Einleitung und Lautlehre (2nd edn. by Schmoll, H.), Berlin.Google Scholar
Moorhouse, A. C. (1962) ‘ϵὖ οἶδα and οὐδὲ ϵἷς’, CQ n.s. 12, 239–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesselrath, H.-G. (1990) Die attische Mittlere Komodie. Ihre Stellung in der antiken Literaturkritik und Literaturgeschichte, Berlin and New York.Google Scholar
Newiger, H.-J. (1957) Metapher und Allegorie. Studien zu Aristophanes, Munich.Google Scholar
Olson, S. D. (1989) ‘Cario and the new world of Aristophanes' Plutus’, TAPA 119, 193–9.Google Scholar
Olson, S. D. (1990) ‘Economics and ideology in Aristophanes' Wealth’, HSP 93, 223–42.Google Scholar
Palmer, F. R. (1986) Mood and modality, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Parker, R. (1996) Athenian religion: a history, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, A. C. (1917) The fragments of Sophocles, vol. 3, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Peppler, C. W. (1910) ‘The termination -κός as used by Aristophanes for comic effect’, AJP 31, 428–44.Google Scholar
Peppler, C. W. (1918) ‘Comic terminations in Aristophanes: part IV’, AJP 39, 173–83.Google Scholar
Perusino, F. (1987) Dalla commedia antica alia commedia di mezzo: tre studi su Aristofane, Urbino.Google Scholar
Poultney, J. W. (1963) ‘Studies in the syntax of Attic comedy’, AJP 84, 359–76.Google Scholar
Radt, S. L. (1976) ‘Zu Aristophanes' Plutos’, Mnemosyne 4th ser. 29, 254–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rau, P. (1967) Paratragodia. Untersuchung einer komischen Form des Aristophanes, Zetemata 45, Munich.Google Scholar
Rutherford, W. G. (1903) ‘Aristophanes, Knights 414: a neglected idiom’, CR 17, 249.Google Scholar
Schade, J. (1908) De correptione Attica, Diss. Greifswald.Google Scholar
Schmidt, J. H. H. (1876) Synonymik der griechischen Sprache, 1. Band, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Schwab, O. (1895) Historische Syntax der griechischen Comparation in der klassischen Litteratur. 3. Heft: Des besonderen Teiles III. & IV. Abschnitt, Beiträge zur historischen Syntax der griechischen Sprache 4.3 = 13, Würzburg.Google Scholar
Schwyzer, E. (1939) Griechische Grammatik, I: Allgemeiner Teil, Lautlehre, Wortbildung, Flexion, Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2.1.1, Munich.Google Scholar
Schwyzer, E. (1940) ‘Syntaktische Archaismen des Attischen’, Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse Nr. 7.Google Scholar
Schwyzer, E., and Debrunner, A. (1950) Griechische Grammatik. II: Syntax und syntaktische Stilistik, Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2.1.2, Munich.Google Scholar
Sfyroeras, P. (1995) ‘What wealth has to do with Dionysus: from economy to poetics in Aristophanes' Plutus’, GRBS 36, 231–61.Google Scholar
Silk, M. S. (2000) Aristophanes and the definition of comedy, Oxford.Google Scholar
Slotty, F. (1915) Der Gebrauch des Konjunktivs und Optativs in den griechischen Dialekten, I: Der Hauptsatz, Forschungen zur griechischen und lateinischen Grammatik 3, Göttingen.Google Scholar
Smyth, H. W. (1894) The sounds and inflections of the Greek dialects: Ionic, Oxford.Google Scholar
Sobolewski, S. (1890) De praepositionum usu Aristophaneo, Moscow.Google Scholar
Sommerstein, A. H. (1984) ‘Aristophanes and the demon Poverty’, CQ n.s. 34, 314–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerstein, A. H. (2001) Aristophanes: Wealth, ed. with tr. and commentary, Warminster.Google Scholar
Stevens, P. T. (1976) Colloquial expressions in Euripides, Hermes Einzelschriften 38, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Süss, W. (1954) ‘Scheinbare und wirkliche Inkongruenzen in den Dramen des Aristophanes (Schluss)’, RhM n.s. 97, 289313.Google Scholar
Sütterlin, L. (1891) Zur Geschichte der Verba denominativa im Altgriechischen, I: Die Verba denominativa auf-άω, -έω, -όω, Strasburg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teodorsson, S.-T. (1987) ‘Boeotian and Attic: vowel development related?’, Verbum 10, 199209.Google Scholar
Threatte, L. (1980) The grammar of Attic inscriptions, I: Phonology, Berlin and New York.Google Scholar
Threatte, L.(1996) The grammar of Attic inscriptions, II: Morphology, Berlin and New York.Google Scholar
Thumb, A. (1901) Die griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellenismus. Beitrage zur Geschichte und Beurteilung der κοινή, Strasburg.Google Scholar
Thumb, A. (1932) Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte: Erster Teil (2nd edn. by Kieckers, E.), Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Thumb, A. (1959) Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte: Zweiter Teil (2nd edn. by Scherer, A.), Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Todd, O. J. (1932) Index Aristophaneus, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Ussher, R. G. (1973) Aristophanes: Ecclesiazusae, ed. with introduction and commentary, Oxford.Google Scholar
Leeuwen, J. van (1904) Aristophanis Plutus cum prolegomenis et commentariis, Leiden.Google Scholar
Vogt-Spira, G. (1992) Dramaturgie des Zufalls. Tyche und Handeln in der Komödie Menanders, Zetemata 88, Munich.Google Scholar
Wackernagel, J. (1887) ‘Miszellen zur griechischen Grammatik’, KZ 28, 109–15 (repr in Wackernagel, J., Kleine Schriften, Göttingen, 1953, 1.591627).Google Scholar
Wackernagel, J. (1889) ‘Das Dehnungsgesetz der griechischen Composita’, Rektoratsprogramm Basel, 165 (repr in Wackernagel, J., Kleine Schriften, Göttingen, 1953, 2.897961).Google Scholar
Wackernagel, J. (1893) ‘Beiträge zur Lehre vom griechischen Akzent’, Rektoratsprogramm Basel, 338 (repr in Wackernagel, J., Kleine Schriften, Göttingen, 1953, 2.10721107).Google Scholar
Wackernagel, J. (1907) ‘Hellenistica’, Programm Göttingen, 327 (repr in Wackernagel, J., Kleine Schriften, Göttingen, 1953, 2.103458).Google Scholar
Wackernagel, J. (1926) Vorlesungen über Syntax mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Griechisch, Lateinisch und Deutsch: Erste Reihe (2nd edn.), Basle.Google Scholar
Wackernagel, J. (1928) Vorlesungen über Syntax mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Griechisch, Lateinisch und Deutsch: Zweite Reihe (2nd edn.), Basle.Google Scholar
Weber, P. (1884) Entwickelungsgesclhichte der Absichtssätze, 1: Von Homer bis zur attischen Prosa, Würzburg.Google Scholar
Weber, P. (1885) Entwickelungsgeschichte der Absichtssätze, II: Die attische Prosa und Schlussergebnisse, Würzburg.Google Scholar
Webster, T. B. L. (1970) Studies in later Greek comedy (2nd edn.), Manchester.Google Scholar
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (1909) Euripides Herakles (2nd edn.), Berlin.Google Scholar
Willi, A. (2002) ‘The language of Greek comedy: introduction and bibliographical sketch’, in Willi, A. (ed.) The language of Greek comedy, Oxford, 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willi, A. (2003) The languages of Aristophanes: aspects of linguistic variation in classical Attic Greek, Oxford.Google Scholar
Zuntz, G. (1971) Persephone: three essays on religion and thought in Magna Graecia, Oxford.Google Scholar