III. Capitalism and the Decline of the English Gilds

T. H. Marshall

doi:10.1017/S1474691300002080

III. Capitalism and the Decline of the English Gilds

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 December 2011

T. H. Marshall

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T. H. Marshall: Affiliation:
Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge

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[This article has been inspired by Dr Stella Kramer's recent book, The English Craft Gilds (Columbia University Press, 1927), and is, in fact, an inquiry into it. In this, her second work on the subject, she has dealt with the last phase, from the middle of the sixteenth century to the middle of the eighteenth. Her material is drawn principally from the published records of towns and gilds, of which she has made so thorough an investigation that any one who has the temerity to follow in her steps will have an unprofitable task. To one who, some years ago, covered a fraction of the same ground with the same object in view and arrived at some tentative conclusions, the temptation to use Miss Kramer's exhaustive study to test and amplify those conclusions is irresistible.]

Type: Research Article
Information: Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , 1929 , pp. 23 - 33

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474691300002080 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1929

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^{page 23 note 1} The first was The English Craft Gilds and the Government, 1905.

^{page 24 note 1} Growth of English Industry. Modern Times, p. 36.

^{page 24 note 2} Industrial Organisation in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, ch. iii.

^{page 24 note 3} Geschichte der wirtschaftlichen Entwickelung Englands, 11, ch. xxiv. He differs over the inspiration of the Joint Stock experiments of the Stuart craftsmen. See p. 148.

^{page 24 note 4} Kramer, p. 53 n.

^{page 24 note 5} General Economic History, p. 139.

^{page 25 note 1} The clause in the Act of 1363 which confined merchants to one trade was repealed in the following year.

^{page 26 note 1} Gross, Gild Merchant, 1, 118–33.

^{page 26 note 2} Markham and Cox, Records of Northampton, II. 277.

^{page 26 note 3} Trans. R. Hist. Soc. VII, 114.

^{page 26 note 4} Derby Arch. Soc. XV, 117.

^{page 26 note 5} Gross, op. cit. II, 89.

^{page 26 note 6} Wilts. Mag. IV, 162 et seq.

^{page 26 note 7} Hudson and Tingey, Records of Norwich, II, 382.

^{page 26 note 8} See, for example, Hibbert, The Influence and Development of English Gilds, pp. 85–6, 99, for some seventeenth-century instances.

^{page 26 note 9} Latimer, Annals of Bristol, p. 217.

^{page 27 note 1} The Distribution of Industrial Occupations in England, Appendix.

^{page 27 note 2} Scott, Joint Stock Companies, III, 63–118.

^{page 27 note 3} H. of C. Journals, 1753, pp. 781–2.

^{page 28 note 1} H. of C. Journa s, 1753, pp. 780–1.

^{page 28 note 2} Ibid, XXVIII, 683, 728.

^{page 28 note 3} Hamilton, English Brass and Copper Industries, ch. iv.

^{page 28 note 4} Heaton, Yorkshire Woollen and Worsted Industries, pp. 418 et seq.

^{page 28 note 5} Ashton, Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution, ch. viii.

^{page 28 note 6} Witt Bowden, Industrial Society in England, pp. 169 et seq.

^{page 28 note 7} 4 and 5 P and M. c. 5.

^{page 28 note 8} 18 Eliz. c. 16.

^{page 28 note 9} 21 Jac. I, c. 28.

^{page 29 note 1} It is interesting to note that Defoe spoke as though, both in Norfolk and the west, it was still the general custom to put out the spinning with villages but to do the weaving in the towns. Tour (Everyman), I, 62, 280.

^{page 29 note 2} Unwin, Industrial Organisation, p. 87.

^{page 29 note 3} 20 Hen. VI, c. 10.

^{page 29 note 4} 23 Hen. VI, c. 3.

^{page 29 note 5} 7 Ed. IV, c. 1.

^{page 29 note 6} Industrial Organisation, p. 90.

^{page 29 note 7} Hibbert, The Influence and Development of English Gilds, p. 92.

^{page 29 note 8} Krieg und Kapitalismus, chs. iii and iv.

^{page 29 note 9} Alice Law, Trans. R. Hist. Soc. N.S. IX, p. 67. In 1338 merchants of Lynn and Barton contracted to provision the garrisons of Berwick, Edinburgh and Stirling.

^{page 29 note 10} Oppenheim, Administration of the Royal Navy, pp. 101, 140.

^{page 30 note 1} Acts of the Privy Council, 1601–4, p. 259.

^{page 30 note 2} Ibid. p. 360.

^{page 30 note 3} Cal. S.P. Dom. Eliz. CCLI, 80. Jolles is found later in partnership with the elder Cockayne.

^{page 30 note 4} Acts of the Privy Council 1601–4, pp. 87, 171, 234, etc.

^{page 30 note 5} Hall, Society in the Elizabethan Age, pp. 134–32.

^{page 30 note 6} Op. cit. pp. 86–100.

^{page 30 note 7} Op. cit. pp. 88, 106.

^{page 31 note 1} Records of Norwich, 1, lxxv, 386.

^{page 31 note 2} Ibid. I, xxv-xxvii.

^{page 31 note 3} 8 Eliz. c. 7.

^{page 31 note 4} W. Foster, John Company, p. 38.

^{page 31 note 5} Astrid Friis, Alderman Cockayne's Project, p. 365.

^{page 31 note 6} Unwin, Studies in Economic History, pp. 285–6.

^{page 31 note 7} Op. cit. passim; p. 250.

^{page 32 note 1} 8 Eliz. c. 7; 14 Eliz. c. 12.

^{page 32 note 2} Cal. S.P. Dom. James I, CXXII, 274.

^{page 32 note 3} 21 Jac. I, c. 22.

^{page 32 note 4} 21 Jac. I, c. 28, e.g. against buying wool except from the owner of the sheep; against buying yarn except to make cloth; limiting the times for buying wool.

^{page 32 note 5} Cf. P.P. 1806, III, p. 8, for the advantage of Yorkshire over the west.

^{page 32 note 6} 43 Eliz. c. 2; Webb, The Old Poor Law, p. 196.

^{page 33 note 1} Man, History of Reading, p. 159.

^{page 33 note 2} Markham and Cox, Records of Northampton, 11, 321–2.

^{page 33 note 3} Op. cit. pp. 147–50, 161.

^{page 33 note 4} Cf. Weber: “The factory did not develop out of handwork.or at the expense of the latter, but to begin with alongside of and in addition to it. … As little as out of craft work, did the factories develop out of the domestic system, rather they grew up alongside the latter.” Op. cit. p. 173.

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III. Capitalism and the Decline of the English Gilds

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