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III. French and English Influences in the Cortes of Cadiz, 1810–1814

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

C. W. Crawley
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Extract

The Spanish and the Sicilian Constitutions of 1812 have been justly criticized as unskilful attempts of minorities to graft foreign models upon native traditions of obsolete or anachronistic feudal Parliaments. Yet the authors of both aimed in part at preserving by new methods some of the changes begun and abandoned by eighteenth-century monarchs, and they used in each case the name of a King who for different reasons could not openly repudiate them. Many who doubted the wisdom of their methods had sympathy for their reforming projects. The Constitution of Sicily was based avowedly on the English model; it has naturally attracted more attention in England and is still worth investigating afresh. That of Cadiz, though deriving almost surreptitiously from the French Constitution of 1791, was also produced in a sense under English auspices. The Cortes were summoned under English pressure, and were protected by English armed forces. Their doings have been described mostly in relation to the military and diplomatic history of the period; but the conflict of French and English influences in Cadiz deserves a short investigation: the material is abundant, both contemporary and later.

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Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , 1939 , pp. 176 - 206
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1939

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References

1 [Sir C.] , Oman, [A] History [of the Peninsula War], III 511–23, v 136–45, VII 422–9Google Scholar. Oman made use of the papers at All Souls' of Sir Vaughan, C. R., Henry Wellesley's Secretary of Legation. [C. K.] Webster, The Foreign, Policy of Castlereagk, 1812–1815, 67–72, 309–13;Google Scholar[Britain and the Independence of] Latin America, esp, II, Docs. Nos. 493–508.Google ScholarLangnas, I. A., The Relations between Great Britain and the Spanish Colonies, 1808–12. (unpublished thesis summarized in Bull. Inst. Hist. Research, Feb. 1939)Google Scholar.

2 The last volume of Altamira's Historia [de España] (vol. iv, 1700–1808; Barcelona, 1911)Google Scholar surveys the whole background of Spain under the Bourbons. The proceedings, of the Cortes were printed in the Diario [de las discusiones y actas de las Cortes], 23 vols. (24 Sept. 1810 to 20 Sept. 1813), Cadiz, 1811–13. Those of the numerous secret sessions were, of course, omitted, and those of the first three months (vol. 1) were reported much more briefly and published, in 1811 after the appearance of the second volume. From Jan. 1813, “Imprenta Real” was replaced by “Imprenta Nacional” on the title-pages. The whole was reprinted in 1870–4. The debates, including some of the secret sessions, were summarized, by the [Conde de] , Toreno, Historia. [del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España, 1808–1814]Google Scholar (4. vols. Madrid., 1835, and French, translation, Histoire…, 5 vols. Paris, 1835–8); he was not in Cadiz until March 1811. The making of the Constitution was defended by Argüelles, A., Examen histórico de la Reforma Constitucional, 1810–1813 (2 vols. London, 1835). Both were leaders of the Liberales in the Cortes. [E.]Google ScholarMiguel's, San [Vida de Don Agustin] Argüelles (vol. 1, 1851)Google Scholar is little more than a copious compilation from the , Diario and , Toreno. I have used a French text of the Constitution of 1812:Google ScholarConstitution politique de la monarchie espagnole, trans, by P. de Lasteyrie (Paris, 1814). Perhaps the most effective contemporary criticism of it was that of Haller, L. V., Ueber die Constitution der Spanischen Cortes (? Bern, 1820)Google Scholar; the preface states that the first part (pp. 1–49) was written in, 1814. The first critical history of Spanish, politics in this period, and still one of the best, was [, H.] Baumgarten'sGeschichte [Spaniens], Bks 1–3, 1788–1820 (in Vols. I and II, Leipzig, 1865, 1868)Google Scholar; cf. his articles, “Aus den Spanischen Cortes von 1810” and “Jovellanos, Don G. M. de”, in Hist. Zeitschr. II 118–75 and x 323–86Google Scholar. He made use of , Wellington'sDispatches (enlarged ed. of 1844, hereafter cited as W.D.)Google Scholar and Supplementary Despatches (1858–72, hereafter cited as W.S.D.), which contain some of Henry Wellesley's letters on Cadiz politics. The full corespondence to and from Wellesley and his predecessors in Spain, 1808–14 (in F.O. 72), is the most important English source. It was used by the diplomatist [Marqués W. R. de] , Villa-Urrutia, together with some of the Vaughan papers and the Spanish archives, for his Relaciones [entre España e Inglaterra durante la guerra de la independencia, 1808–1814] (3 vols. Madrid, 1911–14)Google Scholar. The author described the diplomatic negotiations in great detail, with biographical sketches of the Spanish personalities of the day. A traditionalist in politics, he had little interest in the Cortes and less in the Constitution, and one of his objects was to discredit the centenary celebrations of both, by the Left in 1912; he ignored Wellesley's first and somewhat less unfavourable impression of the Cortes. His emphasis on the predominantly monarchical, religious and regionalist character of the Spanish struggle was a valuable corrective to Toreno and Argüelles.

3 Sempere, M., one of the afrancesados, defended them in his Histoire des Cortes d'Espagne (Bordeaux, 1815), chs. 31 to end.Google Scholar Cf. de Pradt, M., Mémoires historiques sur la révolution d'Espagne (Paris, 1815), 230ff.Google Scholar, and , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, 11 ch. 5.Google Scholar

4 Altamira, Historia, iv, §§ 802, 806. On Ferdinand's advice about the Cortes, see Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, III 333–5 note.

5 Villa-Urrutia, , Relaciones, I chs. 9, 11, 13, 17; II ch. 7Google Scholar. la Vega, with Toreno, had carried the Asturian appeal for help to Canning in 1808. On Capmany and Quintana, see also Altamira, Historia, iv §§ 842–4. On Blanco White (1775–1841), see his autobiography (ed. Thom, J. H., 1845) and his Letters from Spain (by “Don Leucadio Doblados”, 1822,);Google Scholar also Gladstone's essay (Quarterly Review, June 1845), and an article by Pineyro, J. in the Bulletin hispanique (1910), 71–100Google Scholar.

6 For the decrees of 1 and 29 Jan. 1810, see Toreno, Histoire, Bk. 11 and App. 2. For Bartholomew Frere's role, see , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, II ch.2Google Scholar.

7 , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones I 159 and ch. 16Google Scholar.

8 , Villa-UrrutiaRelaciones II ch.13Google Scholar (life in Cadiz during the siege). On foreign traders in Cadiz in the eighteenth century, see Altamira, Historia, iv § 830.

9 H. W[ellesley] to Marquis W[ellesley] (Nos. 56, 58, 64), 11, 13, 30 July 1810 (no previous mention). F.O. 72.96. , Baumgarten, Geschichte, Bk. 2 ch. 9Google Scholar, mentions the decree, without stating that it was spurious. Oman (History, III 514) also treats it as genuine (giving the date as 7 May). A note in , Temperley and , Penson, Foundations of British Foreign Policy, 523–6Google Scholar, argues that the spurious decree may have concealed a “gentlemen's understanding” to wink at the opening of the trade, at least for the period of the war. But the Regency's situation in Cadiz, and their reliance on the city's Customs for revenue, make it hard to believe, and there is no hint ot it in the records.

10 Marquis W. to H. W. (No. 24), 24 July 1810. F.O. 72.93. Also (pte) 28 July, 16 Aug.; W.S.D. vi 560, 574.

11 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 77 and 81, 83), 22 Aug. and 25, 29 Aug. 1810. F.O. 72.96 and 97.

12 H. W. to W[ellington], 31 Aug.; W.S.D. vi 583. W. to H. W., 10 Aug. 1810; W.D. iv 221.

13 H. W. to , Marquis W. (No. 75), 12 Aug. 1810. F.O. 72.96Google Scholar.

14 Ninety-seven clergy (including 6 bishops and 2 inquisitors), 60 lawyers, 55 functionaries, 37 military and 9 naval officers, 16 professors, 15 landowners, 5 merchants, 4 literary men, 3 teachers and 2 doctors. Labra, R. M. de, Las Cortes de Cadiz en el Oratorio de S. Felipe, 64ff. (El Centenario de 1812), 1912Google Scholar.

15 El Ciudadino Don Marina, Francisco Martinez, Canonigo…Madrid, Teorla de las Curtes o grandes juntas nacionales de lot Reinos de Leon y Castilla, 3 vols. (Madrid, 1813).Google ScholarFrench, (abridged) translation, Théorie des Cortes, trans. P. F. Fleury, 2 vols. (Paris, 1822)Google Scholar. The work was based on a much shorter Ensayo historico-critico… (published in 1808)Google Scholar, but was more radical in tone. Cf. , Altamira, Historia, iv §§ 812, 821, 842 for references to MarinaGoogle Scholar.

16 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 87, 93, 98), 7, 17 Sept., 4, Oct. 1810. F.O. 72.97. Cf. , Baurngarten, Geschickte, 1 482–4, and references thereGoogle Scholar; , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, 11 chs. 8–9Google Scholar.

17 , H. W. to , Marquis W. (Nos. 94–6, 99, 106 and 110), 26, 27, 28 Sept., 5, 24 Oct. and 10 Nov. 1810Google Scholar. F.O. 72.97 and 98. (No. 14), 10 Feb. 1811. F.O. 72.109. Nos. 94–6 are printed in W.S.D. VI 599, 589 (misplaced), 602.

18 H. W. to Marquis W., 28 Sept., Add. MSS. 37292, f. 111. To W. (pte), 4 Oct., W.S.D. vi 607. To Marquis W. (No. 105), 24 Oct., printed in W.S.D. vi 624; (pte), 1 and 10 Nov., W.S.B. vi 628, 639; (No. 108), 2 Nov. 1810, F.O. 72.98.

19 , Vaughan quoted by , Oman, History, III 523. W. to H. W. 11 Nov. 1810. W.D. vi 582Google Scholar.

20 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 9, 14), 21 Jan., 10 Feb. 1811. F.O. 72.109.

21 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 100 and 113), 5 Oct. and 15 Nov. 1810. F.O. 72.97 and 98.

22 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 105), 2 Nov. 1810. F.O. 72.98.

23 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 119, 129), 10, 31 Dec. 1810. F.O. 72.98 (the latter in W.S.D. vii 12). Cf. 23 Dec. (pte), W.S.D. VII 8.

24 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 117), 10 Dec. 1810. F.O. 72.98.

25 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 122), 16 Dec. 1810. F.O. 72.98.

26 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 129), 31 Dec. 1810, printed in W.S.D. vii 12. (No. 2), 3 Jan. 1811. F.O. 72.109.

27 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 118), 10 Dec 1810, and (Nos. 7, 9, 14), 12, 21 Jan., 10 Feb. 1811. F.O. 72.98 and 109.

28 , H. W. to , Marquis W. (No. 126), 20. Dec. 1810. F.O. 72.98Google Scholar.

29 Draft budget, 4 and 26 Feb.; Committee's report adopted by Cortes, 24, Mar.; decree, 1 April 1811. Committee on national debt appointed, Dec. 1810; debts recognized, 30 Sept. 1811. Toreno, Histoire, iv 180, and , Baumgarten, Geschichte, I 508Google Scholar, give still higher rates of tax, but they mistake the highest rate of sur-tax (65%) for the highest rate on total income. At each level of income, a proportion was to pay only 2½%. Diario, iv 19.Google Scholar Cf. Miguel, San, Argüelles, 1 137 ffGoogle Scholar.

30 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 106), 24 Oct. 1810, and (No. 44), 2 May 1811. F.O. 72.97 110.

31 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 74), 17 July 1811. F.O. 72.112. For further details, , Baumgarten, “Aus den Spanischen Cortes von 1810”, in Hist. Zeitschr. 11 144–74.Google Scholar

32 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 4), 12 Jan., and (Nos. 36, 39, 40, 42), 12, 15, 18, 23 April 1811. F.O. 72.109 and 110. Marquis W. to H. W. (No. 24), 24 July 1810. F.O. 72.93. (Authority to advance one million pounds by Feb. 1811, and one million more in the following six months, if Spain would open her S. American ports.)

33 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 52), 17 May 1811. F.O. 72.111.

34 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 57, 64), 29 May, 14 June, and (No. 69) 30 June 1811. F.O. 72.111 and 112. To W., 18 July 1811. W.S.D. vii 183.

35 H.W. to Marquis W., 25 Jan., W.S.D. vii 52, and (No. 12)7 Feb., F.O. 72.109. To W., 25 Jan., 27 Feb. 1811. W.S.D. vii 47, 73. The idea had been put forward by Frere as early as June 1809.

36 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 26, 27, 34), 25, 30 Mar., 5 April. F.O. 72.110 (the last printed in W.S.D. vii 96). Also (No. 99), 13 Sept., 1811. F.O. 72.113.

37 W. to Liverpool, 2 Feb. W.D. vii 216. Liverpool to W., 20 Feb. W.S.D. vii 69. Marquis W. to H. W. (No. 12), 18 April. F.O. 72.108. H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 58, 63), 29 May, 15 June. F.O. 72.111. Cf. W.S.D. vii 122, 139, 147, 157 (May-June 1811).

38 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 87), 7 Aug. and (No. 89) 18 Aug. F.O. 72.112 and 113. To W., 26, 31 July, 3, 8, 21 Aug. W.S.D. vii 187, 192, 194, 197, 207. W. to H. W., 2 Aug. 1811. W.D. VIII 159.

39 H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 96), 31 Aug. 1811. F.O. 72.113.

40 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 99, 104 and 119 and 126, 129), 13, 17 Sept. and 18 Nov. and 7, 20 Dec. 1811. F.O. 72.113 and 114 and 115. (Nos. 3, 5), 13, 22 Jan. 1812. F.O. 72.129. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, 11 ch.10Google Scholar.

41 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 8, 24), 3 Feb., 12 April 1812. F.O. 72.129.

42 H. W. to Marquis W. (Nos. 112 and 126), 28 Oct. and 7 Dec. 1811. F.O. 72.114 and 115. (Nos. 12, 14), 10 March 1812. F.O. 72.129. Marquis W. to H. W. (No. 5), 17 Jan., 1812, F.O. 72.127.

43 Castlereagh to Sir H. W. (No. 1), 5 March 1812. F.O. 72.127. Wellesley had already been promoted in Oct. 1811 from Minister to Ambassador.

44 Sir H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 25), 12 April 1812. F.O. 72.129.

45 Cf. , Webster, Latin America, 11 Nos. 493ffGoogle Scholar. The rejection was in fact carried by the Liberal leaders, Argüelles and Toreno. One of the few Spanish advocates of free trade in the Cortes was Valiente, an opponent of the Constitution.

46 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 19), 22 March., F.O. 72.129; (No. 39), 15 May 1812, F.O. 72.130. Castleragh to Sir H. W. (No. 40), 3 June 1812. F.O. 72.127. A short abstract of the Constitution will be found at the end of this article.

47 Sir H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 109), 21 Oct. 1811. F.O. 72.113.

48 Sir H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 115), 28 Oct. 1811. F.O. 72.114. The accused was acquitted later. The attested deputy was Valiente (note 45 above).

49 Sir H. W. to Marquis W. (No. 31), 24 April 1812, enclosing Sicilian protest (18 March) and Regents' reply (28 March). F.O. 72.130.

50 W. to Sir H. W., 23. Aug., 12 Sept., 1 Nov. 1812. W.D. ix 368, 417, 521. Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (pte), 19 Nov. 1812. F.O. 72.132. Sir , H. W. to W., 12 Nov.1812. W.S.D. vii 469.Google Scholar, Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, III 134Google Scholar.

51 Sydenham, T. to Sir H. W., 12 Sept. 1812. W.S.D. vii 419Google Scholar. Cf. his further letters in the same volume (mostly on the military situation), 28 Sept., 6, 10, 16, 28 Oct., 1 Nov. 1812. Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 71), secret and confidential, 17 Aug. 1812. F.O. 72.131.

52 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 86, 87, 91, 96, 100), 20 Sept., 1, 10 Oct., 6 Nov and (pte) 19 Nov. 1812. F.O. 72.132. Also (Nos. 3, 5), 1, 20 Jan. 1813. F.O. 72.143. (The Cortes' decree of 6 Jan. is enclosed in the last of these despatches.) To W., 25 Sept., 2, 20 Nov. 1812, 21 Jan. 1813. W.S.D. vii 428, 467, 472, 529. Cf. letters (Oct.-Dec. 1812) in W.D. ix 462, 561, 596, x 1, 9, 14. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, II 518, iii 147 ffGoogle Scholar.

53 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 77), 29 Aug., F.O. 72.131; (Nos. 85, 89), 17 Sept., 1 Oct. 1812, F.O. 72.132. Villamil had been recently released from France, but he was a conservative in politics; Wellesley admitted that his former suspicions of him as a French agent were unfounded. Labrador had lately escaped from a French prison. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, III 127–31Google Scholar.

54 W. to Bathurst, 27 Jan., W.D. x 51. To la Vega, 29 Jan. 1813. W.D. x 61. Sir H. W. to W., 5 March, 25 April. W.S.D. VII 570, 610. la Vega to W., 28 April, enclosed in W. to Sir W, H.., 9 Aug. 1813. W.S.D. viii 176Google Scholar. Wellesley thought la Vega mistaken in calling the Liberales republicans, and attributed this to his quarrel with Argüelles and loss of influence in the Cortes. To W., 25 April (as above). But when la Vega died of yellow fever in the autumn, Wellesley mourned the “irreparable loss” of “my only confidential friend, among the Spaniards”. To W., 2 Nov. 1813. W.S.D. viii 335. To Castlereagh (No. 98), 5 Nov. 1813. F.O. 72.146.

55 H. W. to Maiquis W. (Nos. 14, 55), 10 Feb. and 29 May 1811. F.O. 72.109 and III.

56 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 6, 13), 20, 28 Jan. 1813. F.O. 72.143. The whole episode is described in , Toreno, Histoire, v 172–85Google Scholar. The debates on, this subject, taken from the Diario, vols. XVI-XVII, were republished in a separate volume, Discusión del projecto de Decreto sobre el Tribunal del Inquisición (1813).

57 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 19, 22, 23, 36), 16 Feb., 7, 8, 27 March 1813. F.O. 72.143. (Nos. 22 and 23 are printed in W.S.D. vii 578–9.) , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, III 140ffGoogle Scholar.

58 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 50, 57 and 66, 77), 8, 25 May, and 14 July, 19 Aug., also (pte) 23 June and 14, 26 July. F.O. 72.144 and 145. To W., 31 May, 17 June, 15, 24, 31 July. W.S.D. vii 625, 642; viii 84, 115, 159. W. to Bathurst, 29 June. W.D. x 473. Castlereagh to Sir H. W. (No. 44), 22 July 1813. F.O. 72.142.

59 , Toreno, Histoire, v 340ffGoogle Scholar.

60 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 51, 54), 8, 25 May. F.O. 72.144. To W., 8 March, 10 May, 17 June. W.S.D. vii 578, 617, 642. Castlereagh to Sir H. W. (No. 36), 3 July 1813. F.O. 72.142. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, 111 165ffGoogle Scholar.

61 W. to , Bathurst, 29 June, 5 Sept. W.D. x 473, xi 88Google Scholar. Bathurst to W., 25 Sept. W.S.D. viii 275. W. to Sir H. W., 16, 23 Oct. W.S.D. xi 199, 216. Sir H. W. to W., 12 June. W.S.D. vii 635. Castlereagh to Sir H. W. (pte), 22 July 1813. F.O. 72.142.

62 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 78), 19 Aug. 1813. F.O. 72.145.

63 Castlereagh to Sir H. W. (pte), 22 July 1813. F.O. 72.142. The records contain no communications from Castlereagh between 30 July and the end of the year. Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 83, most secret and confidential), 7 Sept. 1813. F.O. 72.145. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, III 208 ffGoogle Scholar.

64 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 87, 94, 104–5), 29 Sept., 11 Oct., 30 Nov. 1813. F.O. 72.146. The Diario ends on 20 Sept. 1813; the proceedings of the new Cortes were reported in the press, but never separately published.

65 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 77, 84 and 92, 101–3), 19, 28 Aug. and 11 Oct., 14, 27, 30 Nov. 1813. F.O. 72.145 and 146. To W., 16, 20 Aug., 14 Oct., 11, 22 Nov., 1 Dec. 1813. W.S.D. viii 194, 200, 306, 355, 377, 405. W. to Sir H. W., 20 Aug.; to Spanish Minister of War, 30 Aug., 5 Oct. 1813. W.D. xi 21, 51, 163. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, III 184ffGoogle Scholar.

66 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 97, 110), 5 Nov., 18 Dec. F.O. 72.146. To W., 10 Dec. 1813. W.S.D. viii 417.

67 Sir H. W. to W., 14 Oct. W.S.D. viii 306. To Castlereagh (No. 99, secret and confidential), 14 Nov. 1813. F.O. 72.146. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, iii 223Google Scholar.

68 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 108), 17 Dec. F.O. 72.146. To W., 14 Dec. 1813. W.S.D. viii 420.

69 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 1–9, passim), 6–28 Jan. 1814. F.O. 72.159. To W., 2, 11 Jan. W.S.D. viii 476, 511. W. to Bathurst, 10, 16 Jan. 1814 W.D. xi 433, 453. , Villa-Urrutia, Relaciones, III ch. 9Google Scholar. For the decree of 1 Jan. 1811, see p. 188 above.

70 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 10, 14, 15, 16), 21 Jan., 10, 25 Feb. 1814. F.O. 72.159. (The last is printed in W.S.D. viii 596.) To W., 17, 27, 29, 31 Jan., 7 Feb. 1814. W.S.D. viii 517, 544, 553, 572.

71 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 28 and 35, most secret and confidential), 18 and 25 March; also (pte), 31 March. F.O. 72.159 and 160. To W., 11, 14, 31 March 1814. W.S.D. viii 639, 647, 706. Castlereagh to Sir H. W. (not numbered), 26 Jan.; (No. 5), 2 Feb. 1814 (on the Treaty of Valençay). F.O. 72.158. W. to Sir H. W., 26 Jan. 1814. W.D. xi 478.

72 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 39, 41, most secret and confidential), 19, 24 April. F.O. 72.160 (printed in W.S.D. ix 17, 30). To W., 25 April. W.S.D. ix 32. W. to King of Spain, from Toulouse, 12 April 1814 (quite non-committal). W.D. xi 632.

73 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 43), 15 May. F.O. 72.160 (printed in W.S.D. ix 76). To W., 15 May (enclosing the above), and 20 May 1814. W.S.D. ix 74, 96. The King's proclamation is printed in Toreno, Histoire, v App. 29.

74 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 46, 48–52, 58–61, 73–4, 77), 3, 5, 17 June, 6 July, 25, 31 Aug. 1814. F.O. 72.160 and 161. Ratifications of the treaty, with one separate and three additional articles, were exchanged on 28 Aug. on the authority of Castlereagh to Sir H. W. (No. 29), 30 July 1814. F.O. 72.158. Sir H. W. to W., 17 June, 2 Sept. W.S.D. ix 139, 215. W. to Sir H. W., 20 July; to Castlereagh, 8 Sept. 1814. W.D. XII 77; 99.

75 W. to Sir C. Stuart, 25 May; to Castlereagh, 1 June (enclosing his memorandum for Ferdinand), W.D. xii 27; 37. Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (No. 62), 6 July 1814. F.O. 72.160.

76 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh (Nos. 64, 66, 69), 22, 23 July, 5 Aug.; also (pte) 26 Aug. 1814. F.O. 72.160.

77 Sir H. W. to Castlereagh, Aug. 1814 to Aug. 1815. F.O. 72.161, 173–175 passim (quotations from Nos. 104 and 108, 7 and 23 Dec. 1814; list of Spanish refugees in London, Nov. 1815). Cf. , Baumgarten, Geschichte, Bk. 3 (1814-20)Google Scholar; Diary and Correspondence of Henry Wellesley, 1st Lord Cowley, 72 ff.

78 W. to Sir H. W., 20 Oct. 1814. W.D. XII 150.